LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS

folio,quarto,octavo.

Beyond that they are usually abbreviated by using the Arabic numeral andmo, but without a period;

12 mo,16 mo, etc.

IX. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Abbreviate the common designations of weights and measures in the metric system, as well as other symbols of measurement in common use when following a numeral;

1 m.,5 dm.,4 cm.,2 mm.,c.m.(cubic meter),c.d.,min.(minute),sec.(second),lb.(pound),oz.(ounce),yd.,ft.,in.,A.(Anglestrom units),H.P.(Horse power),C.(Centigrade[Thermometer]).

X. FOOTNOTES.

Authorities cited in footnotes should be specified in the following order:

1. The best known name of the author. Give initials only when necessary to distinguish between several authors of the same name. Set in roman lower-case unless otherwise ordered.2. The name of the book in roman lower-case. If there is a Bibliography, or list of authorities attached to the book the names of all works referred to should there appear in full, but should be abbreviated in the notes. Otherwise, the name is sometimes written in full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward abbreviated. If the book has but few references to authorities the names may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the reference is to the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph. In such a case as this last the name is often printed in italics.Always abbreviate uniformly in the same book.3. The number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters. No period.4. The numbers of the pages in Arabic figures. If there are several editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should be specified. If the edition has been specified in the Bibliography this information should not be repeated in the footnotes.In books like the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone, or Milton, which have been printed in innumerable editions book, chapter and verse; act, scene and line; section and paragraph, or canto, stanza, and line must be specified.Number of paragraph onlyNo. 68Stanza onlyst. 18Page onlyP. 213Line onlyl. 384Paragraph only¶ 34Section only§ 5Chapter onlybraceCanto onlyxivBook onlyiiiBook and chapterbracePart and chapterBook and lineAct and sceneiii 2Act, scene, and lineiv. 3. 45Chapter and versebraceNumber and pageVolume and pageII 34Volume and chapterIV. iv.Part, book, and chapterbracePart, canto, and stanzaII. iv. 12Chapter, section, paragraphvii. § 3, ¶ 4Volume, part, section, paragraphbraceBook, chapter, section, paragraphI. i. § 2, ¶ 6In abbreviated references to the Bible or to the plays of Shakespeare use Arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession of the book, play, or letter.2 Kings II: 53 John 111 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14

1. The best known name of the author. Give initials only when necessary to distinguish between several authors of the same name. Set in roman lower-case unless otherwise ordered.

2. The name of the book in roman lower-case. If there is a Bibliography, or list of authorities attached to the book the names of all works referred to should there appear in full, but should be abbreviated in the notes. Otherwise, the name is sometimes written in full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward abbreviated. If the book has but few references to authorities the names may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the reference is to the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph. In such a case as this last the name is often printed in italics.

Always abbreviate uniformly in the same book.

3. The number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters. No period.

4. The numbers of the pages in Arabic figures. If there are several editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should be specified. If the edition has been specified in the Bibliography this information should not be repeated in the footnotes.In books like the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone, or Milton, which have been printed in innumerable editions book, chapter and verse; act, scene and line; section and paragraph, or canto, stanza, and line must be specified.

In abbreviated references to the Bible or to the plays of Shakespeare use Arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession of the book, play, or letter.

2 Kings II: 53 John 111 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14

2 Kings II: 5

3 John 11

1 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14

The following excellently chosen illustrations of good methods in handling numerous footnotes in learned works are taken from De Vinne's "Correct Composition."

From English Past and Present, by R. C. Trench

1Guest, Hist. of English Rhythms, vol. I. p. 280.2Hooker, Eccles. Pol. i. 3, 5.3Craik, On the English of Shakespeare, 2nd edit. p. 97.4Marsh, Manual of the English Language, Engl. edit. p. 278.

1Guest, Hist. of English Rhythms, vol. I. p. 280.

2Hooker, Eccles. Pol. i. 3, 5.

3Craik, On the English of Shakespeare, 2nd edit. p. 97.

4Marsh, Manual of the English Language, Engl. edit. p. 278.

From Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Murray's edition of 1881 (8 vols. 8 vo)

1Orosius, I. ii. c. 19, p. 143.2Heineccius, Antiquitat. Juris Roman, tom. i, p. 96.3Jornandes, de Reb. Get. c. 30, p. 654 [p. 87, ed. Lugd. B. 1597].4Ausonius (de Claris Urbibus. p. 257-262 [No. 14]).5A. Thierry, Lettres sur l'Histoire de France, p. 90.6Procopius, de Bell. Vanda., I. i. c. 7, p. 194 [tom. I. p. 341, ed. Bonn].

1Orosius, I. ii. c. 19, p. 143.

2Heineccius, Antiquitat. Juris Roman, tom. i, p. 96.

3Jornandes, de Reb. Get. c. 30, p. 654 [p. 87, ed. Lugd. B. 1597].

4Ausonius (de Claris Urbibus. p. 257-262 [No. 14]).

5A. Thierry, Lettres sur l'Histoire de France, p. 90.

6Procopius, de Bell. Vanda., I. i. c. 7, p. 194 [tom. I. p. 341, ed. Bonn].

From Hume's History of England, Cadell's edition of 1841 (6 vols. 8 vo)

The comma is often omitted after the period in footnotes. The abbreviationch,p, andpp, may be made in notes, but not in text matter.

In lower-case text do not use&c, useetc.

By-laws are often printed with side-headingsArt. 1,Sec. 2,etc.It is better to print the words,articleandsectionin full in the paragraph where they first appear and to omit the word in subsequent paragraphs, using the proper figure only.

Figures used in illustrations to facilitate their understanding and explained in small text below the illustration or in the text matter itself do not have No. before them either in the illustration or in the explanation.

Figures and letters used as references to footnotes do not take a period.

Where two or more pages are specified in the text set them thus:Pages 24, 25, 57notpp. 24-5, 57nor25-57. When the reference is to several pages continually setpages 24 to 32.

When a period of time is expressed by the dates of two or more consecutive years, set thus:1846-7,1861-5, when there is a lapse of a year or more, set thus:1866-7-1869-70. Do not abbreviate into'66-'7-'69-'70.

The following lists of abbreviations will be found useful.

Scriptural Abbreviations

Commercial Abbreviations

Miscellaneous Abbreviations

In addition to the abbreviations, strictly so called, there are many signs used in various kinds of composition. The most common are included in the following lists.

Monetary Signs

Mathematical Signs

Medical Signs

Astronomical Signs

Planets

Phases

Zodiacal

Aspects and Nodes

Ecclesiastical Signs

Proofreader's Signs

Corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or "ringed."

Corrections should always be made in the margin, and never in the text: faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen marks.

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