C 86-88
The frequency of syphilis and other venereal diseases in town and countryis illustrated in Table C 86, which gives the result of the enquiries of the Prussian Government on the 30th April, 1900, and Table C 87 after Schwiening, onthe frequency of sexual diseases among military recruits. Also Table C 88 which gives thefrequency of delirium tremens, epilepsy, and general paralysisin thePrussian lunatic asylums, points in the same direction by the great differences shown in the frequency of general paralysis in the different institutions. This table, at the same time, indicates what is also supported by other observations, that thefrequency and intensity of harmful influences through alcoholare muchgreater in towns than in the country; this may be partly because in cities there is a greater and more regular abuse of alcoholic beverages than in the country, partly because town-life induces a greater susceptibility to alcoholic poisoning than country life (less intense metabolism with sedentary occupations).
C 89-90
Injury to the reproductive function through alcohol. It has been known for a long time that drunkards are frequently sterile. This must be attributed to the fact that the testicles of drunkards become to a great extent atrophied. The condition is shown in Figure C 89 by R. Weichselbaum,[B]representing a section through the testicle of a drunkard. Figure C 90 which shows a section through a normal testicle, enables even the layman to observe the atrophy of the characteristic glandular tissue of the testicle. Weichselbaum has up to now found that in fifty-four cases, without exception, in which alcoholism had been proved, this atrophy could be demonstrated to a greater or less degree. In thirty of these cases the subject was so young that senile atrophy was out of the question. The abuse of alcohol is not the only harmful influence which is able to induce such atrophy of the testicles, but chronic alcoholism acts with special intensity. Very similar results to those of Weichselbaumhave been obtained by Bertholet (Zentralbl. f. allg. Pathologie 20 Bd. 1909) in 37 out of 39 habitual drunkards. They agree with observations on the vesiculae seminales of drunkards by Simmonds, who found that in 61% of the cases examined the spermatozoa were absent or dead. It is a permissible assumption that a poison which can cause the total atrophy of the sexual glands may, in an earlier stage, have adversely influenced in respect to quality the function of those organs.
[B]Verhandlungen der Deutschen Patholog: Gesellschaft, 14th day, Jena, Fischer, 1910, page 234.
[B]Verhandlungen der Deutschen Patholog: Gesellschaft, 14th day, Jena, Fischer, 1910, page 234.
C 91
C 92
Alcohol and Degeneration, from the tables on the alcohol question by Gruber and Kraepelin, Munich; Lehmann; contains the well-known statistics of Demme, Bunge, and Arrivée. Table C 92 adds to the summary of the statistical observations of Demme, further details of thekind of abnormalitieswhich wereobserved in children of drunkards. Representing, as they do, exceptionally bad cases with a high degree of degeneration, one may doubt whether and in how far congenital hereditary inferiority of the parents may have had its influence.
C 93
Figure C 93 contains the well-known result of v. Bunge's investigations on theinfluence of paternal alcoholism on the suckling capacity of the daughters. The varying frequency of the habitual consumption of alcohol and of drunkenness proper of the father in the two groups of families is most striking. Official investigations of this question on a large scale are urgently called for.
C 94
Figure C 94 dealing with theinterconnection of tuberculosis, nervous diseases and psychoses of the progeny and the alcohol consumption of the father, is derived from Bunge's investigations. It is worthy of notice that he endeavoured to eliminate from his statistics all families in whom hereditary diseases could be traced previously.
C 95
Table C 95 contains a summary of T. Laitinen'sexperiments on animals with small quantities of alcohol. The degree of injury to the progeny supposed to be produced by even a minimum quantity of alcohol (corresponding to about one-third of pint of beer for a man) is astounding. Repetition of these experiments on a large scale and with the strictest care would be most desirable here also.
C 96
Table C 96 also refers to reports by T. Laitinen.[C]It deals with the effect of alcohol on the progeny in man. Unfortunately Laitinen's paper is so confused and inexact that it is impossible forthe reader safely to draw conclusions from it. His personal observations are mixed up with those gathered by means of inquiry sheets circulated by him in such a way that one cannot make out how he has arrived at his weights at birth and mortality. Information is lacking with regard to the nutrition of the children, their age at the conclusion of the investigations, the length of marriage, the rapidity of birth sequence and so on. It is, therefore, indispensable to await the more detailed report before Laitinen's information can be made use of.
[C]Internat. Monatschrift z. Erforschung des Alkoholismus, Juli, 1910.
[C]Internat. Monatschrift z. Erforschung des Alkoholismus, Juli, 1910.
C 97
Bezzola has sent in in a modified form the data which he presented to the Eighth International Congress against Alcoholism in Vienna in 1901, on theeffect of acute intoxication on the origin of feeble-mindedness. With their help the curve on Figure C 97 has been constructed, showing the distribution of illegitimate births in Switzerland during the different months of the year from Bezzola's data and the corresponding curve of the births of mentally eminent individuals (taken from Brockhaus' encyclopædia.) The author supplies the following comments:—
"Comparison between the general birth curve and the corresponding one for the birth of feeble-minded children."
The casual observation at the registration of the personal history of feeble-minded individuals that 50 per cent. of the birth dates fall within only fourteen weeks of the year (New Year, carnival, and wine harvest) has aroused the desire to deal with the seasonal incidence of the begetting of the feeble-minded on the basis of as much material as possible. For this purpose the author's census of feeble-minded school children, which took place in the year 1897, and referred to the years 1886-90 inclusive, seemed specially suited. Originally (in 1901) a curve was plotted in which all the 8,186 feeble-minded and idiotic children were included whose exact birthdays were known, and this curve was compared with the total curve for that period. (Schweiz. Statistik 112 Liefg.) The latter was constructed in the following manner from the whole number of births (934,619) which occurred in these eleven years:—The general daily average was taken as 100, and the daily average for each month was expressed proportionately. Thus numbers above 100 show a daily birth frequency above the average, while for numbers below 100 the reverse is the case. The curve for the 8,136 feeble-minded persons was constructed in a similar way, and thus a comparison with the general population producing them was made possible. Subsequently (1910-11), in order to secure homogeneous material, the first and last years were left out, since by including them, owing to the non-agreement of the school year and the astronomical year, the earlier months (January-April) were much weighted. By this restriction of the material dealt with the number of feeble-minded is reduced to 7,759, but the material for each separate year is more homogeneous. Distributed between 2,922 days (eight years), the daily production of the feeble-minded is 2.648, the corresponding total number of births of the years 1882-89 ls 677,083, or 231.7 per day. 1.14 per cent. of all births are included in the figure for the feeble-minded. If one treats the total number of births for each month as well as the number of births of feeble-minded according to the method described above, and used by the Federal Statistical Bureau, two curves are produced which diverge considerably from each other in particular months. On the whole the curve for the feeble-minded (thick line) is flatter than the curve for the total. Especially striking are the drop in May and June (corresponding to the procreationperiod from the 25th July to the 23rd September) and two peaks rising above the "total" curve. One of these is slight, yet distinct. It refers to the months of birth, July and August, corresponding with the procreation period from the 24th September to the 24th November. More conspicuous is the second peak of the curve for the feeble-minded from October to December, otherwise a time poor in births. The centre of the corresponding period of procreation (25th December to 26th March) is in February (carnival). This seems to confirm the suspicion that during the wine harvest and carnival an increased procreation of feeble-minded occurs (procreation during drunkenness?).
We cannot suppress the remark that the fluctuations of the curve for the feeble-minded are much too small to admit of the drawing of an ætiological conclusion, but the fluctuations of the intelligence curve and the illegitimate curve partly exceed the limits of probable error. The peaks of both birth curves in February, correspond to a peak in the procreation curve in May. Perhaps one may attribute them to the existence of a remnant of a period of "heat" (or a rutting season) in man.
C 98
Lead.Whereas thegerm cellsare well protected against many harmful influences from without which affect the soma of the mother, theyand the fœtus produced from them suffer considerably fromsome. Amongst their deadliest enemies arecertain poisons, andnotorious in this respect is lead. Table C 98 gives two sets of statistics on this point, they justify the law in Germany, and in other States, forbidding female labour to deal with lead and lead-containing materials. Paul's figures, showing that lead poisoning of the father is also extremely adverse to the production of a healthy progeny, are remarkable.
C 99
Female Labour.A baneful influence on reproduction is brought to bear by the growing quantity of professional female labour away from home and by the economic emancipation of women. Evidence of this is given in Table C 99—"female labour and child mortality"—the data of which are taken from Prinzing's work. Infant mortality is higher the larger the percentage of females employed in factories during the child-bearing period. This is partly due to interference with breast-feeding and partly to the unfavourable influence on pregnancy.
C 100
Dr. Agnes Bluhm has given in Figure C 100 "Female Labour and Reproductive Activity," the statistics of Roger and Thiraux, as well as the results of the investigation of the Imperial Statistical Office on the "Relationship of illness and deaths in the Local Invalidity Fund for Leipzig and surroundings." Dr. Bluhm gives the following explanation: "The top figure on the left is based on material of the Local Invalidity Fund for Leipzig and surroundings,dealing with over a quarter of a million of women of child-bearing age. The distinction between obligatory and voluntary members makes possible the estimate of theinfluence of work continued up to the time of confinement, because the voluntary members receive the same weekly payments during confinement as the obligatory ones, and, consequently, a woman has no object in joining the voluntary insurance scheme except in order to secure rest before confinement, which they procure for themselves at their own expense and with the loss of their wages. (At that time the compulsory support during time of pregnancy did not exist.) It is to be noted that the voluntary members show ten times as many confinements as the obligatory ones."
"The left hand figure at the top shows that the women who work up to the time of confinement fall ill during their pregnancy twice as often, and have six or seven times as many miscarriages and premature births and 1.28 times as many cases of death in child-bed, as those who stop work for a more or less extended period previous to their delivery."
"The frequency of illness after childbirth is in both categories of women almost the same; but the duration of the illness beyond the period for which the legal subvention provides (13, 26, or 34 weeks respectively) is much greater in the case of the obligatory members who do not spare themselves before their delivery."
"Left hand figure at the bottom—the researches were made by Roger and Thiraux in a maternity home. A comparison is made between the women who entered the home only at the beginning of childbirth and those who entered during the last month of pregnancy or sooner. Premature birth occurs in nearly one-third of the cases among the former, but among the latter only one-eighth.
"Right hand figure at the bottom—dealing with the same material as the left hand figure below compares the weight at birth of the first, second and later born. The average weight of the former is 300 g. and that of the latter 341 g. higher with mothers who cease work two or three months before delivery, than with those who worked up to the last. Possibly this expresses in the main the different duration of pregnancy. The importance of the birth weight of a child for its further development is not to be underrated."
"The top figure on the right shows that the importance of the adverse influence of female labour on the race, shown in the above figures, is growing, because there is an increase of employment amongst married women. Simon's figures show that the manufacturing industries, which in 1907 employed by themselves two million female hands, the number of married women has increased by almost200,000 during the last twelve years. In agriculture, in which four and a half million females find their main occupation, the share of the married women is much greater still."
"The increase of married female labour being intimately connected with the development of our economic life, which cannot be deliberately influenced, the demand for a Motherhood Insurance for all female labourers of any kind, and for the extension of the legal time of stoppage of work before childbirth to at least four weeks, follows as a practical result of the facts stated above."
Dr. Bluhm's repeated assertion, which is regarded by many as a dogma, that economic conditions cannot be deliberately influenced (i.e., that they are of the character of a law of nature) must not remain uncontradicted as a principal. It is absolutely unproved, though the difficulty of influencing our economic life cannot be denied; the economic order has been created by man andmustbe altered if it proves harmful for the race.
C 101
The adverse influence of female labour on the progeny is shown from a somewhat different point of view in Table C 101—"premature births and abortions in different callings." The most serious fact shown here is that a low birth rate may frequently be found in conjunction with a high rate for miscarriage and premature birth; as the compiler of these statistics points out, this conjunction is most apparent in those callings which demand frequent intercourse with the public, such as domestic service, that is to say in cases where pregnancy is particularly inconvenient. Probably in these cases artificial prevention of pregnancy goes hand in hand with the procuring of abortion!
Race-hygiene does not aim at an indiscriminate motherhood insurance of married and unmarried mothers, but it aims at the economic subvention and encouragement of legitimate fertility of healthy and able parents, connected with, and rendered possible by, a reduction of female labour away from the home. Marriage is one of the most important hygienic institutions for the individual as well as for the race, and it is folly to allow its decay and to replace it by substitutes.
C 102
The importance of marriage for the health to married personsis shown by figure C 102—"condition with regard to marriage and mortality in Prussia, 1894-97," as given in Prinzing's book. That we have to deal here with an actual favourable influence of marriage, and not with a selection of the healthy at the time of marriage, is proved by the fact that the low death rate of the married is maintained through all age classes and that the widowed and divorced show throughout the highest death rate.
C 103
"Condition with regard to marriage and mortality, cases of death from tuberculosis," after Weinberg, also confirms with regard to tuberculosis the favourable influence of marriage on the health of men. With women the mortality from tuberculosis up to the age of 60 is lowest among the unmarried. Pregnancy and suckling act here adversely, but by far the worst position is also held here by widows and divorced women.
C 104-105
The advantage of marriage for the progeny is made evident in Figure C 104—"mortality of illegitimate children in different European states", and in Figure C 105 dealing with the "survival of the legitimate and illegitimate children in Berlin in 1885." After five years there are still alive more than 60% of the legitimate, but only 40% of the illegitimate children. The higher mortality of the latter is by no means a purifying process of weeding, but the expression of greater sickliness which permanently harms the surviving also. The division of labour between man and wife, with reference to the care of the offspring, is one of Nature's institutions which is of the greatest advantage for parents as well as children.
C 106-107
Inbreeding and the Crossing of Races.On the whole with mankind inbreeding is viewed with fear, and justly so, in view of our customary carelessness with regard to the physical and mental conditions of those who contract marriage.If blood relations have similar pathological conditions or pre-dispositions to illness or degeneracy, the progeny which results from their union is endangered to a particularly high degree.Our collection brings as an example of this in Table C 106—the pedigree of the celebrated Don Carlos. The bad inheritance of Johanna the Mad asserts itself to a lesser degree yet quite perceptibly also in the children of Max. II. Table C 107—the children of Maximilian and his cousin Maria of Spain; undoubtedly the Emperor Rudolf II. was mentally diseased. Also Charles V. and his son Philip II. were abnormal characters.
C 108
Blood relationship of the parents and health of the children, which v. d. Velden has prepared from Riffel's family tables, also speaks for the harmfulness of inbreeding. The offspring of blood relations are emphatically weaker and sicklier than those of persons related distantly or not at all.
C 109
The harm of inbreeding amongst the pathological is also illustrated by the large Table 222 (exhibited by Schüle). Pedigrees from wine-growing districts in the centre of Baden; against this it may be taken as proved that inbreeding in itself between the healthy and fit is not harmful. Animal breeders (as well as plant cultivators) makean extensive use of it with the view to the cultivation of certain hereditary characteristics.
C 110
We show in Table C 110, after de Chapeaurouge, thepedigree of Belvidere, an animal which, in spite of close inbreeding, was distinguished by excellent qualities, and by whom, out of his own daughter, another sire of the highest rank was produced.
C 111
After long-continued and very close inbreeding, even with a faultless condition of the germ plasm, the decrease of vitality and fertility of the progeny asserts itself. Important evidence for this is given by Georg. H. Shull in his exhibition ofcross-fertilized, self-fertilized and hybridized maize(Exhibit No. C 111). Shull makes the following comments: "Results of inbreeding with maize—crossing between different races or genotypes, if not too distantly related, results in a progeny which excels its parents in vitality, whereas crosses between individuals belonging to the same genotype engender no increase of vitality as compared with the parents."
In maize, and presumably in most other plants and animals in which cross-fertilization is the rule, all individuals are usually complicated hybrids between different varieties of genotype. They owe their vigorous constitution to this hybrid nature.
"The result of self-fertilization or of close inbreeding is that the hybrid nature diminishes in degree. The stock is reduced to a homozygotic condition, and is thus deprived of the stimulus which lies in the hybrid condition."
"When two given genotypes are crossed, the first hybrid generation is possessed of the greatest vigour. Even the second generation shows much less vitality, and this decrease continues with the third and later generations. But each succeeding generation differs less from its predecessor than the latter differed from its own parents. As soon as the stock has become a pure line, inbreeding produces no further weakening."
"The top row of the exhibited collection of maize cobs (large cobs with many grains) is derived from a family in which for five generations self-fertilization has been prevented by using mixed pollen. These conditions approach those prevailing in an ordinary field."
"The middle row of maize cobs (small cobs with few grains) comes from families of the same derivation as the first row; but for five generations they have been self-fertilized. Each one has characters which the others do not possess. They are almost pure bred, and continued self-fertilization produces no further adverse influence. The cob, quite to the right, without grains, has pistils so short thatthey do not project from the husks. This genotype must, therefore, be fertilized artificially."
"The lowest row (the largest cobs with the most grains) comes from families which have been created by the crossing of plants belonging to different genotypes, the relationship in which case is indicated by the lines which connect this row with the middle row."
"The following harvests of grain were made in the year 1910:—
C 112-114
It is well-known to what degreeinbreedingis practised inreigning families. We show as an example for this, Chart C 112, thepedigree of the Archduchess Maria de los Dolores of Tuscany, exhibited by Dr. Stephan Kekule von Stradonitz, and Chart C 113 of the same exhibitor,pedigree of Ptolemäus X. Soter II. (Lathros), and Chart C 114,pedigree of the celebrated Cleopatra. Though with Ptolemäus X. the effect of sexual reproduction in bringing about new combinations of hereditary units was very limited, since the couple, Ptolemäus V. Epiphanes and Cleopatra Syra having produced all the germ cells from which he developed, he appears, nevertheless, to have been a perfectly normal being. In his granddaughter Cleopatra certainly much "extraneous blood" circulated.
C 115
Even where there is no high degree of inbreeding, the individuals of a people are much more closely related to each other than is generally assumed. Table C 115, "theoretical number of ancestors," shows that, assuming the duration of one generation to be 35 years, and that no marriages between relations have taken place, the number of the ancestors of a man living now would have been eighteen billions in the year 0a.d. In reality the germanic race, wandering west, probably only numbered hundreds of thousands. This phenomenon of "ancestral loss," as Ottokar Lorenz calls it (that the number of real ancestors is much smaller than those theoretically possible), can be illustrated in the pedigrees of the reigning houses.
C 116
We have in Table C 116 ananalysis of pedigree of Emperor William II., after Ottokar Lorenz. Investigations show that twelve generations back the real number of his ancestors amounts to only one-eighth of the possible figure. Only 275 persons have actually been found because in the older lines, the bourgeois element, of which no record can be found, has had a very large share.
C 117
Very little knowledge exists concerning the effect of the crossing of races in man. On the whole it appears not to be favourable, if it is a question of crossing of races from far apart, even in purely physical respects. An example of harmful influence is given in v. d. Velden's Table C 117—"Fertility and Health in relation to the crossings of races."
NEOMALTHUSIANISM.
C 118-122
The next and the greatest concern of race-hygiene—much greater than the relative increase of inferiority—is, to-day, neomalthusianism, the intentional restriction of the number of births in varying degrees up to complete unproductiveness. Though conscious regulation of the production of children is absolutely necessary, it becomes fatal to a nation if under no control but the egotism of the individual. For its permanent prosperity a nation requires, in order merely to hold its own, a sufficient number of "hands" and a sufficient number of "heads" to guide those "hands." We referred to this when mention was made of sterility as a phenomenon of degeneration, but this cause of sterility during the last decades only takes a second place compared to deliberate intention. The wealthy and higher social classes were first attacked by neomalthusianism. Their progeny is becoming more and more utterly insufficient, so that under our present social conditions, particularly which give mind and talent better openings, and thereby more and more take out of the mass of the people the better elements, make the strongest demand for them and use them up, the danger of an increasing deterioration of the average quality of its progeny grows greater and greater. The baneful influence of wealth on fertility is shown by several tables. Figure C 118 "Fertility and Wealth," after Goldstein and Tallquist, gives the condition in the French Departments; Figure C 119, "Number of Children and Wealth," after Bertillon, for the Arrondissements of Paris; Figure C 120, "Fertility and Wealth," after Mombert, for Münich, 1901, Table C 121, "The Number of Children in Families of Different Classes in Denmark, 1901," after Westergaard; Table C 122, "Fertility of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and Dutch Conditions," after Rubin, Westergaard, and Verrijn Stuart.
C 123
The worst condition with regard to the fertility prevails among those with the highest mental endowment. Evidence of this is given in Figure C 123, "Insufficient Fertility of the Highly Endowed in Holland," after J. R. Steinmetz. It shows the rapidity with which the number of children decreases. In order to estimate the significanceof these statistics, it must be noted that after taking into account the mortality among children and young persons, and the unfitness for parenthood of an appreciable fraction of the adults, a fully capable couple would have to produce at least four children to assure the necessary moderate increase in the population which is required to prevent a people from sinking into stagnation and deterioration.
C 124
The dying out of highly gifted families is shown to be more accentuated in Figure 255, after Bertillon, "Progeny of the Highly Gifted in France." Four hundred and forty-five of the best known Frenchmen, with their wives, have not even reproduced that number of individuals, and this in spite of the fact that repeated marriages of the same individuals have not been taken into account.
C 125-126
Even if one has been able, up to the present, to live in the hope that the number of persons of more than average ability produced by the mass of the people is always sufficient to replace those that are used up, at the present time anxiety about the "heads" is replaced by anxiety about the "hands." The knowledge of means of preventing fertilization spreads incessantly, and is recklessly promulgated by the neomalthusians and by a shameless industry. We point to Figure C 125, "Want of Fertility in French Towns," after Jayle, and to Figure C 126, "Fertility in Prussia." In Berlin fertility is decreasing most rapidly; at the end of the sixties it still amounted to 200 in every 1,000 women of child-bearing age. In the five years, 1905-1910, only to 84; in the year 1910 only to 74. This state of things is shown also in the relative increase in numbers of the first born.
C 127, 128 & 129
Figure C 127, "Decrease of Legitimate Fertility in Berlin—the two-children system." The other German towns follow the example of Berlin. Berlin to-day produces 20% less children than are required to maintain its own population without immigration, and the same conditions will soon prevail in other towns. Up to now the country districts in general maintain their fertility (West Prussia on Figure C 128), but there, too, modern practices begin to make themselves felt. The town and industrial population increases so rapidly that the conditions prevailing among them have an ever increasing effect on the people as a whole. Thus we see, even at the present time, a serious decline in fertility among an overwhelming majority of European States: Figure C 129, "Decrease of Fertility in Some European States."
D
Exhibited by David Fairchild Weeks, M.D.,
Director of the New Jersey State Village for Epileptics at Skillman, U.S.A.
Explanation of Symbols used in the Charts.
Male individuals are indicated by squares and females by circles. The members of each fraternity are connected by the same horizontal line. The fraternity line is connected by a vertical line to the line joining the symbols representing the father and mother. Illegal unions and illegitimate children are shown by dotted lines. As an aid in tracing the patient's immediate family, a green line is used to connect the direct ancestors on the paternal side, and a red line on the maternal side. The red squares and circles indicate epileptics, the green the insane, the black the feeble-minded, and purple the criminalistic. The figures directly above the fraternity line indicate the rank in birth, a figure inside a square or circle shows the number of individuals of that sex. A black dot suspended from the fraternity line stands for a miscarriage or a stillbirth. A line underneath a square or circle shows that institutional care has been received. The hand points out our patient.
The following letters indicate the different conditions: A, alcoholic; B, blind; C, criminalistic; D, deaf; E, epileptic; F, feeble-minded; I, insane; M, migrainous; N, normal; P, paralytic; S, syphilitic; T, tubercular; W, wanderer, tramp; d, died; b, born; inf, infancy; Sx, unchaste.
D 1
This chart shows very clearly the dangerous results of a marriage in which both of theparents are epileptic. Of the four children the first three were epileptic, and the fourth, a boy, who died at the age of nine, was feeble-minded. All four of these children were cared for at public expense, two are patients at the New Jersey State Village for Epileptics, and the other two were wards of the Children's Home Finding Society. The epileptic father is dead, and the mother married again to an alcoholic man. When last heard of she had another child.
D 2
Anepilepticwoman, married to afeeble-minded man, is responsible for the large number of defectives shown on this chart. The principal mating is that of one of the epileptic daughters of this woman, who, like her mother, married a feeble-minded man. Eight children resulted from this marriage; one died before two years of age, the other seven were epileptic, the five who are living are patients at the New Jersey State Village. Two of the girls in this fraternityhad illegitimate children before receiving proper care. This family is undoubtedly a branch of a family of defectives, most of whom live in an adjoining State.
D 3
This is a case ofincest, and shows plainly that the "empty germ plasm can yield only emptiness." These people lived in a hut in the woods. The feeble-minded man had by his defective sister an epileptic daughter, then by this daughter he had four children, one an epileptic, one a feeble-minded woman of the streets, who spends much of her time in jail, one an anencephalic monster who died soon after birth, and one a feeble-minded boy, who did not grow to manhood. Since the hut in the woods burned down, the epileptic woman and feeble-minded daughter live in a cellar in town, though much of their time is spent in jail.
D 4
This chart shows afeeble-mindedman, who came from a feeble-minded family, married to anepilepticwoman, who descended from a tubercular epileptic father and a mother who is described as "flighty," "not too bright." This couple had six children, three feeble-minded, two epileptic, and one still-born. Since the death of the epileptic mother, the father has secured homes in institutions for all of his children except one, and then married again. As yet he has no children by the second wife.
D 5
The wife in the central mating in this case is a low gradeepileptic, who can scarcely recognize her own children. The father is afeeble-minded alcoholic, who works hard, but who spends all his money for drink. There were six children; one died at the age of four, and all of the others except one six-year-old boy are epileptic. All are being cared for by the public. Before the mother and three of the epileptic children were brought to the State Village for Epileptics the family lived in a cellar, slept on rags, and depended on the neighbours for food.
D 6
This is a history which illustrates very well the source of a large number of the almshouse inmates. The central figure is anepilepticwoman, who spent most of her life in the poor house. No two of her seven children are by the same father. The epileptic daughter, whose father was feeble-minded, had started to lead the same kind of life as her mother; in the almshouse she gave birth to one illegitimate child before she was put under State care. The mother, when she last left the almshouse, went to live in a hut in the woods with a feeble-minded man, who had three feeble-minded sons; one of these sons married the feeble-minded sister of one of the epileptic patients at the New Jersey State Village.
D 7a
D 7b
This is the history of two patients who have been found to be related, the great grandfather of the one was the brother of the grandmother of the other. The principal mating under D 7a is that of afeeble-mindedman married to anepilepticwoman, whose mother died in the insane asylum. They had six children, the first died when only a few months old, the next and the fourth were not bright and died young, the third is an epileptic, the fifth is feeble-minded and criminalistic and he is now at the State Home for Boys, the sixth is also feeble-minded and cared for at an industrial home for children. The mother and father, at one time inmates of the almshouse, are now supported by the town. Under D 7b the father, who died of spinal meningitis, was migrainous and had many epileptic relatives, the mother is neurotic. There were four children, the first an epileptic, the second died at 20 of spinal meningitis, the third is of a very nervous temperament, the last, a girl of 16, seems to be normal.
D 8
Both of the parents in this case arefeeble-minded. The father was the black sheep of his family, his brothers are intelligent men, and for the most part good citizens; the mother, however, was the illegitimate child of a feeble-minded woman. There were seven children, one an epileptic, the others all feeble-minded with the exception of the sixth, who is now about 11 years old; she was taken from her home and put with a very good family; she shows the effect of the changed environment, and though not up to her grade in school, is only slightly backward. There is some doubt about the parentage of the child, and it is very probable that she is by a different father. Since the father's death the mother has had one illegitimate child; her children were taken away from her except the two oldest because of the immoral conditions in the home, and she now claims to be married to a feeble-minded man, who is the younger feeble-minded brother of her imbecile daughter's husband.
D 9
The central mating in this case is that of anepileptic, alcoholic, sexually immoralman, married to aneurotic and sexually immoralwoman, who has many insane and feeble-minded relatives. They had in all ten children; two were epileptic, three, feeble-minded, one criminalistic and sexually immoral, the sixth is the only one who has a good reputation, the last was a stillbirth. The father and mother are no longer living together.
D 10
The case illustrated on this chart is of afeeble-mindedwoman married to analcoholicman. The wife descended from an alcoholic father, who had several epileptic relatives. The husband also descended from an alcoholic father, and had an epileptic nephew.Of their nine children, the first three died young of scarlet fever, the fourth was epileptic, and the other five are feeble-minded.
D 11
On this chart we have the history of anepilepticman whose attacks were of the petit-mal type. He married a choreic woman. They had four children, the eldest a man who developed epilepsy after his second marriage. His first wife was insane; by her he had two daughters, one of whom is now an inmate in an insane asylum, the other is neurotic and has been treated in a sanatorium. Of the other children two are apparently normal and one migrainous.
D 12
This chart shows anepilepticman married to a normal woman; he had both epileptic and insane relatives, while she had epileptic, alcoholic, and tubercular relatives. Their first child was an epileptic, the next were twins, one of these appears to be normal while the other is of a very nervous temperament, the fourth died in infancy, and the last three were stillbirths. The mother married the second time, this time to a man who drank to excess after their marriage; by him she had two children, both of whom seem to be normal. They are both in school.
D 13
This is the history of a low gradeepileptic. His oldest sister is normal; she was brought up by strangers after her mother's death, and is now earning her living as a saleslady. The second was a boy, who was thought to be normal until he was about sixteen, when he displayed criminalistic tendencies, and for the crime of rape was put in the Reform School. The youngest is a girl, who is of a very nervous temperament. The father was an alcoholic, and went on long sprees; he deserted his wife and family to live with a woman who also deserted a family. His brother is an alcoholic, and married the patient's mother's sister; they are now divorced. The mother was migrainous, she died of tuberculosis; her family shows a neurotic taint, while the father has several epileptic relatives.
D 14
In the central mating the father and mother are bothmigrainous. They both belong to families prominent in the community in which they reside; their homes are among the best, and they are counted as leading citizens. There were nine children; three died before four years of age, one is epileptic, one seems to be normal, and the others all show some nervous taint, though not migrainous.