A complete bibliography of books dealing specially with Lincoln, and of books throwing important light upon his life or upon the history of the American Civil War, cannot be attempted here. The author aims only at mentioning the books which have been of greatest use to him and a few others to which reference ought obviously to be made.
The chief authorities for the life of Lincoln are:—
"Abraham Lincoln: A History," by John G. Nicolay and John Hay (his private secretaries), in ten volumes: The Century Company, New York, and T. Fisher Unwin, London; "The Works of Abraham Lincoln" (i. e., speeches, letters, and State papers), in eight volumes: G. Putnam's Sons, London and New York; and, for his early life, "The Life of Abraham Lincoln," by Herndon and Weik: Appleton, London and New York.
There are numerous short biographies of Lincoln, but among these it is not invidious to mention as the best (expressing as it does the mature judgment of the highest authority) "A Short Life of Abraham Lincoln," by John G. Nicolay: The Century Company, New York.
The author may be allowed to refer, moreover, to the interest aroused in him as a boy by "Abraham Lincoln," by C. G. Leland, in the "New Plutarch Series": Marcus Ward & Co., London; and to the light he has much later derived from "Abraham Lincoln," by John T. Morse, Junior: Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A.
Among studies of Lincoln, containing a wealth of illustrative stories, a very high place is due to "The True Abraham Lincoln," by William Eleroy Curtis: The J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London.
For the history of America at the period concerned the reader may be most confidently referred to a work, which by plentiful extracts and citations enables its writer's judgment to be checked, without detracting from the interest and power of his narrative, namely, "History of the United States, 1850-1877," by James Ford Rhodes, in seven volumes: The Macmillan Company, London and New York.
Among the shorter complete histories of the United States are: "TheUnited States: an Outline of Political History," by Goldwin Smith: TheMacmillan Company, London and New York; the article "United States ofAmerica" (section "History") in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica" (seealso the many excellent articles on American biography in the"Encyclopaedia Britannica"); "The Cambridge Modern History: Vol. VII.,United States of America": Cambridge University Press, and TheMacmillan Company, New York.
Two volumes of special interest in regard to the early days of theUnited States, in some ways complementary to each other in theirdifferent points of view, are: "Alexander Hamilton," by F. G. Oliver:Constable & Co., and "Historical Essays," by John Fitch.
Almost every point in regard to American institutions and political practice is fully treated in "The American Commonwealth," by Viscount Bryce, O.M., two volumes: The Macmillan Company, London and New York.
For the attitude of the British Government during the war the conclusive authority is the correspondence to be found in "The Life of Lord John Russell," by Sir Spencer Walpole, K.C.B., two volumes: Longmans, Green & Co., London and New York; and light on the attitude of the English people is thrown by "The Life of John Bright," by G. M. Trevelyan: Constable, London, and Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A.
With respect to the military history of the Civil War the author is specially indebted to "The Civil War in the United States," by W. Birkbeck Wood and Major J. E. Edmonds, R.E., with an introduction by Spenser Wilkinson: Methuen & Co., London, and Putnam, New York, which is the only concise and complete history of the war written with full knowledge of all recent works bearing on the subject. Mr. Nicolay's chapters in the "Cambridge Modern History" give a very lucid narrative of the war.
Among works of special interest bearing on the war, though not much concerning the subject of this book, it is only necessary to mention "'Stonewall' Jackson," by Colonel Henderson, C.B., two volumes: Longmans, London and New York; "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War" (a book of monographs by several authors, many of them actors in the war), four volumes: T. Fisher Unwin, London, and Century Company, New York, and "Story of the Civil War," by J. C. Ropes: Putnam, London and New York.
It may be added that a life of General Robert E. Lee had been projected, as a companion volume to this in the same series, by Brigadier-General Frederick Maurice, C.B., and it is to be hoped that, though suspended by the present war, this book may still be written. Existing biographies of Lee are disappointing. It has been (especially in view of this intended book on Lee) outside the scope of this volume to present the history of the Civil War with special reference to the Southern actors in it, but "Memoirs of Jefferson Davis" must be here referred to as in some sense an authoritative, though not a very attractive or interesting, exposition of the views of Southern statesmen at the time.
An interesting sidelight on the war may be found in "Life with the Confederate Army," by Watson, being the experiences of a Scotchman who for a time served under the Confederacy.
In regard to slavery and to Southern society before the war the author has made much use of "Our Slave States," by Frederick Law Olmsted; Dix and Edwards, New York, 1856, and other works of the same author. Mr. Olmsted was a Northerner, but his very full observations can be checked by the numerous quotations on the same subject collected by Mr. Rhodes in his history.
For the history of the South since the war and the present position ofthe negroes, see the chapters on this subject in Bryce's "AmericanCommonwealth," second or any later edition, two volumes: Macmillan,London and New York.
Mr. Owen Wister's novel, "Lady Baltimore": Macmillan, London and NewYork, embraces a most interesting study of the survivals of the oldSouthern society at the present time and of the present relationsbetween it and the North.
The treatment of the negroes freed during the war is the main subject of "Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen," by John Eaton and E. O. Mason: Longmans, Green & Co., London and New York, a book to which the author is also indebted for other interesting matter.
The personal memoirs, and especially the autobiographies dealing with the Civil War, are very numerous, and the author therefore would only wish to mention those which seem to him of altogether unusual interest. "Personal Memoirs of General U. S. Grant": Century Company, New York, is a book of very high order (Sherman's memoirs: Appleton, New York, and his correspondence with his brother: Scribner, New York, have also been quoted in these pages).
Great interest both in regard to Lincoln personally and to the history of the United States after his death attaches to "Reminiscences," by Carl Schurz, three volumes (Vol. I. being concerned with Germany in 1848): John Murray, London, and Doubleday Page, New York, and to "The Life of John Hay," by W. R. Thayer, two volumes: Constable & Co., London, and Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A.
The author has derived much light from "Specimen Days, and Collect," byWalt Whitman: Wilson and McCormick, Glasgow, and McKay, U.S.A.
He may be allowed, in conclusion, to mention the encouragement given to him in beginning his work by the late Mr. Henry James, O.M., whose vivid and enthusiastic judgment of Lincoln he had the privilege of receiving.
Some events in History of United Some events in English andStates. General History.
1759. Capture of Quebec. 1759. Capture of Quebec.
1757-60. Ministry of Chatham (William Pitt).
1760.Contrat Socialpublished.
1764-76. Great inventions in spinning industries.
1765. Stamp Act passed. 1765. Watt's steam engine.
1776. Declaration of 1776. Publication of "Wealth of Independence Nations."
1778. Death of Chatham.
1782. Rodney's victory.
1783. American Independence recognised.
1787. Constitution framed.North West Territory cededby States to Congress andslavery excluded from it.
1789. Constitution comes into 1789. Meeting of States General.force.
1793. Eli Whitney invents cotton 1793. England at war with Frenchgin. Republic.
1794. Slave Trade abolished byFrench Convention.
1799. Death of Washington.
1802. Peace of Amiens.
1803. Louisiana purchase. 1803. England at war with Napoleon.
1804. Death of Hamilton.
1805. Trafalgar.
1806. The American Fulton's steam-boat on Seine.
1807. Fulton's steam-boat on 1807. Slave Trade abolished byHudson. Great Britain.
1808. Slave Trade abolished by 1808. Battle of Vimiera.U. S. A. Convention of Cintra.
Wordsworth's literary activity about at its culmination.
1809. Abraham Lincoln born. 1809. Darwin, Tennyson, andGladstone born.
1812-1814. War with GreatBritain.
1815. Waterloo.
1820. Missouri Compromise.
1823. Monroe doctrine declared.
1825. First railway opened inEngland.
1826. Death of Jefferson. 1826. Independence of Mexico andSpanish Colonies in SouthAmerica recognised byCanning.
1827. Navarino.
1828. Commencement of"nullification" movement.Election of Jackson.
1829. Catholic emancipation.
1830. Hayne-Webster debate.
1831. Garrison publishes first 1831. Mazzini founds Youngnumber ofLiberator. Italy.Lincoln starts life in NewSalem.First railway opened inAmerica.
1832. First Reform Bill.
1833. Slavery abolished inBritish Colonies.
1834. Lincoln elected to Illinois legislature
1836-40. Great Boer Trek.
1837. End of Jackson's second 1837. Queen Victoria's accession.presidency. First steam-boat fromEngland to America.
1838. First telegraph line inEngland.
1839. Lord Durham's report onCanada.
1841. First telegraph in America.
1842. Lincoln leaves Illinois legislature, and (Nov.) is married.
1844. "Martin Chuzzlewit" published.
1845. Annexation of Texas.
1846. Boundary of Oregon and 1846. Boundary of Oregon and British Columbia settled British Columbia settled with Great Britain. with U. S. A.
1846-7. Mexican War. 1846-7. Irish famine.
1847-8. Lincoln in Congress.
1848. Gold discovery in 1848. Revolution in France andCalifornia. in many parts of Europe.
1850. Clay's compromise adopted. 1850. Constitution Act forDeath of Calham. Australian colonies.
1852. Deaths of Clay and Webster. 1852. Constitution Act for NewZealand.
1854. Missouri Compromise 1854-5. Gold rush to Australia.repealed.Republican Party formed. Crimean War.
1854-6. Abolition of slavery invarious PortugueseDominions.
1856. Defeat of Frémont byBuchanan.
1857. Dred Scott case. 1857-8. Indian Mutiny.
1858. Kansas. Lincoln-Douglas debate.
1859. John Brown's raid. 1859. Publication of "Origin ofSpecies."
1859-60. Kingdom of Italy formed.
1860. Nov. Lincoln elected 1860. Slavery abolished in DutchPresident. East Indies.
Dec. Secession carried inSouth Carolina.
1861. Feb. 4. Southern 1861. Emancipation of RussianConfederacy formed. serfs.
Mar. 4. Lincoln inaugurated.
Ap. 12-14. Bombardmentof Fort Sumter.
Ap. War begins. Furthersecessions.
July. First Battle of BullRun.
Dec. Claim of Great Britainas to Trent accepted.
1862. Ap.-Aug. McClellan in 1862.Alabamaescapes from thePeninsula. Mersey (July).
Ap. Shiloh.
May. Jackson in ShenandoahValley.
Aug.-Oct. Confederates inKentucky.
Aug. Second Battle of BullRun.
Sept. Antietam. Proclamationof emancipation.
Nov. McClellan removed.
Dec. Fredericksburg.Murfreesborough.
1863. Mar. 1. Conscription Act. 1863. Revolution in Poland.Maximilian proclaimed Emperorof Mexico.
May. Chancellorsville.Jackson killed.
July. Gettysburg, Vicksburg.New York riots.
Sept. Chickamauga.
Nov. Gettysburg speech.Chattanooga.
1864. May. Beginning of Grant's 1864. Prussia and Austria invade and Sherman's great Denmark. campaigns.
1864. June. Cold Harbour.Baltimore Convention.
July. Early's raid reachesWashington.
Aug. Mobile. ChicagoConvention.
Sept. Sherman at Atlanta.Sheridan in ShenandoahValley.
Nov. Lincoln re-electedPresident.
Dec. Nashville. Shermanat Savannah.
1865. Jan. Congress passes 13thAmendment.
Feb. Further progress ofSherman and Sheridan.
Mar. 4. Second inaugurationof Lincoln.
Ap. 2-9. Richmond falls,and Lee surrenders.
Ap. 14-15. Lincolnassassinated and dies.
Dec. 13. Amendmentratified.
1866. Atlantic cable 1866. Atlantic cable successfullysuccessfully laid. laid.
War between Austria andPrussia.
1867. British North America Act.Slave children emancipatedin Brazil.Fall and execution ofMaximilian in Mexico.
1868. Rise of acute disorder in 1868. Mikado resumes"reconstructed" South. government in Japan.
1870. Amendment securing negro 1870. Papal infallibility.suffrage. Franco-German War.
1872.Alabamaarbitration with 1872.Alabamaarbitration withGreat Britain. U. S. A.Responsible Government inCape Colony.
1876. Admitted failure of Reconstruction. Election of Hayes.
1877. Federal troops withdrawn from South.
1878. Slavery abolished in Cuba (last of Spanish Colonies).
Abolition and Abolitionists: Early movement dies down, 36-9; rise of later movement, 50-2; persecuted, 51, 76; Lincoln's attitude, 76, 101, 116, 126-7, 151; their position in view of civil war, 172.SeeSlavery and Garrison.
Adams, Charles Francis: 236, 262, 264, 328.
Adams, John: 37, 236.
Adams, John Quincy: 47, 51, 115, 314, 388.
Aesop: 10.
Alabama, the: 224, 251, 264.
Alabama State: 175, 199, 212, 361, 388.
Alamo, the: 91.
Alexander II. of Russia: 256.
Alleghany (or Appalachian) Mountains: 26, 225, 244; distinct character of people in them, 56, 198.
Alley: 429.
Alton: 76.
Amendment of Constitution: how carried, 24; suggested amendment to conciliate South, 192; Thirteenth Amendment prohibiting slavery, 335-7, 431, 433; Fifteenth Amendment requiring negro suffrage, 334-5.
America, United States of, and American: Diverse character of Colonies, resemblances to and differences from England, 16-20; first attempt at Union, 20; independence and making of Constitution, 21-3; features of Constitution, 23-5; expansion, 26-8; Union Government brought into effect, 28-30, 41; rise of national tradition, 30-5; compromise on main cause of disunion, slavery, 35-40; parties and tendencies in the first half of nineteenth century, 40-52; triumph of Union sentiment, 45-6; growth of separate interest and sentiment in South, 43-5, 52-9; intellectual development and foundations of American patriotism, 59-61; further compromise on slavery, 96-101; political cleavage of North and South becomes definite, 109-12; "a house divided against itself," 143-7; for further developments,seeNorth and South;see alsoLincoln; Lincoln's position as to enforcement of union, 143-4; common heritage of America from Civil War, 455.
American Party, or Know-Nothings: 112, 117-8.
American Policy (so-called): 42-8.
Anderson, Major: 189-90, 208, 212-3, 449.
Appalachians.SeeAlleghany Mountains.
Appomattox River and Court House: 447.
Arbitration: 263-4.
Argyll, Duke of: 176, 260.
Arizona: 96.
Arkansas River: 28, 351.
Arkansas State: 199, 229, 244, 351.
Armstrong, Jack and Hannah: 64, 108.
Army: comparison of Northern and Southern men, 216; and their officers, 216-7, 220, 223-4, 350; system of recruiting, 221-3, 363-74; discipline, 220, 248, 282, 420-1; size of regular army, 228.See alsoConscription, Voluntary Service and Militia.
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union: 20, 175.
Atlanta: 226-7, 394-5, 396, 424.
Augusta: 435.
Baker: 90.
Baltimore: 205, 239-42, 453; Conventions there, 159-60, 410-1.
Banks, N. P., General: 296, 354-5, 389.
Bates, Attorney-General: 166, 201-2, 264, 320, 405.
Battles (sieges, campaigns, etc., separately entered): Antietam, 306-7,313, 324-5, 450; Bentonville, 437; Bull Run, first battle, 245-9; BullRun, second battle, 305, 313; Cedar Creek, 396; Champion's Hill, 355;Chancellorsville, 311-13; Chattanooga, 360; Chickamauga, 360; ColdHarbour, 393, 410; Five Forks, 446; Fort Donelson, 281; Four Oaks, 295;Franklin, 396; Fredericksburg, 309, 313; Gettysburg, 357. 450; KenesawMountain, 394; Manassas (two battles),seeBull Run; Mill Springs,280; Mobile, 395; Murfreesborough, 343, 450; Nashville, 396; NewOrleans, 283; Perryville, 342; Sailor's Creek, 447; Seven Days'Battles, 298; Seven Pines,seeFour Oaks; Shiloh, 282-3;Spottsylvania, 392; Wilderness, 392.
Bazaine, Marshal: 388.
Bell, John: 159.
Bentham, Jeremy: 32.
Berry: 66-7.
Bible: 10, 132, 439-40.
Bismarck: 424.
Black: 185.
Black Hawk: 65.
Blackstone's Commentaries: 67.
Blair, Francis, senr.: 432-3.
Blair, Montgomery: 202, 208, 245, 405, 410.
Blockade: 224, 226, 251-2, 436.
Booth, John Wilkes: 451.
Border States: 171, 228-9, 243-5, 270, 318-9, 333-4.
Boston: 47, 51, 59-60, 172-3.
Boswell, James: 102.
Bragg, General: 340-3, 352, 359-60, 387-8.
Breckinridge, John C.: 159.
Bright, John: 127, 236, 260.
British Columbia: 28, 110.
Brooks, Phillips: 60.
Brooks, Preston: 138-9.
Brown, John: 126, 150-5, 197, 397.
Brown, Judge: 85.
Buchanan, James: 113, 138, 140, 141, 177, 184-90, 206, 208, 231.
Buell, Don Carlos, General; 274, 276-82, 339-44, 369.
Bummers: 397.
Burlingame: 139.
Barns, Robert: 103, 105.
Burnside, Ambrose, General: 307, 309, 359-60, 382, 393, 435.
Burr, Aaron: 29.
Butler, Benjamin, General: 268, 283, 392-3, 409, 436, 444.
Butterfield: 95.
Calhoun, John: 68.
Calhoun, John Caldwell: his character and influence, 42-5: his doctrine of "nullification" and secession, 45-6; his death, 100; further references, 97, 113, 175, 182.
California: 28, 91-3, 96-9.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: 59.
Cameron, Simon: 166-7, 201-3, 242, 271.
Campbell, Justice: 210, 446.
Canada: 176, 211, 383.
Carolina.SeeNorth Carolina and South Carolina.
Cass, General: 65, 94, 96, 172, 186.
Castlereagh: 377.
Cecil, Lord R.SeeSalisbury.
Central America: 145.
Charming, Rev. William Eleroy: 51.
Charles I.: 433.
Charleston: 43, 251-3, 387, 435.And seeFort Sumter.
Chase, Salmon P.; rising opponent of slavery, 101; approves of Lincoln's opposition to Douglas, 141; claims to the Presidency, 161, 166; Secretary of the Treasury, 201-2; his successful administration of finance, 254; regarded as Radical leader, intrigues against Lincoln and causes difficulty in Cabinet, 328-9; continues troublesome, desires Presidency, resigns, 406-8; appointed Chief Justice, 429-30; other references, 208, 311, 415.
Chatham, 20, 234.
Chattanooga: 226-7, 339-40, 342-3, 359-60, 387-8, 394.
Chicago: Republican Convention there, 166-9; deputation of clergy, 323;Democratic Convention, 411-4.
Choate, Joseph H.: 106, 156.
Civil Service: 50.
Civil War.SeeWar.
Clary's Grove: 64, 66.
Clay, Henry: 41; his character and career, 42, 48; compromise of 1850 originated by him, 99; his death, 100; Lincoln on him, 101, 122.
Cobb: 185.
Cobden, Richard: 257-8.
Cock-fighting: 63, 69.
Collamer, Senator: 167.
Colonies.SeeAmerica.
Colonisation.SeeNegroes.
Columbia, South Carolina: 435.
Columbia, District of: 94, 319.
Columbia River: 28.
Columbus, Georgia: 226-7.
Compulsory Service.SeeConscription.
Confederacy, Confederates;see alsoSouth; Confederacy of six States formed and Constitution adopted at Montgomery and claims of these States to Federal Government's forts, etc., or their soil taken over, 199-201; commencement of war by Confederacy, 212-3; area of its country and difficulty of conquest, 214-6; character of population, 216; spirit of independence animating Confederacy, 218-9; other conditions telling against or for its success in the war, 214-27; original Confederate States, viz., South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, joined subsequently by Texas, and on outbreak of war by Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, 228-9; capital moved to Richmond, 242; for course of war,seeWar; for political course of Confederacy,seeJ. Davis and Congress of Confederacy; attitude of foreign Governments to Confederacy, 256, 261, 302, 313; refusal of Lincoln to treat with Confederacy as an independent state, 403, 432-3; refusal of Davis to negotiate on other terms, 428, 432-3; ultimate surrender of Confederate forces and dispersion of its Government, 445-8.
Congregationalists: 17, 19.
Congress of original American Confederation: 20, 38.
Congress of U.S.A. under the Constitution: distinguished from Parliament by the severance between it and the executive government, by the limitation of its functions to strictly Federal matters, and by its subjection to provisions of Constitution, 23-4,see also371, 377-9, 402, 429; for certain Acts of Congress,seeSlavery; attempts at pacification during progress of Secession, 192-3; action of and discussions in Congress during Civil War, 246, 253, 263, 265-6, 269, 271, 276, 288, 316-9, 321-3, 324-7, 333-6, 351, 369-70, 379, 380, 382, 388, 389, 400-1, 434.
Congress of Confederacy: 200, 366-7, 431.
Conscription: in South; 366-7; in North, 364-5, 369-70; superior on grounds of moral principle to voluntary system, 366.
Conservative, the: 119.
Conservatives: 245, 267-8, 328.
Constitution, British: 20, 23, 377.
Constitution of United States: 22-5, 41.See alsoAmendment ofConstitution.
Contraband: 268, 409.
Cooper Institute; 144, 155.
Copperheads: 382.
Corinth: 283, 338-9.
Cotton: 39, 259-60, 313.
Cow Island: 331.
Cowper, William: 11.
Crittenden: 192-5.
Cuba: 145, 159.
Cumberland River: 226, 277, 280-1.
Curtis, B. R., Justice; 114.
Darwin, Charles: 138, 259.
Davis, David, Justice: 167, 379.
Davis, Henry Winter: 388, 401.
Davis, Jefferson: his rise as an extreme Southern leader, 101, 138, 150; inclined to favour slave trade, 145; his-argument for right of Secession, 176; his part in Secession, 198-200; President of Confederacy, 200; vetoes Bill against slave trade as inadequate and fraudulent, 200; orders attack on Fort Sumter, 212; criticisms upon his military policy, 217-8, 387-8; his part in the war, 246, 355, 387-8, 395, 431, 433, 446; his determination to hold out and his attitude to peace, 403-4, 431-4; as to prisoners of war, 330, 399; escape from Richmond and last public action, 446; his capture, and his emotions on Lincoln's assassination, 452-3; his memoirs, 453, 460.
Dayton, Senator: 167.
Declaration of Independence: meaning of its principles, 32-5; how slave-holders signed it, 35-9; Lincoln's interpretation of it, 123; his great speech upon it, 184.
Delaware: 17, 198, 318, 334.
Democracy: fundamental ideas in it, 32-9, 123; development of extreme form and of certain abuses of it in America, 47-50; its institutions and practices still in an early stage of development, 50; a foolish perversion of it in the Northern States, 59, 218; Lincoln sees a decay of worthy and honest democratic feeling, 117; the Civil War regarded by Lincoln and many in North as a test whether democratic government could maintain itself, 183-4, 362-3, 425; the sense in which Lincoln was a great democrat, 455-6.
Democratic Party: traces descent from Jefferson, 30; originated or started anew by Jackson, its principles, 47-8; general subservience of its leaders to Southern interests, 91, 110, 140,see alsoMexico, Pierce, Douglas, Buchanan; breach between Northern and Southern Democrats, 141, 148-50, 157-9; Northern Democrats loyal to Union, 172-4, 177, 188, 231; progress of Democratic opposition to Lincoln, 267, 316, 374-5, 381-5, 401, 411-5; Lincoln's appeal after defeating them, 425.
Dickens, Charles: 31, 32, 41, 259.
Disraeli, Benjamin: 74, 260.
Dough-Faces: 40.
Douglas, Stephen: rival to Lincoln in Illinois Legislature, 71; possibly also in love, 81, 87; his rise, influence, and character, 101, 110-1; repeals Missouri Compromise, 110-1; supports rights of Kansas, 115, 140; Lincoln's contest with him, 121-2, 132-7, 140-9; gist of Lincoln's objection to his principles, 130, 142-5; unsuccessful candidate for Presidency, 159, 168-9; attitude to Secession, 188; relations with Lincoln after Secession, 206, 210, 231; death, 231.
Douglass, Frederick: 332.
Drink: 63, 76-7, 353, 423.
Dundreary: 451.
Early, General: 394, 395, 438.
Eaton, John: 330-2, 347, 416, 461.
Edmonds.SeeWood and Edmonds.
Edwards, Mrs. Ninian: 81.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo: 60, 152, 426.
Episcopalians: 85, 351, 440.
Equality.SeeDeclaration of Independence.
Euclid: 104, 132.
Everett, Edward: 159, 362.
Farragut, David, Admiral: 231, 283, 349, 388, 395, 412, 424, 435.
Federalism: 22.
Federalist Party: 30, 173.
Filibustering: (1) in sense of piracy: 194. (2) in sense of obstruction: 333.
Fillmore, Millard: 99, 112, 114, 133.
Finance: 67-8, 254.
Florida: 16, 26, 199, 251, 453.
Fort Donelson: 280-1.
Fort Fisher: 436.
Fort Henry: 281.
Fort Monroe: 268, 292.
Fort Sumter: 187-90, 201, 208, 210, 212-3, 228, 449.
Fox, Gustavus V.: 202, 252-3, 264.
France: influence of French Revolution, 31; Louisiana territory acquired from France, 26; French settlers, 27; slavery in Louisiana State, 39-40; relations with America during Civil War, 211, 256, 262, 313, 388, 404, 420.
Frankfort, Kentucky: 340.
Franklin, Benjamin: 37.
Franklin, Tennessee: 396-7.
Free-Soil Party: 111.
Free Trade: 45, 258.
Frémont, John: 112, 133, 269-70, 274, 277, 296-7, 316, 409-10.
Fry, J. B., General: 370.
Garrison, William Lloyd: 50-2, 336.
Gentryville: 4, 6, 7.
Gettysburg, Lincoln's speech at: 363.
Georgia: 36, 56, 199, 226, 396-7.
George II.: 353.
Gibbon, Edward: 67.
Gilmer: 194.
Gladstone, W. E.: 258.
Goldsborough: 437, 444.
Governors of States: 20, 161, 222, 299, 343-5, 362.
Graham, Mentor: 63, 64, 68.
Grant, Ulysses S., General: previous disappointing career and return to Army, earlier success in Civil War, 280; captures Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, surprised but successful at Shiloh, 280-4; negro refugees with his army, 330; kept idle as Halleck's second in command, and on his departure left on defensive near Corinth, 339, 342; his reputation now and his real greatness of character, 345-8; Vicksburg campaigns, 348-55; Lincoln's relations with him from the first, 352-3; Chattanooga campaign, 359-60; appointed Lieutenant General, meeting with Lincoln, parting from Sherman, 389-90; plans for final stages of war, 390; unsuccessful attempts to crush Lee in the open field and movement to City Point for siege of Petersburg and Richmond in which first operations fail, 391-2; sends Sheridan to Shenandoah Valley, 393-4; unnecessary anxiety as to Thomas, 397; siege of Petersburg and Richmond continued, 398; attempts to get him to run for Presidency, 410-11; his loyalty to Lincoln, 416-7; his wish to promote peace, 433; further progress of siege, 436, 437-8; Lincoln's visit to him at City Point, 443-5; forbidden to treat with Lee on political questions, 445; fall of Richmond, 445-6; Lee forced to surrender, 446-8; last interview with Lincoln, 449-50; Memoirs, 459.
Granville, Earl: 260.
Gray, Asa: 138.
Great Britain and Ireland: early relations with U.S.A., 16-20; relative progress of the two countries at different periods, 32, 33, 38; English views of American Revolution, 21,seeConstitution of Great Britain and U.S.A.; war in 1812-14 with U.S.A., 42, 46, 273; comparisons of English and American Government, 49, 50; relations of the two countries in the Civil War, 211, 256-65, 313; voluntary system of recruiting in the two countries and its result in each, 364-6, 370; Lincoln's fame in England, 454.
Greeley, Horace: 137, 143, 245, 322-3, 404.
Greene, Bowline: 79.
Greensborough: 437, 452.
Grigsby, Reuben, and family: 6, 11, 12.
Grimes, Senator: 194.
Halleck, Henry W., General: 274, 277-84, 297-8, 301-2, 306, 309, 338-43, 349, 356, 395.
Hamilton, Alexander: his greatness, 29; his origin and career, he brings the Union Government into successful operation, his beautiful and heroic character, 29-30; original source of Monroe doctrine, 385; other references, 34, 37; his view on construction of Statutes, 377-8.
Hampton Roads: 433.
Hanks, Dennis: 4, 6, 420.
Hanks, John: 4, 6, 14, 166.
Hanks, Joseph: 4.
Harcourt, Lady: 417.
Hardin: 90.
Harper's Ferry: 151, 239.
Harrison, William Henry: 72.
Harrison's Landing: 298-302.
Harvard: 59, 330, 444.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel: 101.
Hay, John: 235, 419, 458, 461.
Hayne, Senator: 45.
Henderson, Colonel: 221.
Herndon, William: 66, 79, 87, 94, 102-3, 105, 119, 126, 142, 147, 165.
Hood, John B., General: 394, 396-7.
Hooker, Joseph, General: 309-11, 355-6, 360, 362.
House of Commons.SeeParliament.
House of Lords: 33.
House of Representatives.SeeCongress of U.S.A.
Houston, Governor: 199.
Hugo, Victor: 152.
Hunter, General: 321, 395.
Hymns: 11, 440.
Illinois, 27, 38, Chapters I., III., IV., 1 and 3, and V., 1, 3, and 5; 344, 350.
Inaugural Address: Lincoln's first, 206-7; his second, 441-3; JeffersonDavis', 200-1.
Inaugural Ceremony: Lincoln's first, 206; Lincoln's second, 438.
Independence.SeeDeclaration of Independence.
Independents.SeeCongregationalists.
Indiana: 4, 9, 27, 38, 345.
Indians, North American: 3, 65.
Iowa; 27, 194.
Ironclads: 252.
Jackson, Andrew: his opinion of Calhoun, 43; frustrates movement for nullification, 46; his character, 46; revives party and promotes growth of party machinery, and adopts "spoils system," 46-49; other references, 66, 173, 209, 409.
Jackson, Thomas J., called "Stonewall," General: his acknowledgedgenius, 217, 220; goes with State of Virginia, 229; his character, 230;Shenandoah Valley campaign and movement to outflank McClellan, 295-8;Antietam campaign, 305; killed during victory of Chancellorsville, 311;Lee's estimate of his loss, 357.
James, Henry: 461.
James River: 292, 298, 392-3, 438, 447.
Jefferson, Thomas: curious and displeasing character, 30; great and lasting influence on American life, 30-2; practical achievements in statesmanship, 32; real sense and value of his doctrine, 32-5; opinion and action as to slavery, 37-8; other references, 28, 46, 56, 179.
Jiggers: 331.
Johnson, Andrew: 400, 411, 451, 453.
Johnson, Samuel: 33, 35.
Johnston, Albert Sidney, General: 276-7, 281-2.
Johnston, John: 4, 6, 14.
Johnston, Joseph, General; 218, 247-8, 287-8, 295, 354-5, 378, 387, 390, 394, 436-7, 452.
Kansas: 110-2, 115, 117, 126, 128, 139-40, 162-3.
Kentucky: 2-5, 9, 26, 81, 192, 197, 225, 229, 270, 334, 339-43.
Kipling, Rudyard: 88.
Kirkham's Grammar: 63.
"Know-Nothings."SeeAmerican Party.
Knoxville: 226, 275, 359.
Law, Lincoln's law study and practice, 10, 67, 68, 106-8, 271-2, 423.
Lee, Robert E., General: his acknowledged genius, 217, 220; goes with State of Virginia, 229, 239, 376; his character, 230; cautious military advice at first, 246; opinion of McClellan, 285; operations against McClellan, Pope, Burnside, and Hooker, 297, 311; invasion of Pennsylvania and retreat, 355-8, 386-7; resistance to Grant,seeGrant, 391-2, 398; appointed General in Chief, 431; abstains always from political action, 431-2; final effort, surrender and later life, 445-6.
Lincoln, Abraham, President: his career and policy up to his Presidency,seein Table of Contents; his military administration and policy, 273-9, 302, 308, 345,and seeMcClellan; his administration generally, 250-5; his foreign policy, 261-5; his policy generally, 265-72,and seeSlavery, Negotiations for Peace, Reconstruction; development of his abilities and character, 7-15, 62, 73-7, 87-8, 103-6, 134-6, 153-5, 163-6, 233-9, 337, 418-24, 439-41; his fame to-day, 454-6.
Lodge, Senator: 261.
Logan, General: 350, 397.
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth: 53, 60, 61, 137, 152.
Longstreet, General: 357, 359-60, 387.
Louisiana Purchase: 26, 32, 39-40.
Louisiana State: 26, 39-40, 199, 283, 334, 400, 448-9.
Louisville: 116, 339-41.
Love joy: 76.
Lowell, James Russell, and references to his writings: 19, 92, 138, 172, 209, 237, 261, 264.
Lundy: 50.
Lynchburg: 438.
Lyon, Nathaniel: 244-5, 269.
Lyons, Lord: 236, 237, 264.
McDowell, General: 247-8, 290, 293-7.
Machine, in politics: 48-9, 167-8.
McClellan, George B., General: practical help to Douglas, 134; successes in West Virginia, 243; put in command of Army of Potomac and later of all armies, 272; his strategic views at outset of war, 274-5, 276, 280; his career and character, 284-6; Lincoln's problem about him, 286-7; procrastination and friction before he moved, 287-91; preliminaries to campaign in Peninsula, 291-3; relieved of command over Western armies, 293; campaign in Peninsula, 293-5, 298-302; his recall and failure to support Pope, 302-4; army of Potomac restored to him, 305; battle of Antietam and subsequent delays, 305-7; his final dismissal and its cause, 307-9; his political career, 300, 308, 374, 413-5, 416, 424; resigns from Army, 437; Seward's judgment on him, 427.
McClernand, General: 350-2.
McLean, Justice: 114, 167.
Madison, James: 37.
Maine: 16, 40.
Malplaquet: 364.
Marcy: 49.
Marshall, John: 41.
Martial Law: 376-81.See also265-7, 269-70, 313, 321, 335-6, 451.
Martineau, Harriet: 43.
Maryland: 197, 225, 240-2, 304-7, 333-4.
Mason: 263.
Massachusetts: 16, 19, 172-3, 239-40, 296, 409.
Mathematics: 67.And seeEuclid.
Maximilian, Archduke and Emperor: 388.
Mayflower: 150.
Meade, George, General: 356-8, 391, 447.
Memphis: 226, 275, 349, 389.
Meridian: 227, 389.
Merrimac: 292-3.
Methodists: 150.
Mexico: 28, 90; war with, 91-3; later relations, 211, 256, 388-9, 404, 420.
Mexico, Gulf of: 27, 208.
Michigan: 38, 172.
Militia: 228, 246, 369.
Mill, John Stuart: 260.
Milligan, case of, in Supreme Court: 378.
Minnesota: 27.
Mississippi River: 7, 8, 13, 26, 56, 198, 226, 275, 281, 283, 348-55.
Mississippi State: 26, 175, 179, 199, 227.And seeMeridian andVicksburg.
Missouri Compromise: 39-40; repealed, 109-12; question whether unconstitutional, 112-5.
Missouri River: 26.
Missouri State: 27, 39-40, 113, 197, 225, 229, 244-5, 269-70, 333-4, 400.
Mobile: 227, 388, 395, 412.
Moltke: 217.
Monroe Doctrine: 388.
Montana: 26.
Montgomery: 199-200, 225.
Mormons: 99, 130.
Motley, John Lathrop: 138, 237, 238, 417.
Napoleon I.: 26, 215.
Napoleon III.: 256, 313, 388.
Nashville: 339, 396.
National Bank: 42, 47, 65.
Nebraska: 110, 113.
Negotiations for peace, impossible demand for them: 402-5, 428, 431-4.
Negroes: Lincoln on notion of equality as applied to them, 124; Stephens on great moral truth of their inferiority, 179; their good conduct during the war and their valour as soldiers, 330; Lincoln's human sympathy with them, and the right attitude in face of the bar between the two races, 330-3; mistaken precipitancy in giving them the suffrage, 334-5, 430; the Confederacy ultimately enlists negroes, 431; negro bodyguard at Lincoln's second Inauguration, 435; projects for colonisation of negroes, 42, 317, 331, 332.See alsoSlavery.
Neuse River: 437.
Nevada: 95.
New Berne: 437.
New England: 17, 173, 241, 326.
New Hampshire: 100.
New Jersey: 17.
New Mexico: 96, 99, 145, 194.
New Orleans; 4, 13-4, 46, 198, 226, 283.
New Salem: 4, 63-9, 78-80.
New York City: 29, 49, 144, 155-6, 205, 241, 254, 384.
New York State: 16, 17, 29.
Niagara: 105, 139, 404.
Nicolay, John: 211, 235, 419, 458, 460.
North: original characteristics and gradual divergence from South, in America and South; advantages and disadvantages in the war, 214-9; divisions in the North,seeDemocrats and Radicals; magnitude of effort and endurance shown by the North, 363-6, 426-7.
North Anna River: 392.
North Carolina: 26, 27, 194; secedes with Virginia, 229, 435-7, 452.
North-West Territory: 38.
Northcote, Sir Stafford: 260.
Novels: 67.
Nueces River: 92.
Oberlin, 150.
Officers: 220, 223-4, 350.
Ohio River: 4, 8, 26, 117, 226, 243, 280.
Ohio State: 38, 161, 172, 340-2, 344, 359, 381-3.
Olmsted, Frederick Law: 53, 57, 460.
Oratory in America: 34, 41, 133, 136, 138, 155, 159, 362.
Oregon, Territory and State: 28, 92, 96, 112.
Orsini: 152.
Owens, Mary: 80-1.
Paine, Tom: 69.
Palmerston: 234, 260, 313.
Pardon of offenders by Lincoln; 420-1.
Parliament: relation to Colonies, 19; contrast with Congress, 20, 23.
Parliamentarians under Charles I.: 33.
Party and Parties: 46-50, 374-5, 385.And seeAmerican, Federalist,Free-Soil, Democratic, Republican and Whig.
Patterson, General: 247.
Pemberton, General: 354-5.
Pennsylvania: 17, 202, 355-8.
Peoria: 72, 135, 142.
Petersburg.SeeRichmond.
Philadelphia: 184, 356.
Pierce, Franklin: 100, 111, 138, 218.
Pilgrim's Progress: 10.
Pitt, William, the younger: 376.
Polk, President: 91-3.
Polk, Bishop and General, 350.
Pope, General: 283, 301, 302-3.
Port Hudson: 343, 354-5.
Porter, Admiral: 349, 353, 388, 435-6, 444.
Post of Arkansas: 351.
Potomac: 225, 243, 249, 288, 306, 358.
Presbyterian: 77, 439.
Prince Consort: 263.
Prisoners of War: 398.
Protection: 42, 45, 65, 68, 202.
Public Works; 42, 65, 71.
Puritans: 17.
Quakers: 17, 50, 153.
Radicals: 232-3, 245, 267-70, 328, 398-400, 410, 430.
Railways: 7, 27, 226-7, 276, 339, 388, 396, 397, 447.
Raleigh: 437, 452.
Rapidan: 288, 311, 358, 391.
Rappahannock: 309, 311, 355, 358.
Rathbone, Major: 450-1.
Raymond: 414.And see404.
Reconstruction: 326-8, 333-5, 398-401, 434-5, 448-50.
Red River: 388.
Republican Party: (1) Party of this name which followed Jefferson and of which leading members were afterwards Democrats, 30, 31; (2) New party formed in 1854 to resist extension of slavery in Territories, 111; runs Frémont for Presidency, 112; embarrassed by Dred Scott judgment, 112, 115; possibility of differences underlying its simple principles, 122; disposition among its leaders to support Douglas after Kansas scandal, 141-3; consistency of thought and action supplied to it by Lincoln, 122, 145-6; nomination and election of Lincoln, 160-2, 166-9; sections in the party during war, 267-71; increasing divergence between Lincoln and the leading men in the party, 321, 326-9, 401-2, 409-14, 430, 434-5, 450.
Reuben, First Chronicles of: 11-2.
Revolution, American: 20-2.
Revolution, French: 31.
Rhodes, Cecil: 335.
Rhodes, James Ford: 418, 459.
Richmond: 225-7, 242, 245, 275, 302, 392; siege of Petersburg andRichmond,seeLee or Grant; feeling in Richmond towards end, 431-2;Lincoln's visit to it, 447.
Roberts, F. M. Earl: 364.
Robinson Crusoe: 10.
Rollin: 67.
Romilly, Samuel: 32.
Rosecrans, General: 342-3, 351, 359-60.
Russell, Lord John: 260, 263, 313.
Russia: 118, 211, 256.
Rutledge, Ann: 78.
St. Gaudens, Augustus: 330.
St. Louis: 116, 244.
Salisbury, Marquess of: 258, 259.
Sangamon: 64-5, 166.
Savannah: 398, 435.
Schofield, General: 397, 436-7.
Schools, Lincoln's: 10.
Schurz, Carl: 235, 421.
Scott, Dred, and his case; 112-5, 144.
Scott, William: 421-2.
Scott, Winfield, General: 93, 100, 205, 208, 231, 246-9, 274-5, 388, 453.
Secession.SeeSouth and Confederacy.
Seward, William: opponent of compromise of 1850 and rising Republican leader, 101, 137, 152; against opposing Douglas, 141; speaks well of John Brown, 152; expected to be Republican candidate for Presidency, rejected partly for his unworthy associates, more for his supposed strong opinions, 161-8; supports Lincoln in election, 169; action during progress of Secession, 193-5, 204; on First Inaugural, 206; action during crisis of Fort Sumter, 208-10; vain attempt to master Lincoln and generous acceptance of defeat, 210-1, 250; his part in foreign policy, 262-5, 387; wise advice to postpone Emancipation, 320; retained by Lincoln in spite of intrigues against him, 328-30; administration of martial law, 376; his usefulness and great loyalty, 406; his judgment on McClellan, 426; attempt to assassinate him, 451; certifies ratification of 13th amendment, 336.
Seymour, Horatio: 381, 383-5, 413.
Sigel, General: 394.
Shakespeare: 103, 108, 423, 448.
Shaw, Robert Gould: 330.
Shenandoah Valley; 225, 247, 296, 394, 395-6, 424, 437-8.
Sheridan, Philip, General: 220, 343, 395-6, 424, 437-8, 444.
Sherman, John, Senator: 235, 380.
Sherman, William Tecumseh, General; 52, 220, 224, 249; character and relations with Grant, 348; failure in first attempt on Vicksburg, 350; under McClernand, takes Post of Arkansas, 351; with Grant in rest of Vicksburg campaigns, 353-5; at Chattanooga, 360; at Meridian, 388; parting with Grant, his fears for him, their concerted plans, 389; Atlanta campaign, 394-5, 424; detaches Thomas against Hood, 397-8; from Atlanta to the sea, 397-9; campaigns in the Carolinas, 435-6; meets Lincoln at City Point, 444-5; Lincoln's dream about him, 449; Johnston's surrender to him, 452.
Shields, Colonel: 85.
Slave Trade: how treated by Constitution of U.S.A., 24; prohibition of it in American colonies vetoed, 36; prohibited by several American States, by United Kingdom, and by Union, 38; movement to revive it in Southern States, 145, 150; prohibited by Confederate Constitution and inadequate Bill against it vetoed by J. Davis, 200; treaty between United Kingdom and U.S.A., for its more effectual prevention, and first actual execution of a slave-trader in U.S.A., 317.
Slavery: compromise about it in Constitution, 25; opinion and action of the "Fathers" in regard to it, 35-9; becomes more firmly rooted in South, 39; disputes as to it temporarily settled by Missouri Compromise, 39-40; its real character in America, 52-5; its political and social effect on the South, 43-5, 55-9; Abolition movement,seeAbolition; its increasing influence on Southern policy;seeSouth; repeal of Missouri Compromise, and dicta of Supreme Court in favour of slavery, 109-15; Lincoln's attitude from first in regard to it, 14, 76, 94; his principles as to it, 121-131, 144; slavery the sole cause of Secession, 178-9; the progress of actual Emancipation, 313-37; already coming to an end in the South before the end of the war, 429, 431.See alsoNegroes.
Slidell: 263.
Smith, Baldwin, General: 308.