Figure 16.--Frick portable steam engine of 1877. (Catalog No. 164.)Figure16.—Frick portable steam engine of 1877. (Catalog No. 164.)
Figure16.—Frick portable steam engine of 1877. (Catalog No. 164.)
165.Broadcast Seeder, 1930. USNM 230573; 1958. The operator saddles this implement from his shoulder by means of a strap fastened to the seed pack. By turning the crank at a normal pace, seeds are scattered from a spinning disk. The seeder is equipped with a gauge which can be set to sow prescribed amounts of seed per acre. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.
166.Cigar Formers, about 1885. USNM 230573; 1958. These instruments consist of two pieces of wood dowelled together with twenty holes that taper from 7/16 inch to 3/16 inch. The name "Miller Burial and Pliers Co." is stamped in the wood. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.
167.Manure Forks, about 1895. USNM 230573; 1958. Two steel manure forks. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.
168.Wooden Hayfork, 19th century. USNM 230573; 1958. A typical wooden hayfork of the 19th century. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.
169.Model of Manning Mower, 1831. USNM 230438; 1959. William Manning of Plainfield,New Jersey, invented this mower in 1831. The cutter bar, suggestive of Hussey's, has triangular knives which vibrate over long fingers. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
170.Model of Bailey Mower, 1822. USNM 230438; 1959. This mower, invented in 1822 by Jeremiah Bailey of Pennsylvania, has a rotating disk that serves as the cutter. The cutting disk, which can be raised to avoid obstacles, is geared from the axle. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
171.Model of Gallic Reaper, first centurya.d. USNM 230438; 1959. This is a model of a reaper as described in use in Gaul in the first and second centuriesa.d. A donkey or an ox pushed the reaper through the grain; the heads of the grain were ripped off by the blade and fell into the box. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
172.Model of Hussey Reaper, 1833. USNM 230438; 1959. The first Hussey reapers were crude two-wheel mowers with a platform attached to the rear right side of the machine. The sickle or cutter bar was made of a series of triangular knives riveted to a flat bar that oscillated back and forth between guard teeth. The action was initiated by means of a gear mounted on the main axle. The raker stands on the platform to remove the cut grain. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
173.Model of Hussey Reaper, 1850. USNM 230438; 1959. This is a one-eighth scale model of the Hussey reapers built between 1845 and 1850. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
174.Model of Bell Reaper, 1828. USNM 230438; 1959. On this machine a reel pressed the grain against the cutters and made it fall back on an apron. The apron could be set to run in either direction to deposit the cut grain at the side, out of the way of the machine on the next trip around. The reaper was invented by the Reverend Patrick Bell, Carmyllie, Scotland. The model was constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
175.Models of Landis Eclipse Thresher, 1907. USNM 230438; 1957. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
176.Model of New England Strong Plow, about 1780. USNM 230438; 1959. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
177.Model of Mahlon Smith Plow, about 1825-1840. USNM 230438; 1959. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
178.Check Row Corn Planter, about 1870. USNM 230441; 1959. This machine planted two rows at a time and required two men to operate. One man drove the horses and the other operated a lever for dropping the corn at the point desired. Patents for "check" row planters were issued in 1853, 1855, and 1857. Gift of Clayton Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio.
179.One-Row Hand "Corn Jobber," mid 19th century. USNM 230441; 1959. Seed corn is released by means of a lever. Gift of Clayton Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio.
180.Wide Single-Shovel Plow, about 1840. USNM 230574; 1959. Farmers in the western part of the United States in the 1840s used this type of plow to cultivate corn. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
Figure 17.--Double-shovel plow. (Catalog No. 181.)Figure17.—Double-shovel plow. (Catalog No. 181.)
Figure17.—Double-shovel plow. (Catalog No. 181.)
181.Double-Shovel Plow, about 1850. USNM 230574; 1959. This plow, with shovelsplaced in a staggered position, was commonly used for cross-plowing or cultivating. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
182.Double-Shovel Plow, about 1850. USNM 230574; 1959. This double-shovel plow has the shovels placed opposite one another. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
183.A-Frame Harrow, mid 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. This triangular harrow has wooden beams with 22 ten-inch iron spikes driven through them. This type of harrow pulverized and leveled plowed land, covered the seed, and cultivated between rows of corn. Triangular harrows worked better than square types because the triangles had greater strength on newly cleared land. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
184.Trolley Carrier for Hayfork, about 1875. USNM 230574; 1959. This steel trolley carrier supported a one-horse hayfork. A pulley attached to the trolley carrier lifted and lowered the hayfork. The first trolley carriers for hayforks were invented by J. E. Porter of Ottawa, Illinois, in 1869 and 1872. They were made of wood and iron. The first steel carriers were patented by Jacob Ney, Canton, Ohio, and (in 1886) by P. A. Myer, Ashland, Ohio. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
185.Riding Disk Cultivator, late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. This cultivator has two sections, each with three 15-inch disk wheels spaced 5¾ inches apart. It has handgrip levers for making cutting adjustments. This machine worked best on ground between row crops. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
186.Singletree, late 19th and early 20th centuries. USNM 230574; 1959. This singletree is made of wood. The trace chains of the team of horses could be attached to the hooks on the singletree. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
187.Doubletree, late 19th century to early 20th century. USNM 230574; 1959. A doubletree made of wood. The doubletree served as a lever on which to mount two singletrees. This arrangement distributed equally the pull of a load between two horses. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
188.Singletree, late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. The trace chains of two horses are attached to this home-made, wooden singletree. The tongue of a machine would be hooked to the center of the tree. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
189.Grain Fork, about 1870. USNM 230574; 1959. This three-tine iron fork was used to move bundled grain. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
190.One-Row, Hand "Corn Jobber," late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
191.Double-Harpoon Hay Fork, about 1870. USNM 230574; 1959. S. E. Harris patented this double-harpoon, iron hayfork in 1867. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
192.Ground Hog Thresher, about 1830. USNM 230579; 1959. This early thresher did not separate the grain from the chaff. Grain fed into the trough passed into a compartment with a rotating iron cylinder filled with finger-like projections which broke the grain into its component parts. A fanning basket then separated the grain from the chaff. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
193.Sweep Horse Power, late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This type of horse power operated by the horse pulling a shaft in a circular motion that set iron gears into motion. The gears connected to a pulley for operating grain threshers, flour mills, saws, and the like. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
194.Marker Sled, possibly late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This wooden sled marked rows for future planting. The sled could mark three rows approximately 34 inches apart. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
195.Large Hand Rake, late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. Made entirely of wood. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
196.Jointed, Wooden Harrow, mid 19th century.USNM 230579; 1959. This two-sectioned, rectangular wooden harrow has five wooden beams per section, each section having 18 rounded teeth. Very primitive. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
197.Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This cultivator has individual levers for setting each set of teeth and contains a neck yoke, singletree, and guard shields. This type of cultivator improved on the one-horse type, which required harrowing one side of a row at a time. A variety of teeth could be used on this machine. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
198.Double A-Frame Harrow, 19th century. USNM 230580; 1959. This wooden, triangular harrow has iron teeth driven through the beams. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
199.Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230580; 1959. This riding-type cultivator has two sections with three teeth each. It differs from most wheeled cultivators by having iron bars for setting teeth depth, with one lever to elevate and lower the teeth. It has a neck yoke and a singletree. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
200.Flop-Over Hayrake, about 1895. USNM 230580; 1959. A flop-over rake used as early as 1820. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
201.Side Hill Plow, late 19th century. USNM 230581; 1959. One of several types of plows used for plowing along hillsides. The moldboard and share could rotate on a horizontal axis. At the end of each furrow the farmer could reverse it and hook in position so that the plow cast each furrow in the same direction. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
202.Grain Drill, about 1850. USNM 230581; 1959. This drill was made by the Eagle Machine Company of Lancaster, Ohio. It has a double bar, singletree, neck yoke, one grain compartment with eight grain boots, and a packing wheel for each boot. Itsowed eight rows at a time, 6 inches apart. Drills of this type became popular in the 1850s. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
203.Wheeled Cultivator, about 1860. USNM 230581; 1959. This walking-type cultivator, divided into two sections, has three plow teeth per section with guard shields attached. The name J. Deere is printed on the toolbox. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
204.Flop-Over Hayrake, mid 19th century. USNM 230581; 1959. Wooden, horse-drawn rake which the farmer could flop over to empty as he walked behind it. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
Figure 18.--Flop-over hayrake, mid 19th century. (Catalog No. 204.)Figure18.—Flop-over hayrake, mid 19th century. (Catalog No. 204.)
Figure18.—Flop-over hayrake, mid 19th century. (Catalog No. 204.)
205.Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230575; 1959. This McCormick Deering, wheeled cultivator has one lever for lowering and elevating the plow teeth and two levers for setting the depth of the plow teeth. Gift of Mrs. Lucy F. Robinson, Chandlersville, Ohio.
206.Grubbing Hoe, about 1920. USNM 230576; 1959. This narrow grubbing hoe resembles a pick. It broke up soil and removed obstructions such as roots and shrubs. Gift of Mrs. Harley Climpson, Bethesda, Maryland.
207.Model of 18th-Century American Mower. USNM 230437; 1959. A copy of a model reaper on display at the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Purchased from Mrs. L. C. Eichner, Clifton, New Jersey.
208.Barbed Wire, about 1890. USNM 230572; 1959. A stamped zigzag ribbon between two twisted wires. Gift of Don Holst, Washington, D. C.
209.Barbed Wire, about 1890. USNM 230577; 1959. A stamped, ribbon-type wire with barbs on one edge and with the ribbon twisted. Gift of John Blake, Washington, D. C.
210.Narrow Hoe, date unknown. USNM 230578; 1959. Blade from a socket-type hoe. The words "Bedsteel Oil Tempered" are stamped on the blade. Gift of James W. Rutherford, Springfield, Ohio.
211.Wallis Tractor, 1919. USNM 230439; 1959. A Model K Wallis tractor of a series made from 1919 to 1924. It succeeded the 1913 Wallis Cub and the 1916 Wallis Cub, Jr. Gift of Massey-Ferguson, Inc., Racine, Wisconsin.
212.Single-Shovel Plow, about 1840. USNM 240816; 1959. This type of shovel plow cultivated corn in the western part of the country in the 1840s. This specimen resembles a row-buster for opening rows to plant seed, etc. Gift of Andrew W. Frye, Woodstock, Virginia.
213.Fiddle-Bow Broadcast Seeder, late 19th century. USNM 240745; 1959. The operator saddled the seeder on his shoulder by means of a strap fastened to the seed sack. Sliding the bow back and forth caused the seeds to be broadcast from a spinning disk. A gauge on the seeder could be set to sow a prescribed amount of seeds per acre. Gift of Benjamin Lambert, Woodstock, Virginia.
214.Grain Riddle, mid 19th century. 1959. Sieve for sifting grain. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
215.Broad Hoe, mid 19th century. 1959. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
216.Miniature Plow, late 19th century to early 20th century. 1959. This plow, made entirely of steel, was found in Alexandria, Virginia.
217.Mattock, 19th century. USNM 230440; 1960. This is an implement for grubbing and digging. Gift of Veikko Jarvis, Negaune, Michigan.
218.Fodder Cutter, 1872. 1960. This hand-cranked machine could cut all kinds of fodder—hay, straw, and corn stalks—with ease and rapidity. Called the "Improved Baldwins American," it was patented in 1867 and 1872. Gift of Thomas W. Bein, Bethesda, Maryland.
219.Oliver Chilled Plow, 20th century. 1960. Steel share, moldboard, and coulter, with wooden beam, frame, and handles. Gift of Oliver Corporation, South Bend, Indiana.
220.Hart-Parr Tractor, 1903. USNM 230442; 1960. The third internal combustion tractorbuilt by the company founded earlier by Charles Hart and Charles Parr. The Hart-Parr tractor could pull gangs of plows or drive large threshers. Oil circulating through the pipes in the square stack cooled the engine. Gift of Oliver Corporation, South Bend, Indiana.
Figure 19.--Hart-Parr tractor of 1903, the third in line of the first commercial tractors. (Catalog No. 220.)Figure19.—Hart-Parr tractor of 1903, the third in line of the first commercial tractors. (Catalog No. 220.)
Figure19.—Hart-Parr tractor of 1903, the third in line of the first commercial tractors. (Catalog No. 220.)
221.Corn Grinder, about 1890. USNM 233465; 1960. This iron corn grinder has "#17" printed on the grease caps of the axle. Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia.
222.Cider Mill and Press, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 234465; 1960. This wooden-frame mill has iron parts, with a feeder-trough and two tubes for draining the apple cider. It was operated by meansof a hand crank. Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia.
223.Model of John Deere Plow, 1960. Received in 1961. An example of a typical plow of the 1960s. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline, Illinois.
224.Model of John Deere Tractor, 1960. Received in 1961. An example of a typical tractor of the period. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline, Illinois.
225.Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of 22 types of fertilizers in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.
226.Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of six types of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.
227.Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of eight types of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.
228.Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of six types of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.
229.Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of thirteen types of fertilizers in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.
230.Cast-Iron Centrifuge, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. A centrifuge used for running the Babcock milk test, which determined the percentage of butterfat. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.
231.Insecticide, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. A sample of a Pyrox insecticide in common use in 1960. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.
232.Hoe, 20th century. USNM 239136; 1961. A socket-type, three-tine hoe used to weed vegetable gardens, tobacco, and similar row crops. Gift of Mrs. Henry H. Byrne, Washington, D. C.
233.One-Row Planter, about 1870. USNM 237951; 1961. The gears from the drive-wheel mesh with a set of gears that turn the seed plate. The distance for dropping the seed could be determined by the size of the gear used on the drive-wheel. Gift of H. C. Cole, Crestline, Ohio.
234.Portable Gasoline Engine, 1903. USNM 240546; 1961. This machine provided belting power for operating feed mills, cream separators, wood saws, etc. It generated 2 hp at 300-600 rpm. It was covered by two patents dated April 7, 1903. Gift of New Holland Machine Co., New Holland, Pennsylvania.
235.Cotton Planter, 20th century. USNM 240545; 1961. This one-row, horse-drawn cotton planter drilled cottonseed in rows by means of a revolving wooden drum with one-inch holes spaced around the center of the drum. Gift of Lester Souter, Boerne, Texas.
236.Wooden Spade, about 1840. USNM 240543; 1961. This wooden spade has a metal cutting edge. Purchased from Mrs. H. J. Cummings, Washington, D. C.
237.Model of McCormick Reaper, 1831. USNM 236710; 1961. A full-scale model of the 1831 McCormick reaper. Gift of Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
238.Hoe, date unknown. USNM 239502; 1961. This is a socket-type hoe with a half-moon cutting blade. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida.
239.Curd Breaker, mid 19th century. USNM 239502; 1961. This tool for cutting cheese curds has four 15-inch parallel blades. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida.
240.Wooden Brace, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 239502; 1961. This implement was used to hold open the split carcasses of hogs. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida.
241.Holt Combine, 1887. USNM 236419, 1961. Benjamin Holt made this combine around 1887. Its main feature is the use of linked, wrought-iron chain belts for the drive rather than a system of gears as commonly found on combines of that day. Gift of Mrs. C. Parker Holt, Stockton, California.
Figure 20.--A view in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology. The Holt combine in 1887 (Catalog No. 241) is at left. The Victor mowing machine of 1880 (Catalog No. 137) is in right foreground.Figure20.—A view in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology. The Holt combine in 1887 (Catalog No. 241) is at left. The Victor mowing machine of 1880 (Catalog No. 137) is in right foreground.
Figure20.—A view in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology. The Holt combine in 1887 (Catalog No. 241) is at left. The Victor mowing machine of 1880 (Catalog No. 137) is in right foreground.
242.Waterwheel and Shafting, mid 19th century. USNM 238174; 1961. Components of a one-blade, sash sawmill. Purchased from Robert E. Clement, Chester Springs, Pennsylvania.
243.Apple Parer, about 1760. USNM 240544; 1962. The operator sat on the wooden seat and turned a crank which rotated the apple fastened to a spindle. When held at the proper contact, the knife peeled the rotating apple. Purchased from Mrs. Gladys Harbst, Butler, Ohio.
244.Miniature Plow, mid 19th century. USNM 239068; 1962. This plow was caught in a fisherman's net in the Susquehanna River near Havre-de-Grace, Maryland, in 1924. It probably was a display piece for the manufacturer. Purchased from F. P. Leithiser, Milford, Delaware.
245.Sulky Plow, about 1920. USNM 239073; 1962. An all-steel John Deere sulky plow. Purchased from Irwin Vette, Westboro, Missouri.
Figure 21.--John Deere sulky plow, about 1920. (Catalog No. 245.)Figure21.—John Deere sulky plow, about 1920. (Catalog No. 245.)
Figure21.—John Deere sulky plow, about 1920. (Catalog No. 245.)
246.Tobacco Transplanter, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 239063; 1962. The driver sat on a wooden water barrel on this horse-drawn tobacco transplanter. The men who set the plants in the furrow used the two seats in the rear. Gift of Pollitt Graybill, Diver, Kentucky.
247.Ice Cream Freezer, 1870. USNM 241690; 1962. Thomas Mills and Brothers of Philadelphia made this 40-quart commercial ice cream freezer which was patented on March 15, 1870. Gift of John G. Mills, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
248.Barbed Wire, about 1890-1900. USNM 230572; 1962. A sample of ribbon barbed wire. Gift of Don Holst, Washington, D. C.
249.Moline Universal Tractor, 1918. USNM 242414; 1962. This Model D is particularly unique in that it could be adapted ashorse-drawn equipment and could be operated from its seat. It is light and versatile and equipped with front pulley drive and head lights. Gift of Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.
Figure 22.--Moline Universal Tractor, Model D, of 198, in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology. (Catalog No. 249.)Figure22.—Moline Universal Tractor, Model D, of 198, in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology. (Catalog No. 249.)
Figure22.—Moline Universal Tractor, Model D, of 198, in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology. (Catalog No. 249.)
250.Two-Bottom Plow, 1918. USNM 242414; 1962. This plow is attached to the Moline Universal Model D tractor of 1918. Gift of Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.
251.Sulky Plow, 1880. USNM 242414; 1962. A Moline two-wheeled sulky plow. Three horses drew the plow, which has three singletrees and one doubletree. Gift of Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.
252.Grain Binder, 1935. USNM 422427; 1962. This McCormick-Deering grain binder cut the grain and, by means of an apron, carried it through a bundling and tying mechanism. The bundles of grain fell into a set of forks which the operator released. The machine is covered by Patents 1,328,781 and 1,464,736. It is similar to binders used in the 1880s. Gift of J. D. Major, Belton, South Carolina.
Figure 23.--Cattle dehorner. (Catalog No. 253.)Figure23.—Cattle dehorner. (Catalog No. 253.)
Figure23.—Cattle dehorner. (Catalog No. 253.)
253.Dehorner, about 1920. USNM 242977, 1962. This implement, used to trim cattle horns, works like a gigantic clipper. Gift of Newton E. Wiat, Arlington, Virginia.
254.Portable Steam Engine, 1869. USNM 246139; 1962. The first portable steam engine built by the J. I. Case Company in 1869. It burned wood and developed 8 hp. Gift of J. I. Case Company, Racine, Wisconsin.
255.Japanese Cultivating Machine, 1960. USNM 242908; 1962. This Japanese Model KF850 power cultivator has a detachable rotary hoe and a diesel engine with direct drive.
256.Wooden Grain Fork, about 1870. USNM 252786; 1963. A four-tined wooden fork for handling bundles of grain. It was used by the donor's grandfather on his farm in Maryland. Gift of C. Gordon Dentry, Washington, D. C.
257.Model of Lawn Mower, 1962. USNM 256817; 1963. A model of the Suburbia 38, a riding mower powered by a 5¾-hp gasoline engine with three speeds between ½ mph and 4½ mph. Gift of Herman Becker, Washington, D. C.
258.Broadcast Seeder, about 1892. USNM 257164; 1964. A hand-cranked seeder. Gift of Milton J. Brandon, Silver Spring, Maryland.
259.Tobacco Axe, mid 20th century. USNM 257163; 1964. A tobacco axe used to harvest sun-cured tobacco in the Connecticut Valley region. Gift of Minner J. Cooper, Windsor, New York.
260.Daveat Milk Sterilizer, 1959. USNM 259871; 1964. An autoclave combined with vacuum chambers and other devices that sterilized and canned milk or other liquid dairy products. The process preserved the product with a minimum loss of nutritional value and without causing coagulation. Patent 2,899,320 granted to Elmer S. Davis, August 11, 1959.
261.Hay Bale Hooks, 19th century or later. USNM 260120; 1965. Two bale hooks. Gift of E. Peterkin, Forest Heights, Maryland.
262.Model of Huber Steam Tractor, 1901. USNM 261334; 1965. An operable scale model of a 1901 Huber steam tractor. Gift of Raymond Stout, Washington, D. C.
263.Hand Cultivating Hoe, 20th century. USNM 262244; 1965. A three-tine, curved cultivating hoe probably used in vegetable gardening. Gift of Arnold Miles, Bethesda, Maryland.
264.Cast-Iron Implement Seat, about 1890. USNM 262243; 1965. A cast-iron seat typical of those found on late-19th and early-20th-century farm implements. Gift of K. E. Clark, Los Angeles, California.
265.Grain Flail, 1840. USNM 262250; 1965. A typical flail used in Wisconsin in 1840 for threshing grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
266.Turkey Collars, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Small leather collars, with bells attached, placed on turkeys at a time when farmers typically let their poultry run loose. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
267.Branding Iron, 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A #30 branding iron, circle W, used to mark cattle. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
268.Riding Spurs, 1890 or later. USNM 262250; 1965. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
269.Harness Hames, early 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Brass knobs from the collar of a horse's harness. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
270.Reaper Hook, about 1860. USNM 262250; 1965. A hand sickle used for harvesting grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
271.Iron Pot Hooks, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Pot hooks made of two pieces of heavy wire hinged on the ends. The hook fastened onto pots to remove them from open fires. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
272.Iron Spike, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. An iron spike, probably from a harrowing device such as a triangular beam harrow. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Figure 24.--Flax hackle. (Catalog No. 273.)Figure24.—Flax hackle. (Catalog No. 273.)
Figure24.—Flax hackle. (Catalog No. 273.)
273.Flax Hackle, late 19th century. USNM 263350; 1965. This hackle consists of a piece of wood, 6 by 12 inches, with square iron nails protruding from one side. The homemade hackle shredded flax in preparation for making linen cloth. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
274.Barley Fork, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A wooden, four-tined fork used for handling barley. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
275.Wooden Wheelbarrow, 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. All parts of this wheelbarrow are homemade. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
276.Wooden Wheel, 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A wooden wheel used on a wheelbarrow. Seven separate parts to the wheel illustrate the general construction of wooden wheels. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
277.Grain Sack, about 1865. USNM 263077; 1965. Peter Brugler Snyder used this grain sack about 100 years ago on his farm near Montour Falls, New York. The initials P. B. S. appear on the sack. Gift of Howard S. Rappleye, Washington, D. C.
Figure 25.--Corn sheller. (Catalog No. 278.)Figure25.—Corn sheller. (Catalog No. 278.)
Figure25.—Corn sheller. (Catalog No. 278.)
278.Corn Sheller, about 1898. USNM 264779; 1965. A corn sheller that was operated by means of a hand crank. Gift of Dr. Stephen Lang, San Fernando, California.
279.Barbed-Wire Display Panel, about 1940. USNM 264475; 1966. Display panel of 78 different types of barbed wire. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
280.Barbed Wire, about 1878. Eight pieces of "Brotherton Barb," a wire patented by J. Brotherton of Ames, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 207,710. It became very popular, and was second only to Glidden's "The Winner" in sales. It had nonslipping barbs and was easy to make.
281.Barbed Wire, about 1882. "Baker Perfect," a barbed wire invented by George Baker of Des Moines, Iowa. It was popular and widely used but never patented.
282.Barbed Wire, about 1881. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by Edward M. Crandall of Chicago, Illinois, in 1881; Patent 247,540.
283.Barbed Wire, about 1876. Two pieces of "Twist Oval," a wire patented by Josiah F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 181,433. The use of oval wire shows an effort to prevent slipping of the barb.
284.Barbed Wire, about 1877. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by Henry M. Rose of Waterman, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 198,688.
285.Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by Michael Daley of Waterman, Illinois, in 1878; Patent 209,467.
286.Barbed Wire, date unknown. From Jefferson County, Iowa. A handmade specimen made with a tool in this collection.
287.Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Dobbs and Booth," patented by John Dobbs and Benjamin Booth of Victor, Iowa, in 1875; Patent 171,105.
288.Barbed Wire, about 1877. From south-western Arkansas. Patented by J. F. Glidden.
289.Barbed Wire, date unknown. From Nodaway, County, Missouri. A claim that this wire was patented by J. F. Glidden has not been verified.
290.Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by Spencer St. John of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 205,697.
291.Barbed Wire, date unknown. Standard cattle barbed wire patented by J. F. Glidden and made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
292.Barbed Wire, date unknown. Standard hog barbed wire patented by J. F. Glidden and made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
293.Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Atchison County, Missouri. Patented by William H. Frye of Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 204,312.
294.Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by Joseph Goss of Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1883; Patent 282,453.
295.Barbed Wire, about 1885. Two pieces of "Brink-Martelle," a wire patented by John J. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1885; Patent 324,211. The round wire lacks its barbs.
296.Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by William S. Bate of Boston, Massachusetts, in 1883; Patent 273,245.
297.Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Champion," or "Zig-Zag," patented by Edward M. Crandall of Chicago, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 221,158.
298.Barbed Wire, about 1881. Two pieces of "Buckthorn" (modified), patented by T. V. Allis of New York, New York, in 1881; Patent 244,726.
299.Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by Ole O. Kittleson of Milan, Illinois, in 1878; Patent 203,349.
300.Barbed Wire, about 1881. Two pieces of "Brink Flat," patented by Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1881; Patent 241,601.
301.Barbed Wire, about 1884. Four pieces of "Decker Spread," patented by Alexander C. Decker of Bushnell, Illinois, in 1884; Patent 299,916.
302.Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Brink Twist," patented by Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1879; Patent 214,095.
303.Barbed Wire, about 1877. "Ladder Barbed Wire," patented by Alexander Decker of Bushnell, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 186,716.
304.Barbed Wire, about 1876. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by Elijah Sims of Aurora, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 178,195.
305.Barbed Wire, about 1884. "Sunderland Kink," patented by L. E. Sunderland of Joliet, Illinois, in 1884; Patent 303,406. This wire has nonslipping barbs.
306.Barbed Wire, about 1892. From Caldwell County, Missouri. Patented by J. W. Griswold of Troy, New York, in 1892; Patent 486,179.
307.Barbed Wire, about 1883. "Stubbe Plate," patented by John Stubbe of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1883; Patent 287,337. This wire carried a patch so animals could see it easily.
308.Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Haish 'S'," patented by Jacob Haish of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1875; Patent 167,240.
309.Barbed Wire, about 1874. "Kennedy Barbs," patented by Charles Kennedy of Aurora, Illinois, in 1874; Patent 153,965.
310.Barbed Wire, about 1868. "Thorny Fence," patented by Michael Kelly of New York, New York, in 1868; Patent 74,379.
311.Barbed Wire, about 1874. "The Winner," patented by Josiah F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1874; Patent 157,124. This was the most successful and most popular barbed wire. It neither slipped nor twisted.
312.Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire (World War II) from the Australian shoreline.
313.Barbed Wire, about 1880. "Haish 'S'" (modified).
314.Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire (World War II) from Bizerta, Tunis, North Africa.
315.Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire (German or Italian, World War II) from Naples, Italy.
Figure 26.--Haish barbed wire and advertisement. (Catalog No. 316.)Figure26.—Haish barbed wire and advertisement. (Catalog No. 316.)
Figure26.—Haish barbed wire and advertisement. (Catalog No. 316.)
316.Barbed Wire, about 1881. "Brink Flat," patented by Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1881; Patent 241,601. This piece has a factory splice.
317.Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Corsicana Clip," patented by Daniel C. Stover of Freeport, Illinois, in 1875; Patent 164,947.
318.Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by Andrew J. Upham of Syracuse, Illinois, in 1883; Patent 284,261.
319.Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by William M. Clow of Wheatland, Illinois, in 1883; Patent 285,014.
320.Barbed Wire, about 1882. From Galloway County, Missouri. Patented by Joseph H. Connelly of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1882; Patent 254,278.
321.Barbed Wire, about 1882. "Dodge and Washburn," patented by Thomas H. Dodge and Charles G. Washburn of Worcester, Massachusetts.
322.Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Ross's Four Point," patented by Noble S. Ross of Chicago, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 216,294. This wire was very common in the prairie states.
323.Barbed Wire, about 1878. Two pieces of "Billings' Simple," patented by Frank Billings of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1878; Patent 205,234. This wire hurt the animals but it was cheap and easy to make.
324.Barbed Wire, about 1881. "Shinn's Four Point," patented by Milton Shinn of Burlington, Iowa, in 1881; Patent 238,447.
325.Barbed Wire, about 1879. Two pieces of "Four Point Wager" from Andrew County, Missouri. Patented by J. F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 214,211.
326.Barbed Wire, about 1877. "Burnell's Four Point," patented by Arthur Burnell of Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1877; Patent 192,225.
327.Barbed Wire, about 1876. Two pieces of "Hold Fast," or "Merrill Twirl," patented by John C. Merrill of Turkey River, Iowa, in 1876; Patent 185,688.
328.Barbed Wire, about 1876. "Lazy Plate," patented by W. Watkins of Joliet, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 184,486.
329.Barbed Wire, about 1879. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by John S. Crowell of Springfield, Ohio, in 1879; Patent 215,888.
330.Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by James B. Oliver of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1883; Patent 286,147.
331.Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Split Diamond," patented by Henry Frentress of Dunleith, Illinois, in 1875; Patent 171,008.
332.Barbed Wire, about 1876. "Jayne-Hill," patented by William Jayne and James Hill of Boone, Iowa, in 1876; Patent 176,120. The barbs clamp very firmly in this wire.
333.Barbed Wire, about 1874. From Andrew County, Missouri. Patented by Josiah F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1874; Patent 150,683.
334.Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire used by the British army in World War II.
335.Barbed Wire, about 1914. War wire used by the U. S. Army in World War I.
336.Barbed Wire, date unknown. "Glidden No. 51," a wide-faced cattle wire made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
337.Barbed Wire, date unknown. "Glidden No. 50," a closed-face hog wire made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
338.Tool for Barbed Wire, about 1875. Device for making barbed wire on the farm. Patented by John Dobbs and Benjamin Booth in 1875; Patent 166,511.
339.Barbed Wire, 1881. USNM 265912; 1966. "Brink Flat," patented in 1881. Gift of Mrs. Miles McPeek, Washington, D. C.
340.Stump Puller, 20th century. USNM 266811; 1966. A one-man, hand-operated stump puller. The machine consists of several pulleys, a length of wire cable, and a rachet mechanism to give leverage. Gift of A. E. McMechan, Joplin, Missouri.
341.Plowshare, about 1840. USNM 268949; 1966. A wrought-iron fragment from a plowshare said to have been used for cultivating cotton in South Carolina. It appears to be from a "duck foot" type plow. Gift of Great Plains Museum, Lawton, Oklahoma.
342.Saddler's Buck, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. A small bench with a wooden vise to hold leather and parts of saddles. Gift of Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.
343.Flax Breaker, mid or late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. A rectangular bench measuring about 3 feet long, 3 feet high, and 3 feet wide. The operator pulled a hinged arm of slats down on the bench, which also has slats. The flax stems broke between the slats. Gift of Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.
344.Prairie Sod Plow, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. This heavy plow with an 8-foot beam broke virgin prairie soil. The long fingers of the moldboard helped break the sod further. Gift of Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.