INTRODUCTORY.

image of book-plate not available: Jereh Wadsworth.

AMERICAN BOOK-PLATES.

WE cannot venture to guess which was the first book-plate made in America, nor to say with absolute certainty whence came the first plate used in our country; but undoubtedly the latter came over already pasted into some book of a Dutch or English settler.

The larger part of our books came from England, and very few plates are found with arms of other nationalities. The colonists who came from England bringing books, brought also the home ideas concerning books, and the book-plate was a natural piece of property to acquire. Their descendants, who continued the connection with the mother-country, used plates more generally, and the fashion spread naturally. It never became very general, but was confined to those of gentle birth; the clergy, the lawyers, and men of education. We shall see that it was not confined to the men alone, but that the women of literary accomplishments also used plates.

image of book-plate not available: GeorgeLee Turberville. Virginia.

By far the greater part of the plates are cut on copper, but there are some woodcuts as will be seen in an examination of the list; also, there are some which look as if cut in silver, which was an easier metal to work, or perhaps in type-metal. One example is known in which brass was used, and this old plate is now in the possession of the writer. The steel engravings are of rather recent date; and while there are a number of these, thenew plates are mostly on copper. The simple labels are printed from type.

The larger part of our early plates are armorial in character; and while heraldry forms so prominent and important a feature, it is left practically untouched in the present volume. The number interested in the science is small, the authorities on coats-of-arms and on blazoning differ, and the present writer had not the time to make the thorough investigation necessary to a satisfactory treatment of this interesting branch. Upon consultation with other collectors, and with their advice, it was decided to leave this subject for a future volume should any call for it arise.

image of book-plate not available: TimothyNewell.

A decided difference is noticed between the book-plates of the Northern and the Southern Colonies. In the South, to which came men of wealth and leisure with cultivated tastes, we would expect to find the little superfluities and niceties of daily life sooner in vogue and moregenerally used. Bringing books and musical instruments with them, retaining their connection with the far-away home by correspondence and visits, sending their sons to the great Universities to be educated, and to the Law Schools for a finishing course, and ordering their clothes, books, furniture, and all of the luxuries of life from England, they would naturally be the first to use the book-plate. Very few of the Southern plates were engraved by American engravers. They were nearly all done in London, when some member of the family was over, or by order from the Colony; for this reason the Southern plates are better in heraldry, design, and execution than those of New England and New York. They were the product of men experienced in such work; they were all armorial and in the prevailing English mode.

The earliest comers to New England had a prejudice against coats-of-arms and trinkets of such-like character, which their descendants, however, soon forgot. Pride of ancestry and love of the display of aristocratic claims developed when the hard circumstances of the former years had worn off, and we find the prominent families of the North using book-plates, and having their arms upon their coaches. In one important feature, however, these Northern plates differ from the Southern,—they are mostly the work of our native engravers, very few being done in England.

The work of these native artisans, who were mostly self-taught in this art of engraving on copper, is confessedly inferior to that of the Londonexperts found upon the Southern plates, both in drawing and execution, but their work is of more value to the collector from this very fact of their being American work. They furnish examples of native skill, both in engraving and in copper-plate printing.

The ornamentation of buttons, spoons, tableware, and other articles of silver was already practised when the demand for the book-plate arose, so that there were skilful men ready to turn their attention to this new branch of their art.

image of book-plate not available: WILLIAMLORD

The War of the Revolution naturally affected the native production of book-plates, but a few years after its close, when Boston, New York, and Philadelphia were active in publishing books, the engraver found work more plenty, and very many who were employed upon the plates for the illustration of books also produced book-plates.

Nathaniel Hurd was the principal engraver of book-plates in the North before the war, though Thomas Johnson, who was born before him and who also died before he did, made some plates, while Turner and Paul Revere were also working at this period.

Henry Dawkins, in Philadelphia, came over from England, and so did the elder Maverick, who made so many plates for the New Yorkers.

image of book-plate not available: GeorgeC. M. Roberts, M.D.

The literary plates are smaller in number than we could wish, and they do not show a wide range of ideas either. Very probably some of the designs were borrowed from English plates, and were produced over again for different customers, or were freely copied by other engravers who liked, or who found customers who liked, the design of others. The plate used byGeorge Goodwinis one of four of this same design. The shelf of books is also seen in the plate ofG. C. M. Roberts, M.D.,Thomas Robbins, and the

image of book-plate not available: MORALLIBRARY YALE COLLEGE

Elijah F. Reed, which is a direct reproduction of theRobbins. Piles of books, but not the regulation “Book-pile,” are seen in theBrownandLewisplates, while the only real library interiors are theTayloeplate, theMoral Libraryand theVillage Library(Farmington, Conn.). John Allan, the old-book lover of New York, used a plate with an open book against an anchor, and the plate ofEdmund Pennshows a love for books in the dainty volumes disposed about the frame.

image of book-plate not available: ElijahF. Reed’s

The patriotism of our book-lovers is shown in very many designs, which use the American flag or the eagle. The thirteen stars also, the motto of the United States, and various private mottoes of a very patriotic nature, are frequently used.

It is noticeable that as compared with the Southern plates there are but few of the Northern examples which give the address or residence of the owner; that is, speaking of the armorialplates, the printed name labels give these particulars quite often.

image of book-plate not available: JaredIngersoll Esqr. of New Haven Connecticut.

TheJared Ingersollplate givesNew Havenas the residence of the owner, whileRhode Islandfollows the name on the plate ofSamuel Elam. Other Northern plates which are so engraved are theColonel Eustace of New York,Comptroller Ellistonalsoof New York,Lenox of Philadelphia,Atlee of Lancaster,John Franklin, Boston, New England, andRobert Hale of Beverly. Of the Southern plates,Wormeley,Waller,Tuberville,Tazewell,Skelton,Randolph, andLudwell

image of book-plate not available: JohnWalters Gibbs.

giveVirginiaas their residence;DraytonnamesSouth Carolina, theDr. Cabellplate namesRichmond, and theJohn Walters GibbsnamesCharleston, S.C.The plates used in the West Indies also show the residence quite often. There, too, as well as in the Southern colonies, the profession or position of the owner, as well as the London law school in which he was educated, are often given. Thus we haveWilliam Blanc, Middle Temple, Dominica;Chas. Pinfold, LL.D., Governor of Barbadoes;Peyton Randolph of the Middle Temple, London;Francis Page of the Inner Temple Esqr.;William Assheton of Gray’s Inn. In the Northern examples we findJohn Gardiner of the Inner Temple, andJonathan Belcher, E Societate Medij Templi.

image of book-plate not available: PeterMiddleton. M.D.

We note also in running through the List that the occupations most often noted on the book-plates are those of the medical and the legal profession. Barristers, lawyers, and attorneys are often so named, and the initialsM.D., or the full wordDoctor, are seen.

The abbreviations of other degrees are found also, and the plates of clergymen are not uncommon.

Several plates remain unnoticed in the following pages, which are probably American, but which, for lack of positive information, it is thought best not to include. Among these is an early Dutch plate which, if it could be accurately traced to its original owner, might prove to be one of the earliest plates used in America.

image of book-plate not available: HarrisonGray Otis.

It seems that a word is needed in defence of the perfectly legitimate and gentle pursuit of collecting book-plates. A great deal of sarcasm and indignation have found their way into the columns of periodical literature, particularly in England, the especial purpose of which is to trouble the humble collector, and to discredit him in the eyes of the world. He is pointed out as a destroyer of valuable books, as an animal so greedy in the pursuit of his insignificant prey as to ruin elegant bindings that he may secure worthless bits of paper, and as actually so devoid of good sense as to remove such of these as are interesting—for it is reluctantly admitted thatsome interest does attach to the plates used by certain men of fame in historical annals—from their rightful place within the covers of the very books read and handled by these illustrious owners.

image of book-plate not available: Lieut E. Trenchard

Let it be remembered that but a small part of the many books published have a permanent value, and that a book once eagerly sought may outlive its usefulness, and come to have a commercial value of so much a pound as old paper, instead of so much a copy in different styles of binding. Surely, no one can quarrel with the collector who removes the book-plate, found within it, from such a worn-out specimen, even if the removal necessitates the ruin of the cover. But to remove a book-plate does not necessarily mean to ruin the cover; it requires some skill and considerable patience to remove a valuable plate without injury to either itself or the cover upon which it was pasted, but it is done daily. Surely no one can find fault with this—a skilful operation resulting satisfactorily to the plate-collector and to the book-owner.

image of book-plate not available: SamuelElam.

Again, no intelligent book-plate collector will separate the plate of a famous man from the book which has been its home for years, and which was once handled and read by its famous owner. Even a worthless book will thus be saved by the collector, which was fit but for the fire or the ash-heap, and which would have gone thither, plate and all, save for his discriminating eye, while a valuable book no one would think of despoiling. Would an intelligent collector, having a book from the library of George Washington, with his plate upon the cover and his autograph in its accustomed place, think of soaking off the plate and cutting out the signature? Not at all; no matter how worthless the book might chanceto be, the fact that it was Washington’s is sufficient to insure it from any harm, while the presence of the autograph and the book-plate but adds to the value as establishing beyond peradventure the original ownership.

The book-plate collector is naturally a book-lover. He must not be accused or suspected of crimes against his own kith and kin. He is a harmless and useful specimen of thegenuscollector, who with assiduity, perseverance, and intelligence seeks to preserve these memorials of past days, which in the rage for indiscriminate collecting were overlooked, and are but now beginning to receive the attention they are worthy of.

It is, however, to be admitted that at first glance, the general reader who has not developed a special liking for the things of the past in history, art, or biography, may see no especial interest in book-plates. But let him examine a collection of good plates with their intelligent owner, who can point out to him the facts worthy of note; let him once understand that celebrated artists like Albrecht Durer, Jost Amman, William Hogarth, William Marshall, George Vertue, Bewick, Bartolozzi, and even Raphael Morghen were willing to devote time and taste to the designing or engraving of the book-plate; let him handle some of their work, and reflect upon the effort the master considered so small a design worthy of; let him see the plates of some of the noted names in history, art, letters, medicine, the sciences, and the professions; let him take in his hands the plates of William Penn, the friend ofthe Indian and benefactor of his race, of Laurence Sterne, of David Garrick, of Horace Walpole, of Samuel Rogers, of Charles Dickens, or of George Washington, of John Adams, and Charles Carroll, signers of the Declaration; let him see a plate engraved by Paul Revere whose services in the Revolution he has known of from his schooldays;—let him see these and scores more of similar interest, and he cannot fail to respond to the enthusiasm of their owner. But indeed it is a pursuit, the delights of which are discernible to those only who bring to it the capacity for such pleasures.

image of book-plate not available: JohnAdams.

OF all forms of book-plates the simplest possible is the printed name of the owner, unaccompanied by either motto, device, or ornamentation of any kind. Such a plate hadPhilip Hone, one of the founders of the Mercantile Library, and in the early twenties a mayor of the city of New York. His plate is merely a bit of paper with his name in bold script printed upon it from an engraved copper-plate.

This style of plate is not chronologically the earliest, but is taken as our starting-point because of its unrelieved simplicity; this fulfils the mission of the book-plate,—it proclaims the ownership of the book in which it is seen; not in delicate language, to be sure, not with any invitation to dip into the volume in hand, not with any evidence of the owner’s taste in reading, but with a directness not to be misunderstood.

The essential part of the book-plate is the name of the owner; and while this is sufficient of itself, it is found profitable and pleasant to accompany it with an apt quotation from a favorite author, with a caution against the improper

image of book-plate not available: JamesEddy Mauran.

handling of books, with a warning of the sad result of declining Wisdom’s guidance, or with an invitation to enjoy the beauties of literature and to share the benefits of careful reading. In addition to these mere typographical adjuncts an opportunity is offered for the display of those more decorative garnishments which have led to the development of the handsomer styles of plates.

image of book-plate not available: HannahReynolds.

Alexander Stedman’s: Thomas Thaxter’s, 1791: William W. Potter’s Book: Aaron Woolworth’s, Ex Dono Rev. S. Buell, D.D.These plates use the possessive case, are embellished with borders of ornamental type, and supply some further information by showing the date of their being used, or by naming the giver of the volumes. Other styles of expressing book-ownership are afforded by the following:Nicolas Pike HisBook 1768:Hannah Adams, Medfield 179-:The Property of John Clap, Roxbury 1791:Davidis Dickinson Liber, A.D. 1796:Lieut. E. Trenchard, U. S. Navy:Simeon Baldwin, Owner:Ex Libris I. G. Thomas:Library T. W. Curtis, No.:Belonging to the Library of Thomas Forrest Betton, Germantown Pa.:The Property of John Weld native of Pomfret, Conn. Resident of Pomfret, Bo’t of Mr. James Steele of Hartford, January 12, 1796:W. Lewis, Ejus Liber:Johann Christoph Kunze, Prediger in Philadelphia:Emmanuel Jones e Coll; Gul; et Ma: 1756.

image of book-plate not available: THOMÆHOLT.

These old type-set labels with their quaint borders of ornamental type,—scrolls, flourishes, stars, vines, and even grammatical signs,—are usually found to be printed on good white handmade paper, which was seldom trimmed with care;occasionally a tinted paper is found,—yellow more often than any other, but sometimes a blue or green; these served the less pretentious of our ancestors in lieu of the coats-of-arms and family mottoes of those of higher lineage, and are found in quantities throughout the New England and Middle States: even farther south they are not uncommon, but are not so numerous.

image of book-plate not available: JOHNCAMPBELL, Charles County.

In making up these ornamental borders the type was usually set in the form of a parallelogram, occasionally in a square, oval, circle, or diamond, and seldom in fanciful shapes. The most ambitious plate of this kind which has come under my observation is that which once graced the books of Mary McGinley; this is a rather large plate, and the type is set in the form of an urn, within the lines of which are given the motto and the owner’s name.

A step in advance of these wholly typographical examples are those which employ a woodcutborder to surround the name, and instances can be given of such a border enclosing the name printed from type; festoons of flowers or of cord, and draperies of cloth, were also used as a simple setting for the owner’s name. In this connection mention may be made of the work of T. Sparrow, an obscure engraver of Maryland; no heraldic or pictorial examples of his workmanship have been identified, and he probably confined himself to the simple woodcut designs of which but a small number are known. Always using a border of floriated scrolls, he never omitted an original contrivance which is the characteristic mark of his work,—a group of thirteen stars surrounded often by a wreath. This is always found in a prominent place, and is an indication of his patriotism as well as that of the owner of the plate.

image of book-plate not available: RICHARDSPRIGG, jun.

It must not be supposed that the heraldic book-plate was an outgrowth or development ofthe name-label: not at all; they were contemporaneous and were both used in England long before they were here.

Coming now to the subject of mottoes, we find a wide field to travel over, many languages to read, many quotations to recognize, with hints and warnings, and even threatenings, by the score, from jealous book-lovers. Mottoes readily fall into two classes: those which are chosen by the owner for some personal reason, and those which are family mottoes, and which are used without thought because they are a family inheritance, or with a commendable pride in such legacies from an honorable ancestry. Latin is the language most often used probably, though English is a strong rival, while German, French, Greek, and even Hebrew and Welsh are also found upon our book-plates. Sentiments opposing the habit of book-borrowing are of frequent occurrence, and in some instances are of such severity as to leave no doubt of their effectiveness. For brevity and pointedness the following example can hardly be exceeded:—

This book was bought and paid for byD. C. Colesworthy.Borrowing neighbors are recommendedto supply themselves in the same manner.Price seventy-five cents.

On the book-plate ofD. W. Jaynethe following verse from the Bible is used:—

Go ye rather to them that sell and buy for yourselves. Matt. Chap. xxv. ver. 9.

image of book-plate not available: ThomasO. Selfridge, BOSTON, 1799.

Verses from Holy Writ are quite frequently used on plates, and the style of expression found in the Psalms and Proverbs is borrowed as adding an authoritative emphasis to the words of caution and advice,—

The wicked borrow, and returneth not: do thou not like unto them.Return what thou borroweth with the most sacred punctuality, and withhold it not.

The wicked borrow, and returneth not: do thou not like unto them.

Return what thou borroweth with the most sacred punctuality, and withhold it not.

On the plate of a book-lover in Charleston, S.C.,—

And ye shall keep me until the fourteenth day. And it shall be when thou hast made an end of reading this book. Send me away unto my master. Ex. xii. 6: Jer. li. 63: Gen. xxiv. 54.

image of book-plate not available: thePROPERTY of the Worcester Circulating Library Company.

Every one has suffered from book-borrowers, even from school-day times, when the rude doggerel,—

Steal not this book for fear of shame,For here you see the owner’s name,

or its variant,

Steal not this book for fear of strife,For its owner carries a huge jack-knife,

was printed in coarse letters across the cover of the books most likely to go astray. How irritating it is to find the very volume one needs at the moment, missing from its accustomed place on the shelf; if anything is lacking to complete thetorment of the discovery, let it be impossible to find out who has taken the desired volume, or to get any clew as to when it went or where!

Private Library of J. N. Candee Cole, This book is not loaned. Matt. xxv. 9.

Read not books alone: but men, and be careful to read thyself. The property of John Lambert, South Reading.

To Borrowers of Books.Youremember, my friend, I freely comply’dWith the favour you asked me, and fully reliedOn a favour from you, which, tho’ promised, I find,As it hasn’t been granted, is out of your mind,To return in due time what I’ve wanted to see,The Book, which ’tis long since you borrow’d of me.Another I now with reluctance implore,’Tis only to ask that you borrow no more.

Stolen from J. W. Houx,

Book-keeping taught in three words,Never lend them.

The would-be borrower who finds these sentiments in the book he was about to ask for will scarcely be encouraged to do so, and for directness they are exceeded by only one example, in which the owner’s name is followed by the simple declaration,He does not lend books. The motto on the plate of the lateGeorge Ticknor—Suum cuique, To every man his own—was also calculated to discourage the borrower.

But some people do lend books, and have them returned too,—in good second-hand condition. And so it comes about that the proper use of books is made the subject of another class of mottoes.

My Friend! Should you this book peruse,Please to protect it from abuse:Nor soil, nor stain, nor mark its page,Nor give it premature old age:And, when it has effected all,Please to return it ere I call.

image of book-plate not available: DanielGreenleaf

The following verse is common property and is found on several plates:—

If thou art borrowed by a friend,Right welcome shall he beTo read, to study, not to lend,And to return to me.Not that imparted learning dothDiminish learning’s store,But books, I find, if often lent,Return to me no more.Read slowly,Pause frequently,Think seriously,Return duly with the corners of the leaves not turned down.

If thou art borrowed by a friend,Right welcome shall he beTo read, to study, not to lend,And to return to me.

Not that imparted learning dothDiminish learning’s store,But books, I find, if often lent,Return to me no more.

Read slowly,Pause frequently,Think seriously,Return duly with the corners of the leaves not turned down.

Neither blemish this book, nor the leaves double down,Nor lend it to each idle friend in the town:Return it when read,—or if lost please supplyAnother, as good to the mind and the eye.With right and with reason you need but be friendsAnd each book in my study your pleasure attends.

If through respect or love I lendThis book unto my worthy friend,He must not soil, abuse, nor tear,But read with diligence and care;And when its contents you have learned,Remember, it must beReturned.

On the plate ofSamuel W. Francisappear the following lines:—

Any one may borrow,But a gentleman returns.

The propertyofThomas C. Cowan.Borrower,read, mark, andAvoidthe former partofPsalm xxxvii. 21.

Ifyou borrow, freely use it,Take great care and don’t abuse it:Read, but neither lose nor lend it,Then unto the owner send it.

Never open a book farther than to bring both sides of the cover on to the same plane. Never lend a borrowed book, but return it as soon as you are through with it, so that the owner may not be deprived of its use. You may think this a strange request, but I find that although many of my friends are poor arithmeticians, they are nearly all of them good book-keepers.

image of book-plate not available: TIMOTHYMANN.

In strong contrast to all the preceding are those mottoes of generous souls who find no pleasure in withholding their treasures, but who wish to have it understood that they are for the use of all; not very many are bold enough to thus advertise their willingness to lend, but a few do so, and generally by the use of the Latin,Sibi et amicis, oret amicorum.

Sentiments in praise of books and reading are not uncommon, and quotations from classicwriters both in prose and poetry do good service on book-plates. Pope’s well-known lines—

A little learning is a dangerous thing,Drink deep or taste not the Pierian Spring;Where shallow draughts intoxicate the brain,But drinking largely sobers us again.

are found on an old American plate.

On a recent New York plate,—

Far more seemly were it for thee to have thy Study full of Books than thy purse full of money. Lilly.

On a Maine plate,—

Who learns and learns but does not what he learns,Is one who plows and plows but never sows.————Weigh well each thought, each sentence freely scan,In Reason’s balance try the works of man.Be bias’d not by those who praise or blame,Nor, Servile, Yield opinion to a name.

On a recent Boston plate,—

Un bon livre est un bon ami.

On a recent Western plate,—

A jolly goode booke,Whereon to looke,Is better to me than golde.

On a recent Washington plate,—

A trusty villain, sir, that very oft when I am dull with care and melancholy lightens my humour.

image of book-plate not available: EXLIBRIS A. L. HOLLINGSWORTH.

The mottoes on the plates of those who have achieved distinction have a peculiar interest, especially when chosen by the owners themselves. The plate ofHenry W. Longfellowbears the following line:—

Non clamor sed amor,

which is from an unknown author and is found in the following verse:—

Non vox sed votum,Non chordas sed cor,Non clamor sed amor,Sonat in aure Dei.Not voice but vow,Not harp-string, but heart-string,Not loudness but love,Sound in the ear of God.

Non vox sed votum,Non chordas sed cor,Non clamor sed amor,Sonat in aure Dei.

Not voice but vow,Not harp-string, but heart-string,Not loudness but love,Sound in the ear of God.

The motto ofGeorge Washington,—Exitus acta probat, is not given in the accepted lists as the family motto of his ancestors, but it may have been such. The meaning of it has brought out criticism recently because of its Jesuitical sound,—“The end shows the deed.” But this may also be taken as a patriotic utterance in view of the part of the illustrious owner of this plate in the Revolution.

On the plate ofWilliam Pennwe see a motto most fitting for the character he sustained,Dum clavum rectum teneam—“While I hold to glory, let me hold to right.” In the plate the third word is omitted, as the engraver found the motto too long for the space reserved, and through some

image of book-plate not available: GeorgeBancroft

blunder therinclarumis changed to av, which makes no sense at all.

On the plate ofGeorge Bancroft, the late historian, a chubby cherub bears a panel on which is the motto,Sursum corda. Another plate was also used by Mr. Bancroft which was in all respects like the above, except that the motto was changed to ΕΙΣ ΦΑΟΣ.

The plate of the lateMr. George W. Childshas the following motto whose appropriateness is evident at once,—The pen is mightier than the sword. Above this a second motto of equal appropriateness is given,—Nihil sine labore.

On the plate ofDr. Oliver Wendell Holmes,Per ampliora ad altiorais given upon a ribbon under a beautiful drawing of the “chambered nautilus.”

image of book-plate not available: WilliamPrescott

Instances of mottoes which are cleverly made to carry some meaning, or some word, which will be seen at a glance to be taken from the name of the owner, are found often.

On the plate ofHarold Clarence Ernstthis motto is given,Ernst ist das Leben.

On the plate ofGeorge Curry, D.D.,—Sic curre capias.

On the plate ofEdward Spencer Dix,—Quod dixi id feci.

image of book-plate not available: HENRYBLACKWELL

In concluding this list of mottoes two from the Welsh can be instanced, one on the plate of a New York collector of Welshiana, which isCared Doeth Yr Encilic, meaning, “The learned love thethings of the past.” The other is on a Washington plate, and reads thus,A fynno Dwy y Fydd, meaning, “What God wills, will be.”

In the list of languages used on book-plates, we must now include the Volapük, for we have the first instance of its use already in a New York plate; the motto reading,Menad bal pukbal, and meaning, “One humanity, one language.”

image of book-plate not available: EdwardPenington.

image of book-plate not available: EugeneField.

BOOK-PLATES admit of many kinds of extraneous ornamentation, and wholly apart from the special function of recording the ownership of books, they serve as expressions of artistic taste; they lend themselves readily to many forms of design, and have passed through several changes or “styles” in the three hundred years of their existence; they can be dignified or flippant, serious or punning, of artistic beauty or positive deformity; they can express the owner’s choice of reading and can preserve lines from his favorite authors; can convey warning or invitation, and can, in short, be made a very personal affair.

The first book-plates were heraldic. In those early and, in some senses, good old days, before the schoolmaster was abroad in the land, when learning was the possession of the aristocrats and the churchmen only, and consequently when handwriting was not in use among the people, families were distinguished by emblems which were known of all. These heraldic devices were painted on their shields, carved upon their walls,engraved upon their breast-plates, woven upon their banners and their tapestries, displayed upon their own persons, upon those of their dependents, and even upon their animals and the furniture and books of their homes; even the purely ornamental and ephemeral luxuries came to be adorned with the family coat-of-arms.

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