CHAPTERXXXXIX.Torrents of Air onEtna, andTeneriffe.Section 265.WITH Respect to Mountains: on reading what Travellers have written, particularly Ullòa;[74]they seem to answer the Intention of supplying cool Air to the surrounding Plains, or Continents; by Depressionand Condensation: and also, if on Islands; to the Sea itself.266. Brydone, in his Tour throu’ Sicily and Malta, in 1773;[75]giving an Account of his Ascent to the Top of Etna, says, that at the Foot of the Crater, the Snow was frozen hard and solid:[76]and that the Crater was so hot; it was impossible to descend into it.Further: “that the Smoke rolled down from the Sides, like a Torrent: till of equal Gravity with the Air, when it shot off horizontally; forming a long Track, according to the Direction of theWind: which there rose to aviolentDegree: so that it was with Difficulty he coud settle the Barometer for an Observation.”He also adds “thatCloudsbegan togatherround theMountain; but weredispelledby the Wind.”Now from the foregoing Theory is it not probable to suppose, that aTorrent of Air rushedcontinually down from the etherial Regions, not only to supply the Fire of the Crater; but also the Vacuity caused by the perpetual Elevation of Vapours and heated Air from below: the Torrent likewisedepressinginto the Track with itself, the Volumes of Smoke which were seen to roll directly down the Sides of the Mountain: that this descending Torrent of Air, in its Progress, dispelled the Clouds forming round the Sides of the Mountain, by the Ascent of warm Vapours condensing, as they rose, on their Approach to the cold Mountain: the Smoke shootinghorizontally,from that Heightonly, at which anhorizontal Current of Airbegan to take Place? For it can hardly be imagined that the Air at the Top of Etna, found to be “electrical,” and which must have been replete with a Mixture of Floguiston, inflammable Air, Gasses, and other aërial Fluids highly rarefied, heated,dry, (and consequently lighter,)at the Instantof rising out of the glowing Cauldron, became so condensed as to fall like Water, without partaking of the Motion of aviolentWind, supposed to blow in an horizontal Direction.267. Glas, in his Account of Teneriffe,[77]reports, that the Clouds are generally half as high as the Peak, above the Sea,[78]i. e. according to him, near the Height of a Mile and Half: “belowwhich Clouds, theNorth Easterly Windsgenerallyprevail: and, at the same Time,above them, we find afresh WesterlyGale: which I believe to be the Casein every Part of the World when thetrade windblows.”In Page 253, he says, that in ascending above the Level of the Clouds, he found the Air sharp, cold and piercing: and the Wind blew strong from South West, and West South West: so that the Wind blew towards the Mountain from three different Points at least, viz. the Trade Wind,from North East below the Clouds; just above them, from South West: and still higher, a fresh Gale, from West.“The Air on the Top of the Pike was thin, cold, piercing; and of a dry parching Nature, like the South Easterly Winds which I have felt in the great Desert of Africa, or the Levanters in the Mediterranean: or even not unlike those dry easterly Winds which are frequent in the Northern Parts of Europe, in clear Weather, in the Months of March or April,” Page 257.This dry Wind answers to the Eknèfiai (before mentioned) i. e.Wind descendingfrom the clouds.Glas further observes (Page 250) that the Clouds, in fine Weather, descend gradually towards Evening, and rest on the Woods till Morning: when they re-ascend, and remain suspended above them, till the succeeding Evening.Here then a nocturnal Depression of the Atmosphere is obvious. But this Appearance will not prove that the Air does not descend below the Level of the Clouds: for, tho’ the Clouds descend with the Air; Vapour-Air, of which they are composed, becomestransparentboth by Dissolution, in a warmer Stratum, and Proximity to the Earth, as before mentioned.Conclusion drawn from the above, applicable to Balloons.268. From the Variety of Winds experienced at different Heights, not only onTeneriffe, but in different Places; it is plain, that if Balloons can be made durable and Air-tight; they may be wasted between the Tropics by an East orWest Current at Pleasure: and also throu’out the Globe; the Occasion being made, in some Respect, subservient to the Time.[79]
CHAPTERXXXXIX.
Torrents of Air onEtna, andTeneriffe.
Section 265.WITH Respect to Mountains: on reading what Travellers have written, particularly Ullòa;[74]they seem to answer the Intention of supplying cool Air to the surrounding Plains, or Continents; by Depressionand Condensation: and also, if on Islands; to the Sea itself.
266. Brydone, in his Tour throu’ Sicily and Malta, in 1773;[75]giving an Account of his Ascent to the Top of Etna, says, that at the Foot of the Crater, the Snow was frozen hard and solid:[76]and that the Crater was so hot; it was impossible to descend into it.
Further: “that the Smoke rolled down from the Sides, like a Torrent: till of equal Gravity with the Air, when it shot off horizontally; forming a long Track, according to the Direction of theWind: which there rose to aviolentDegree: so that it was with Difficulty he coud settle the Barometer for an Observation.”
He also adds “thatCloudsbegan togatherround theMountain; but weredispelledby the Wind.”
Now from the foregoing Theory is it not probable to suppose, that aTorrent of Air rushedcontinually down from the etherial Regions, not only to supply the Fire of the Crater; but also the Vacuity caused by the perpetual Elevation of Vapours and heated Air from below: the Torrent likewisedepressinginto the Track with itself, the Volumes of Smoke which were seen to roll directly down the Sides of the Mountain: that this descending Torrent of Air, in its Progress, dispelled the Clouds forming round the Sides of the Mountain, by the Ascent of warm Vapours condensing, as they rose, on their Approach to the cold Mountain: the Smoke shootinghorizontally,from that Heightonly, at which anhorizontal Current of Airbegan to take Place? For it can hardly be imagined that the Air at the Top of Etna, found to be “electrical,” and which must have been replete with a Mixture of Floguiston, inflammable Air, Gasses, and other aërial Fluids highly rarefied, heated,dry, (and consequently lighter,)at the Instantof rising out of the glowing Cauldron, became so condensed as to fall like Water, without partaking of the Motion of aviolentWind, supposed to blow in an horizontal Direction.
267. Glas, in his Account of Teneriffe,[77]reports, that the Clouds are generally half as high as the Peak, above the Sea,[78]i. e. according to him, near the Height of a Mile and Half: “belowwhich Clouds, theNorth Easterly Windsgenerallyprevail: and, at the same Time,above them, we find afresh WesterlyGale: which I believe to be the Casein every Part of the World when thetrade windblows.”
In Page 253, he says, that in ascending above the Level of the Clouds, he found the Air sharp, cold and piercing: and the Wind blew strong from South West, and West South West: so that the Wind blew towards the Mountain from three different Points at least, viz. the Trade Wind,from North East below the Clouds; just above them, from South West: and still higher, a fresh Gale, from West.
“The Air on the Top of the Pike was thin, cold, piercing; and of a dry parching Nature, like the South Easterly Winds which I have felt in the great Desert of Africa, or the Levanters in the Mediterranean: or even not unlike those dry easterly Winds which are frequent in the Northern Parts of Europe, in clear Weather, in the Months of March or April,” Page 257.
This dry Wind answers to the Eknèfiai (before mentioned) i. e.Wind descendingfrom the clouds.
Glas further observes (Page 250) that the Clouds, in fine Weather, descend gradually towards Evening, and rest on the Woods till Morning: when they re-ascend, and remain suspended above them, till the succeeding Evening.
Here then a nocturnal Depression of the Atmosphere is obvious. But this Appearance will not prove that the Air does not descend below the Level of the Clouds: for, tho’ the Clouds descend with the Air; Vapour-Air, of which they are composed, becomestransparentboth by Dissolution, in a warmer Stratum, and Proximity to the Earth, as before mentioned.
Conclusion drawn from the above, applicable to Balloons.
268. From the Variety of Winds experienced at different Heights, not only onTeneriffe, but in different Places; it is plain, that if Balloons can be made durable and Air-tight; they may be wasted between the Tropics by an East orWest Current at Pleasure: and also throu’out the Globe; the Occasion being made, in some Respect, subservient to the Time.[79]