CHAPTERLXVI.ON THE UTILITY OF BALLOONS.Section 333.THE Balloon opens a new and unlimited Field for Philosophical Discoveries.334. The many curious and interesting Conjectures which Mons. de Luc (before the Invention of Balloons) throws out, in the Course of 4 large Volumes, on the Subject and Qualities of the Atmosphere; may now be determined by actual Trial.335. The Abbée Bertholon wrote in 1784: and has particularly mentioned the following Points, as capable of ample Investigation, and. Discussion.Sect. 336. Art. 1.The Temperature of the Air at different Heights.Which will determine whether the Atmosphere bepractically Navigable, at all Times and Places.336. 2.The dissolvent Power of the Air by Means of an Atmometer for Evaporation.Probably the Height may be determined, to which Clouds commonly ascend in order to find the proper horizontal Level, in which Balloons can move with the greatest Ease, Safety, and Expedition.336. 3.Variations of the Barometer.This will ascertain the exact Height, without Mensuration.336. 4.Thedensitiesat different Heights.A principal Object in de Luc’s abstruse and scientific Researches: not only useful but necessary to determine the Laws of Refraction; without which, Astronomy, and consequentlynavigation, must remain defective.336. 5.The different Effects of Tastes and Odors, at different Heights:Experiments on Plants and Animals: also ofsound.[111]These may produce new and salutary Effects on the human Body: and determine how far a Change from hot, putrid, and impure, to cool pure Air, impregnated with the invigorating aërial Acid, may contribute, without the Aid of Drugs, to the Recovery of the Sick, and Invalid: or promote Longevity.336. 6.The Direction and Velocity of the Wind.The different Currents and their different Heights, the Limitation of each Stratum of Wind, together with their different Temperaturesat the same Time, will point out the proper Paths for the Balloon to move in, at all Times, andpossiblywithout the Necessity of accurate Direction: the Mode of Ascent and Descent beingalreadyknown, and proper Instructions given for a secure Landing.336. 7.Electricity of the Air,meteors.This may lead to the Birth Place of Lightening, and Methods how to avoid its Effects in the Air. Tho’ it be already known, that little Danger is to be apprehended, on Account of the mutual Repellency between the electric Fluid, inflammable Gass, and oiled Silk.The Irides, the Coronaes, Haloes, and other Phenomena of Colours: the Generation and Solution of which may be investigated on the Spot.336. 8.Geography may become a new Science.336. 9.Use of the Balloon for Signals in the calm Air, above Molestation; above Winds still blowing below: to discover the Positions of an Army, or Navy.[112]336. 10.To throw principal Men into a Town: and convey others out of it.336. 11. With the Montgolfier Balloon, to try Experiments on Light, and Fire: to transport great Weights: raise them out of the Water: draw up Piles, raise Trees, Vessels, &c.336. 12. The Parashute to secure a Man from too precipitate a Fall, is to be 5 Yards in Diameter, when extended: the Man,—weighing 140 Pounds, and the Parashute weighing 10 Pounds, with a Surface of 150 square Feet,—woud, in thatCase, feel no greater Shock than if he had fallen from the Height of six Feet.336. 13.Compass and its Variations: also the different Branches in Astronomy.His Hints on the Direction of the Machine are ingenious.337. 1. Wheels furnished with Wings.337. 2. Imitations of the Form and Motions of Fish.[113]337. 3. Vessels to condense Air, as the Bladders of Fish.337. 4. Wind-Guns, Wind-Fountains.337. 5. Elopile and Vapour Steam.337. 6. Contrary Currents at different Heights: Proof of.337. 7. New Hints for Balloons to be raised by Steam.337. 8. Mons. Gouan’s Invention to gothree hundred miles a day in a calm.338. The general Use to which Balloons seem capable of being applied, with the Assistance of propulsive Machinery, in the Calm which existsabove the Level of acontraryWind; is that of a common Vehicle, not subject to the Inconvenience of Roads and Inns, between distant Places and Countries, for Passengers, properly accommodated in a Boat-shaped covered Car, furnished with Provisions, and occasional Siberian Cloathing: the Car to be surrounded with, and resting on Bladders, onefourth blown, and having each a few Drops of Water within, to keep them moist and elastic;—to prevent anaccidentalShock in alighting on Land; and from sinking, if on Water.Such a Conveyance (the Balloon being once madeAir-tight, and furnished with anAir-Bottleto ascend and descendwithout Lossof Gass) is ready at all Seasons and Times: both Night and Day: for, as the Aironauts will enjoy continual Sunshine without a Cloud, from his Rising to his Setting: so, during the Night, the Light of thestars, always intercepted in its Passage to the Earth by Clouds or thick Vapours, will be greatly augmented, when above both: besides the probable Increase of Lightreflectedfrom the upper Fields of white Clouds shone on continually by the different Planets and Constellations: all which will afford an Illumination equal, if not greater, than that of a cloudless frosty Night, when the Ground is covered with Snow.And such Light will be sufficient to read or write by: also to examine theBarometer,[114]in order to know theHeightand Level of the Balloon above the Surface of the Earth; and thecompassfor Direction.If Aironauts propose to ascend by Night, and in the Moon’s Quarters; observing likewise the Precautions already given; it may be proper also to consult and take with them the Ephèmeris, in order to know the Time when the Moon rises, and also when she is at the highest, i. e. in the South, or has remained about half her Time above the Horizon.The plainest Points, on which not only the Success of an Excursion, but the Lives of Aironauts may depend, are too frequently neglected, as unimportant and trivial.
CHAPTERLXVI.
Section 333.THE Balloon opens a new and unlimited Field for Philosophical Discoveries.
334. The many curious and interesting Conjectures which Mons. de Luc (before the Invention of Balloons) throws out, in the Course of 4 large Volumes, on the Subject and Qualities of the Atmosphere; may now be determined by actual Trial.
335. The Abbée Bertholon wrote in 1784: and has particularly mentioned the following Points, as capable of ample Investigation, and. Discussion.
Sect. 336. Art. 1.The Temperature of the Air at different Heights.
Which will determine whether the Atmosphere bepractically Navigable, at all Times and Places.
336. 2.The dissolvent Power of the Air by Means of an Atmometer for Evaporation.
Probably the Height may be determined, to which Clouds commonly ascend in order to find the proper horizontal Level, in which Balloons can move with the greatest Ease, Safety, and Expedition.
336. 3.Variations of the Barometer.
This will ascertain the exact Height, without Mensuration.
336. 4.Thedensitiesat different Heights.
A principal Object in de Luc’s abstruse and scientific Researches: not only useful but necessary to determine the Laws of Refraction; without which, Astronomy, and consequentlynavigation, must remain defective.
336. 5.The different Effects of Tastes and Odors, at different Heights:Experiments on Plants and Animals: also ofsound.[111]
These may produce new and salutary Effects on the human Body: and determine how far a Change from hot, putrid, and impure, to cool pure Air, impregnated with the invigorating aërial Acid, may contribute, without the Aid of Drugs, to the Recovery of the Sick, and Invalid: or promote Longevity.
336. 6.The Direction and Velocity of the Wind.
The different Currents and their different Heights, the Limitation of each Stratum of Wind, together with their different Temperaturesat the same Time, will point out the proper Paths for the Balloon to move in, at all Times, andpossiblywithout the Necessity of accurate Direction: the Mode of Ascent and Descent beingalreadyknown, and proper Instructions given for a secure Landing.
336. 7.Electricity of the Air,meteors.
This may lead to the Birth Place of Lightening, and Methods how to avoid its Effects in the Air. Tho’ it be already known, that little Danger is to be apprehended, on Account of the mutual Repellency between the electric Fluid, inflammable Gass, and oiled Silk.
The Irides, the Coronaes, Haloes, and other Phenomena of Colours: the Generation and Solution of which may be investigated on the Spot.
336. 8.Geography may become a new Science.
336. 9.Use of the Balloon for Signals in the calm Air, above Molestation; above Winds still blowing below: to discover the Positions of an Army, or Navy.[112]
336. 10.To throw principal Men into a Town: and convey others out of it.
336. 11. With the Montgolfier Balloon, to try Experiments on Light, and Fire: to transport great Weights: raise them out of the Water: draw up Piles, raise Trees, Vessels, &c.
336. 12. The Parashute to secure a Man from too precipitate a Fall, is to be 5 Yards in Diameter, when extended: the Man,—weighing 140 Pounds, and the Parashute weighing 10 Pounds, with a Surface of 150 square Feet,—woud, in thatCase, feel no greater Shock than if he had fallen from the Height of six Feet.
336. 13.Compass and its Variations: also the different Branches in Astronomy.
His Hints on the Direction of the Machine are ingenious.
337. 1. Wheels furnished with Wings.
337. 2. Imitations of the Form and Motions of Fish.[113]
337. 3. Vessels to condense Air, as the Bladders of Fish.
337. 4. Wind-Guns, Wind-Fountains.
337. 5. Elopile and Vapour Steam.
337. 6. Contrary Currents at different Heights: Proof of.
337. 7. New Hints for Balloons to be raised by Steam.
337. 8. Mons. Gouan’s Invention to gothree hundred miles a day in a calm.
338. The general Use to which Balloons seem capable of being applied, with the Assistance of propulsive Machinery, in the Calm which existsabove the Level of acontraryWind; is that of a common Vehicle, not subject to the Inconvenience of Roads and Inns, between distant Places and Countries, for Passengers, properly accommodated in a Boat-shaped covered Car, furnished with Provisions, and occasional Siberian Cloathing: the Car to be surrounded with, and resting on Bladders, onefourth blown, and having each a few Drops of Water within, to keep them moist and elastic;—to prevent anaccidentalShock in alighting on Land; and from sinking, if on Water.
Such a Conveyance (the Balloon being once madeAir-tight, and furnished with anAir-Bottleto ascend and descendwithout Lossof Gass) is ready at all Seasons and Times: both Night and Day: for, as the Aironauts will enjoy continual Sunshine without a Cloud, from his Rising to his Setting: so, during the Night, the Light of thestars, always intercepted in its Passage to the Earth by Clouds or thick Vapours, will be greatly augmented, when above both: besides the probable Increase of Lightreflectedfrom the upper Fields of white Clouds shone on continually by the different Planets and Constellations: all which will afford an Illumination equal, if not greater, than that of a cloudless frosty Night, when the Ground is covered with Snow.
And such Light will be sufficient to read or write by: also to examine theBarometer,[114]in order to know theHeightand Level of the Balloon above the Surface of the Earth; and thecompassfor Direction.
If Aironauts propose to ascend by Night, and in the Moon’s Quarters; observing likewise the Precautions already given; it may be proper also to consult and take with them the Ephèmeris, in order to know the Time when the Moon rises, and also when she is at the highest, i. e. in the South, or has remained about half her Time above the Horizon.
The plainest Points, on which not only the Success of an Excursion, but the Lives of Aironauts may depend, are too frequently neglected, as unimportant and trivial.