M 1.
Factors concerned:—
A. the factor for agouti which turns a black into an agouti, or a tortoise into a yellow.
E. the factor for extension of pigment which when present turns a yellow into an agouti, or a tortoise into a black.
S. the factor for self colour which turns a Himalayan into a self coloured animal.
All the rabbits in this experiment contain the factor for black (B).
M 2.
The Himalayan pattern can occur in all four colour classes. Thus the agouti Himalayan has lighter points than the black Himalayan. (cf. 2 specimens shown.)
Experiments to demonstrate thatblack rabbits may be of different constitution genetically.
Factors concerned in these experiments are:—
A. the agouti factor.
E. the factor for extension of pigment.
D. a factor for density of pigmentation.
All the rabbits are homozygous for the black factorB.
Homozygous agouti =AA BB EE.
Black rabbits may be either:—
(1) Rabbits of the constitutionaa BB EE. These breed true and behave as simple recessive to agouti.
(2) Rabbits of the constitutionAA BB EE DD.,i.e., agoutis to which a double dose of D has been added are pure blacks in appearance, when only a single dose of D is added the animal shows some agouti markings and is an agouti-black. Such rabbits have always proved to be heterozygous, and when mated together give blacks, agouti-blacks, and agoutis in the ratio 7:6:3.
(3) Rabbits of the constitutionAA BB Ee Dd. An agouti-black (AA BB EE Dd) becomes a pure black when heterozygous for E. Such blacks when mated with blacks of constitutionaa BB EE ddthrow some agoutis and also some agouti-blacks.
Further, the experiments have shewn that the factorDis coupled withEin the gametogenesis of rabbits of the constitutionAA BB Ee Dd. The gametes produced by such animals are of two kinds only viz—A B E DandA B e d. When mated with a tortoise aa BB ee dd they give blacks and yellows only—and no agoutis. So far as is known, the coupling between E and D is complete. At present this is the only case of coupling between characters yet worked out in a mammal.
M 3
Experiments withPoultry, illustrating therecombination of characters.
M 4
Experiment withSweet Peas, illustrating reversion on crossing, followed by the appearance of numerous types in next generation.
The varied forms in the F_2 generation appear in definite proportions and a certain number of plants of each variety are already "fixed," and have been shewn, by further experiment, to breed true to type.
M 5
Experiment with Sweet Peas, illustrating reversion in structural characters.
A cross between the ordinary "Cupid" dwarfs and the half-dwarf "Bush" form results in a complete reversion to the normal tall habit such as occurs in the wild sweet pea. A further generation raised from these reversionary talls consists of talls, Bush, Cupids, and a new form, the "Bush-Cupid." These last combine the erect bush-like habit of growth with the dwarfness of the Cupid.
M 6a
Example ofassociation of characters in heredity.
In the sweet pea the dark reddish purple axil is dominant to the light green one. Also the fertile condition of the anthers is dominant to the contabescent sterile condition. In families which involve these characters, the nature of the F_2 generation depends upon the way in which the original cross was made. (A) When each parent has one of the dominant characters.
[G]Not yet found, but probably occurs very rarely.
M 6b
(B) If, however, both of the dominant characters go in with one parent, and neither with the other parent, they tend to remain associated in F2; thus:—
In such a cross the classes resembling the two original parents tend to be produced in excess, while the other two combinations are produced much more rarely. Nevertheless, the ratio of dark to light axil, and of fertile to sterile anthers, is, in each case, a simple 3:1 ratio.
M 7a
Example of association ofcharacters in heredity.
Purple flower colour is dominant to red in the sweet pea, and the old-fashioned erect form of standard with the central notch is dominant to the hooded. In families where these characters are involved, the nature of the F2generation depends upon the manner in which the cross was made.
(A) When one dominant character goes in with each parent.
[H]Not yet found in this mating, but probably occurs very rarely.
M 7b
(B) When the two dominants enter, from one parent, they tend to remain associated in the F2generation.
N & N 1
Exhibited by the Utah Agricultural College.
Mr. E. G. Titus.
The chart is 147 feet long, 54 inches wide, exclusive of the important data condensed on a separate 8-foot sheet. This is only a preliminary chart, as may be seen from the condensed data attached, which shows that of the 822 persons represented on the chart 539 are of mature age. The unknown persons represent 303, unknown ability; 336, unknown height; 339, unknown weight; 348, unknown health. The family is remarkable for the health of its members, having so far only 97 deaths. The oldest child, Generation II-1, was born in 1827. There are, of course, a large number of persons on the chart who are rather young. Where a person has more than one ability well marked, such as music and literary ability, or music and business ability, or constructive and business ability, the chart shows only one ability. There are several cases where persons have three well marked abilities. In all cases, the following is the rank on the chart:—
Literary ability is always charted. Following this, music and then art, and then constructive. Constructive ability represents those persons who have a decided mathematical and mechanical turn of mind, who are builders, contractors, carpenters of advanced standing, architects and men of these classes. Under "Various" abilities are classified business, agricultural and domestic abilities. These are not marked on the chart.
It will be noticed under "Diseases" that a majority of the persons who have died were infants, and even among infants the deaths are remarkable for their small number considering the conditions under which the people of the third generation of this family had to live. The paternal ancestor, Generation I., came to America in 1842, dying two years later, and his children came to Utah among the early settlers, 1847-52. Many of the third generation were born in this State under conditions that are not by any means comparable to those existing in communities that have been settled for many years. Theopportunity to care for children was very limited. Physicians were not as easily reached, and the methods and appliances of modern times were not at hand. Yet, even under these circumstances, it will be noticed of the 822 persons listed on the chart, that only 68 deaths were those of persons under 25 years.
Transcriptionprovided below.
Transcriptionprovided below.
O
Exhibited by the Eugenics Education Society.
O 1 Mendelism.
O 1a
Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance in Peas. (AfterThomson.)
O 1b
Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance in Peas. (AfterLaurie.)
O 1c
Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance, with Dominance, in Mice. (AfterLaurie.)
O 1d
Illustration of the Theory of Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity in Mice. (AfterLaurie.)
O 1e
Example of Mendelian Inheritance, without Dominance, in Blue Andalusian Fowls. (AfterLaurie.)
O 1f
Illustration of the Theory of Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity, in Blue Andalusian Fowls. (AfterLaurie.)
O 2
Standard Scheme of Descent. (AfterGalton.)
O 3
Comparison of Mr. Booth's Classification of All London with the Normal Classes. (AfterGalton.)
O 4
Descent of Qualities in a Population. (AfterGalton.)
O 5
Inheritance of Ability, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood Families. (AfterWhethamandMarshall.)
P
Exhibited by the American Breeders' Association—Eugenics Section.
C. B. Davenport, Esq.
P 1-16
Charts of Statistics of Defectives.
Charts of Classification of Defectives.
Charts of Principles of Heredity.
Pedigrees collected by field-workers in America.
Q
Exhibited by Cyril Burt, Esq.
Description of Diagrams illustrating the use of experimental Tests of Mental Capacities.
1. "Experimental Tests of General Intelligence."
Q 1
A List of twelve tests applied to two schools at Oxford. The first two columns of figures indicate the "reliability" or self-consistency of the tests as compared with that of examinations and master's general impression. The second two columns give the correlations of the results of the tests with the children's "general intelligence." It will beseen that several of the tests of higher mental processes are as reliable as the scholastic tests at present in vogue, and that they correlate quite as highly with intelligence. Further experiments show that while examinations and master's estimates measure knowledge and skill acquired by memory and training, the tests seems to provide measurements rather of innate capacities; and that children of superior parentage (e.g.the preparatory school boys) are themselves superior at tests, which show an appreciable positive correlation with intelligence (i.e. all except tests of touch and weight). The tests thus provide an experimental demonstration of the inheritance of mental ability and a means of measuring the same. (References:—Burt, Experimental Tests of General Intelligence, British Journal of Psychology, Vol. III., Pts. 1 and 2.) Burt, Inheritance of Mental Characteristics, Eugenics Review, 1912, July.
Q 2
2. Sex-differences in mental tests.
A list of experimental tests applied to children of both sexes with a view to measuring their innate capacities for performing mental processes of different levels of complexity. The amount of divergence between the sexes, is indicated by the column in red. It will be seen that the sex-differences become smaller, the higher the level tested. There is some evidence to show that these differences are the result of inheritance and are not the result of difference of tradition or environment. (References: Burt and Moore, the Mental Differences between the sexes. Journal of Experimental Pedagogy, 1912, June. Burt, Inheritance of Mental Characteristics, Eugenics Review, 1912, July.)
R
Exhibit by Dr. George Papillault.
Four sets of questions drawn up by Dr. George Papillault, Professor of Sociology in the Paris School of Anthropology, with a view to noting and comparing thebio-social characteristicsof individuals belonging to different groups of population.
R 1
Set of questionsadopted by the Commission of Criminologyinstituted and presided over by Mr. —— Keeper of the Seals; Vice-presidents, Messrs. Léon Bourgeois, senator, and Dr. Dron, Vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies and Reporter to the Commission; Scientific Secretary, Dr. G. Papillault.
This set of questions comprises:
1st. An individual criminological chart for the purpose of showing 271 biological and social characteristics of the prisoners.
2nd. Family Charts for each of the ancestors, descendants or collateral relatives of the prisoner and more particularly intended to note hereditary characteristics.
These Charts have been issued with a view to a methodical enquiry on the criminal, under the direction of the Scientific and Criminological Department.
R 2
Set of questions of the French Lay Mission, designed to note the characteristics of the young natives and of their relatives in the French Colonies. The teachers will have to return them filled up with the greatest care to the Lay Mission, where Dr. Papillault, before their departure, delivered a series of lectures to teach them how to proceed.
R 3
Questions on the half-breeds, adopted by the Paris Society of Anthropology, and designed to show the bio-social characteristics of the half-breeds proceeding from cross-breeding between different races.
R 4
Questions asked by the General Psychological Institute for the purpose of undertaking a vast enquiry on the value taxonomic, organic, bio-social, and selective of the different human races which actually exist in the French Colonies, and particularly in North Africa.
A like spirit and method governs these four sets of questions; to discard the verbalism which obstructs and imperils Sociology; to study characteristics precise, objective, easily controllable and comparable, and likely consequently to form statistics, which alone, are capable of revealing characteristics of groups; to establish the correlations which these characteristics may present among themselves, and to arrive at last at the discovery of positive sociological laws.
S
Exhibited by Frederick Adams Woods, M.D.
Thirteen photographic copies of authentic portraits of distinguished historical personages of the sixteenth century, showing that the bony framework of the face, especially about the nose and eyes, was not commonly the same as it is to-day.
These are samples of a much larger collection.
S 1
Charles VII., XV Century, eye-brows very high above the eyes.
S 2
Mary of Lorraine, Queen of James of Scotland (National Portrait Gallery). Eyes far apart, and eye-brows high.
S 3
Francis I. of France, French School, XVI. Century. (Louvre.) Eyes small, upper eye-lids peculiar, and typical of the period.
S 4
Louse de Rieux; Marquise d'Elboef, XVI. Century. (Louvre.) Naso-orbital region typical, eyes small far apart, upper part of the nose broad and flat, upper eye-lids long (vertical distance between eye and eye brow considerable.)
S 5
Dr. Stokesley, Bishop of London (Holbein.) Eyes far apart upper part of nose broad.
S 6
Jane Seymour (Holbein). Eyes far apart, upper eye lids characteristic.
S 7
Jean de Bourbon, Comte d'Enghien. XVI Century. Eyes far apart, upper eye-lids vertically prominent.
S 8
Portrait of a young German gentleman.
The eye-lids are modern, that is the eyes are set in deeply under the arch, but the eyes themselves are far apart, and the upper part of the nose is broad.
S 9
Mary Queen of England. (National Portrait Gallery).
It would seem that allowance might be made for the crudity of the portrait, but the naso-orbital region is typical of the northern races during the XVI century.
S 10
Holbein's Duke of Norfolk. In the Royal Gallery at Windsor Castle.
Eyes are more deep-set under the superorbital arch than is usual in portraits of the period, but the upper part of the nose is broad, and eyes are far apart.
S 11
Henry VIII., attributed to Holbein but on doubtful authority.
Broad flat nose, small eyes set far apart, eye-brows arching upward and outward. Observe the upper eye-lids in contrast to the Italian by Lorenzo Lotto, which shows the usual modern type of eye-lid.
S 12
Portrait of the Prothonotary Apostolic Juliano. (Lorenzo Lotto.)
Modern type of face. Eyes deep set in under the superorbital arch and eye-brow. Upper part of the nose delicate and projecting. This type of face is occasionally, but only rarely met with north of the Alps during the early period. It is common enough in portraits of Italians.
S 13
Portrait of a German scholar, by Holbein. Modern type, very rarely found.
First
International Eugenics Congress,
LONDON, 1912.
PROGRAMME.
All Communications should be addressed to the Secretaries.
Offices of the Congress: "The Eugenics Education Society,"6,York Buildings, Adelphi, London.(Office Hours, 10-30 a.m. to 5 p.m.)
PRESIDENT *MAJOR LEONARD DARWIN, D.Sc.
Vice-Presidents.
Sir Clifford Allbutt, K.C.B., F.R.S., M.D., Regius Professor of Physic, Cambridge.
The Right Hon. Lord Alverstone, G.C.M.G., LL.D., Lord Chief Justice.
The Right Hon. Lord Avebury, F.R.S.
Sir Thomas Barlow, Bart., K.C.V.O., F.R.S., President of the Royal College of Physicians.
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Founder of the Volta Bureau, Washington.
Sir William Church, K.C.B., D.Sc., lately President of the Royal College of Physicians.
The Right Hon. Winston Churchill, M.P., First Lord of the Admiralty.
Sir William Collins, F.R.C.S., Vice-Chancellor of the University of London.
Dr. C. B. Davenport, Secretary of the American Breeders' Association.
Dr. J. Déjérine, Clinical Professor of Nervous Diseases, Salpêtrière.
Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard University.
Dr. Auguste Forel, Lately Professor of Psychiatry, University of Zurich.
Sir Archibald Geikie, President of the Royal Society.
Sir Rickman J. Godlee, F.R.C.S., President of the Royal College of Surgeons.
Professor M. von Gruber, Professor of Hygiene, Munich, President of the German Society for Race Hygiene.
Dr. David Starr Jordan, Principal, Leland Stanford University. President of the Eugenic Section, American Breeders' Association.
Monsieur L. March, Director, Statistique Générale de la France.
The Right Hon. Reginald McKenna, M.P., Secretary of State for Home Affairs.
The Right Hon. The Lord Mayor of London.
Dr. Magnan, l'Asile Sainte-Anne, Paris.
Dr. L. Manouvrier, Professor of Anthropology, Paris.
Dr. A. Marie, Asiles de la Seine.
Sir Henry Alexander Miers, D.Sc., F.R.S., Principal of the University of London.
Professor Alfredo Niceforo, Professor of Statistics, Naples.
Sir William Osler, M.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Medicine, Oxford.
The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Oxford, D.D.
Dr. E. Perrier, Director, Natural History Museum, Paris.
Gifford Pinchot, Washington.
Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, President of the International Society for Race Hygiene, Germany.
Sir William Ramsay, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, University of London.
The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Ripon, D.D.
Professor G. J. Sergi, Professor of Anthropology, Rome.
Dr. E. E. Southard, Neuro-Pathologist, Harvard University, and Director of the State Psychopathological Hospital.
The Right Hon. Sir T. Vezey Strong, K.C.V.O.
Bleecker van Wagenen, of the Board of Trustees, Vineland Training School, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Professor August Weismann, Professor of Zoology, Freiburg.
Honorary Members.
Monsieur Henri Jaspar, Avocat à la Cour D'Appel, Président de la Société Protectrice de l'Enfance Anormale; Secrétaire de la Commission Royale des Patronages, Brussels.
Monsieur Adolph Prins, Inspecteur Générale des Prisons, Brussels.
Professor Ludwig Schemann, President of the Gobineau-Vereinigung, Germany.
His Excellency the General von Bardeleben, President of theVerein Herold, Berlin.
AMERICAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.
President—Dr. David Starr Jordan.
Committee.
Dr. C. B. Davenport, Alexander Graham Bell, Professors W. E. Castle, Charles R. Henderson, Adolph Meyer, A. Hrdlicka, Vernon L. Kellogg, J. Webber, W. L. Tower, Dr. Frederick Adams Woods.
Secretary and Treasurer—Dr. C. B.Davenport, Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York.
BELGIAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.
Secretary—Dr.Louis Querton, Boulevard de Grande Ceinture, 77, Brussels.
Committee.
MM. Dr. Boulenger, Dr. Bordet, Dr. Caty, Dr. Decroly, Dr. Gengou, Dr. Herman, Dr. L. MM. Gaspart, Gheude, Jacquart, Marc de Sélys Longchamps, Nyns, E. Waxweiler, Professor Marchal.
FRENCH CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.
Hon. Presidents.
MM. Bouchard, Henry Chéron, Yves Delage, Paul Doumer, A. de Foville, Landouzy, Paul Strauss.
President—M. Edward Perrier.
Committee.
M. M. Déjérine, Gide, March, Magnan, Manouvrier, Marie, Pinard, Variot.
Secretary and Treasurer—M. Huber, Statistique Générale de la France, Paris, 97, Quai D'Orsay.
GERMAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.
President—Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, Gundelinden Str., 5, Munchen.
Committee.
The Committee of the International Society for Race Hygiene.
ITALIAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.
President—Professor Alfredo Niceforo, 54, Via Ara Cœli, Rome.
Committee.
Professors Corrado Gini, Achille Loria, Roberto Michels, Enrico Morselli, Sante de Sanctis, Giuseppe Sergi, V. Ginffrida-Ruggeri.
First International Eugenics Congress
LONDON.
Wednesday, July 24th, to Tuesday, July 30th, 1912.
General Arrangements for the Meeting.
An invitation circular has been widely circulated to all members of Eugenic and Heredity Societies in Europe and America, and to many other persons likely to be interested in the approaching Congress. Through that circular the objects and general plan of the Congress have been made widely known. Copies may still be had on application to the Secretary.
The following arrangements have now been definitely made.
Place of Meeting.The Meetings of the Congress will be held in the Great Hall of the University of London, Imperial Institute Road, South Kensington, London, S.W., which is easily reached from South Kensington Station on the Underground Railway, and by omnibus from all parts of London. (In wet weather those travelling by rail can avail themselves of the subway).
Headquarters of the Congress.Until Tuesday, July 23rd, the headquarters and offices of the Congress will remain at 6, York Buildings, Adelphi, W.C. (close to Charing Cross Station), where all information will be supplied and tickets issued. Office hours 10-30 a.m. to 5 p.m. On and after Wednesday, July 24th, the headquarters will be transferred to the University of London, South Kensington. If arrangements for hotels or for lodgings have not been made previously, members arriving on and after July 24th are recommended to leave their luggage in the "Cloak Room" at the railway station and come to the office of the Congress, at London University, South Kensington, for information.
Correspondence.From July 24th to 30th, Members and Associates of the Congress may have their letters addressed to them at the First International Eugenics Congress, c/o The University of London, South Kensington, S.W., where special postal facilities will be provided. All invitations to Receptions, etc., will be distributed in this way.
Languages.It has been decided that in the Meetings and Discussions the English, French, German, and Italian languages shall be on an equal footing. At the same time it is right to point out that in all Congresses the number of Members speaking and understanding only the language of the country in which they are held has been far in excess of those conversant with several languages; therefore those who speak in English on the present occasion will be most widely understood. The abstract of every paper which is received in time by the Secretary will be translated into English, French, and German. Pamphlets containing the abstracts in these languages will be available on July 24th at the University Buildings. Members wishing for advance copies should notify the fact to the Secretaries, and state clearly in what language they are required, and to what address they should be sent.
Stewards.A number of Stewards acting as interpreters will be in attendance; the languages spoken being indicated by rosettes of the following colours:—Red, French; Blue, German; Green, Italian.
Hotels, etc.The Organising Committee is prepared to book rooms in advance for intending Members. Lists of hotels and the accommodation vouchers have been sent out to all Members with their membership cards. Any Member wishing to pay his membership fee on arrival can on application obtain an accommodation voucher in advance.
To make certain of securing the accommodation desired, it is essential that accommodation vouchers duly filled in should reach the office not later than July 10th.
Tickets of Membership.In order to take advantage of the reduced fares offered by the railway companies (see below), the official Congress ticket must be produced when paying the fare. The subscription entitling to membership of the Congress is £1 sterling; for an Associate it is 10/-. Members may obtain additional tickets for ladies at the cost of 10/- each. These additional ladies' tickets are transferable to ladies. Associates are entitled to all the privileges of Members, except that they have no vote in the meetings and will not receive a copy of the Report when published. The tickets of all Members and Associates who pay in advance will be forwarded to their addresses before the commencement of the Congress. A limited number of Day Membership Cards at 5/- each will be obtainable from the Secretary's Office in the Marble Hall during the Congress. These cards admit to both the morning and afternoon sessions, but do not carry the privileges of voting and hospitality.
Inaugural Banquet.An Inaugural Banquet will be held at the Hotel Cecil on Wednesday, July 24th, at 7 p.m., at which all the officials of the Congress and readers of papers will be the guests of the Entertainments Committee. Members of the Congress can obtain tickets at7/6each, from the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments Committee, 30, York Terrace, Harley Street, London, W. Speeches of welcome will be made by the President, the Lord Mayor of London, the Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour, and others. The Banquet will be followed by a Reception to which all Members and Associates of the Congress will be invited.
Railway Arrangements.Important concessions have been made by a number of Railway Companies to Members and Associates of the Congress. On the railways of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Switzerland and Holland, no reductions will be allowed; but by taking tickets to a station in Belgium or France, near the frontier, reductions may be secured by groups of not less than 20 visitors travelling together from those countries for the restof their journey.In all cases it is necessary to produce the Congress Membership Ticket before receiving railway tickets at reduced rates; and arrangements MUST be made in advance, 14 days' notice being required. Persons desiring to take advantage of these concessions must therefore forward their subscriptions at once; and immediately on receipt of their membership ticket should communicate with the Secretary of their country(seepage 3). In the following list the countries most distant from London are mentioned first:—
Italy.The P.L.M. Company will grant a reduction of 50% to Members coming from Italy via Modane.
At the time of issuing this notice definite information regarding reduced rates on the Italian State Railways is not to hand.
Germany.Members from Germany desiring to obtain reduced rates are requested to communicate, through their Secretary, with the General Agent of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway Office in Cologne (6 Domhof). Provided at least 20 Members travel together on the journey to London, arrangements can be made for reduced fares at 50% reduction from the Belgian or from the Dutch Frontier to London and back. At least 14 days' notice must be given to secure these facilities.
Belgium.If at least 20 members travel together, a reduction of about 50% is granted. Members are requested to communicate, through the Secretary of their country, with the General Agent of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway in Brussels (19, rue de la Regence).
France.On presentation of their Congress Cards, members attending the Congress will be able to obtain at Paris (Gare du Nord) special 15 day return tickets to London via Calais-Dover or Boulogne-Folkestone at the following fares:—
1st Class.—72f. 85c. 2nd Class.—46f. 85c. 3rd Class.—37f. 50c.available from July 22nd.
These tickets are available by the following trains:—