INDEX TO COMMON NAMESAcacia,535African mahogany,463Ailanthus,676Alaska cypress,121Alaska pine,193Alder,589Algaroba,559Alleghany sloe,622Alligator juniper,111Alligator wood,325Almondleaf willow,471Aloe-leaf yucca,693Alpine fir,166Alpine larch,88Alpine spruce,195Alpine western spruce,196Alpine whitebark pine,37Alternate-leaved dogwood,526Alvord oak,220Amabilis fir,165American apple,553American arborvitæ,97American ash,409American crab,453American fringe,700American holly,643American larch,80American linden,637American planertree,397American smoke-tree,697Andromeda,526Angelica-tree,676Ant’s wood,696Apple haw,459Arborvitæ,97Arizona cork fir,154Arizona cypress,142Arizona madrona,663Arizona palm,693Arizona pine,705Arizona spruce,135Arizona sycamore,610Arizona white oak,218Arrow-wood,507Ash-leaved maple,445Aspen,667,675Aspen-leaf,675August plum,621Bald cypress,139Balm of Gilead,145,667,673Balm of Gilead fir,145Balsam,135,136,151,166,673Balsam fir,145,151,159Balsam poplar,673Baltimore oak,205Banana,640Baretta,699Barren oak,316Barren scrub oak,283Bartram oak,322Basket elm,393Basket oak,208,229Basket willow,472Basswood,637Bat-tree,494Bayberry,698Bay poplar,337Bay tree,529Beaded locust,555Bearberry,646,698Bear oak,315Bearwood,698Beaver-tree,495Bebb willow,471Beech,625Beetree,637Bell-tree,601Bellwood,602Berlandier ash,418Big buckeye,649Big-bud,363Big-bud hickory,363Bigcone pine,68Bigcone spruce,172Big cottonwood,667Bigelow willow,472Big hickory nut,363Big laurel,494Bigleaf laurel,507Bigleaf maple,439Big pine,31Big shellbark,369Bigtree,175Big white birch,583Biltmore ash,424Birch,565Bird cherry,619Bishop’s pine,69Bitter cherry,616Bitter hickory,361Bitternut,367Bitternut hickory,361Bitter pecan,361,375Bitter walnut,361Bitter waternut,374Bitterwood,676Black ash,415,416,423,445Blackbark pine,75Black birch,565,577,580Black calabash,475Black cherry,613Black cottonwood,667,669,679Black gum,159,331Black haw,460Black hickory,364,367,696,699Black ironwood,700Black jack,283Black jack oak,291Black larch,80Black limetree,637Black locust,535,541Black mangrove,688Black maple,447Black mulberry,513Black oak,259,260,271,277Black olivetree,688Black pine,63,67,70,75Black poplar,681Black slash pine,55Black sloe,621Black spruce,129Black thorn,459Blacktree,688Black walnut,343Black willow,469Black wood,688Bleeding-heart tree,500Blister pine,145,151Blue ash,417,422Blue beech,627Blue birch,565,577,585Blue blossoms,698Blue dogwood,526Blue elder,700Blue jack oak,285Blue myrtle,698Blue oak,205,213,226Blue spruce,136Bluet,508Bluewood,700Bodark,511Bodock,511Bog spruce,130Bois d’arc,511Bois inconnu,405Bottom shellbark,369Bow-wood,511Box elder,445,601Box oak,223Box white oak,223Boxwood,523Bracted fir,157Brash oak,223Brewer oak,220Bristlecone fir,171Bristlecone pine,19,38Broadfruit yucca,693Broadleaf maple,439Broadleaf willow,472Broom hickory,367Brown ash,423Brown hickory,367Brown pine,43Buckeye,649Buckthorn bumelia,696Buckwheat-tree,502Bullace plum,621Bull bay,494Bull pine,49,75Bumwood,697Burning bush,499Burnwood,502Bur oak,211Bustic,696Butternut,349Buttonball,607Buttonwood,607Cabbage palmetto,691Cabbage-tree,691Cactus,693Cajeput,529Calico-bush,505Calicowood,601California bay tree,529California black oak,285California blue oak,229California box elder,447California buckeye,649,651California chestnut oak,313California coffee,698California fan palm,693California hemlock spruce,193California holly,645California juniper,112California laurel,529,655California live oak,307California nutmeg,201California olive,529California post cedar,109California red bud,549California red fir,164California sassafras,529California scrub oak,237California swamp pine,69California sycamore,609California tanbark oak,313California walnut,351California white oak,249California white pine,67Canada plum,621Canadian Judas tree,548Canadian red pine,61Canoe birch,583Canoe cedar,115Canoewood,487Canotia,699Canyon birch,580Canyon live oak,308Carolina cherry,620Carolina hemlock,703Carolina pine,49Carolina poplar,667Cascara buckthorn,698Cascara sagrada,698Catalpa,475Catawba,475Catawba rhododendron,507Cat spruce,130Cedar,91,97,109,118Cedar elm,380,392Cedar pine,57Cereuses,693Chalky leucæna,562Chapman oak,208Chattahoochee pine,202Check pine,70Checkered-barked juniper,111Cherry birch,565,580Chestnut,631Chestnut oak,241,313Chickasaw plum,622Chihuahua pine,76Chinaberry,665China-tree,664Chinquapin,634Chinquapin oak,247Chittamwood,602Cholla,691Cigartree,476Cinnamon bark,701Cinnamon oak,286Clammy locust,537Cliff elm,385Cockspur,459Cocoa plum,622Coffeebean,547Coffee-berry,698Coffeenut,547Coffeetree,547Colorado blue spruce,136Common catalpa,475,477Common thorn,459Cornel,523Coral bean,554Coral sumach,697Cork-barked Douglas spruce,169Cork elm,380,385,399Cork pine,19Corkwood,423Corky elm,399Cotton gum,337Cottonwood,667,673Cotton-tree,667Coulter pine,68Cowlicks,604Cow oak,229Crab,453Crab apple,453Crabwood,701Crack willow,472Creeping pine,37Cuban pine,45Cucumber,481Cucumber tree,487Currant-tree,451Custard apple,640Cut-leaved maple,445Cypress,70,139Dahoon holly,645Darling plum,700Darlington oak,295Date plum,517Deciduous holly,646Deer tongue,507Delmar pine,64Desert juniper,705Desert willow,477Devil’s claw,544Devil’s tongue cactus,694Devilwood,700Digger pine,75Dilly,696Doctor gum,697Dogwood,523Double fir,151Double spruce,130Douglas fir,169Douglas spruce,169Douglas-tree,169Down-cone,166Downy basswood,639Downy-cone subalpine fir,166Downy poplar,669Drooping juniper,705Drummond maple,436Duck oak,320Durand oak,208Dwarf ash,412Dwarf chestnut oak,247Dwarf cypress,184Dwarf juniper,705Dwarf maple,442,446Dwarf marine pine,69Dwarf rose bay,507Dwarf sumach,696Dwarf walnut,351Dyer’s oak,271Ebony,517Elder,700Elderleaf ash,416Emory oak,238Engelmann oak,231Engelmann spruce,135English cornel,526English dogwood,526English hawthorn,460European alder,592Evergreen buckthorn,698Evergreen cherry,620Evergreen magnolia,481,493Eysenhardtia,526False acacia,535False box-dogwood,523False mahogany,531False shagbark,346Fanleaf palm,693Farkleberry,508Fat pine,43Feather-cone red fir,157Feather-leaf,97Fetid buckeye,651Fetid yew,202Fighting wood,199Finger-cone pine,25Fir balsam,151Fire cherry,619Firewood,502Fir pine,145Florida ash,412Florida basswood,639Florida boxwood,501Florida buttonwood,688Florida cat’s claw,538Florida mahogany,531Florida maple,435Florida pine,43Florida torreya,202Florida yew,201Flowering ash,700Flowering cornel,523Flowering dogwood,523Flowering willow,477Forked-leaf black jack,283Forked-leaf oak,217,283Forked-leaf white oak,217Four-winged halesia,601Foxtail pine,19,38,39Fragrant crab,453Fraser fir,151Fraser umbrella,481,495Fremont cottonwood,667,670Fremontia,400Frijolito,554Fringe ash,412Fringetree,700Gambel oak,214Garden wild plum,622Georgia oak,267Georgia pine,43Giant arborvitæ,115Giant cactus,693Gigantic cedar,115Glaucous willow,472Glossyleaf willow,496Golden cup oak,308Golden fir,164Goldenleaf chinquapin,633Gooseberry,508Goose plum,621,622Gopherwood,553Gowen cypress,184Grand fir,163Gray birch,585Gray elm,380Gray pine,75Great California fir,163Great laurel,494,505Great western larch,86Green ash,422Greenbark acacia,555Green osier,526Gregg ash,411Guayacon,698Gum,325Gumbo limbo,676Gum elastic,696Gum stretch it,696Gum-tree,325Gyminda,49Hackberry,403Hackmatack,80,86Hack-tree,403Hairy balm of Gilead,674Hardbark hickory,363Hardhack,595Hard maple,427Hard pine,43,61,63Hardshell,363Hardwoods,4Hardy catalpa,475Haw,459Hawthorn,459Healing balsam,151Heart-leaved thorn,460Heart pine,43Heartwood,5Heavy pine,67Heavy-wooded pine,67Hedge,511Hedge-tree,511Hemlock,187Hemlock spruce,187,193,195Hercules’ club,676,699Hickory,357Hickory elm,385Hickory oak,308Hickory pine,38,52Hickory poplar,487High-ground willow oak,286Highland oak,296Hog haw,459Hog plum,621,697Holly,643Hollyleaf cherry,616Honey locust,535,541,559Honey-shucks locust,541Honey pod,559Hooker’s oak,249Hooker willow,472Hoop ash,403,415Hooptree,415Hop hornbeam,595Hoptree,699Hornbeam,595,627Horsebean,549Horse chestnut,651Horse plum,621Huajillo,538Huckleberry,508Huckleberry oak,309Incense cedar,109Indian bean,476Indian cherry,451Indian pear,451Indigo thorn,556Inkwood,700Iowa crab,454Iron oak,223,308Ironwood,501,502,559,595,627,696Ivy,505Jack oak,319Jack pine,69Jamaica dogwood,526,550Jeffrey pine,75Jersey pine,57Joewood,701Joshua-tree,693Judas tree,548June berry,451Juniper,70,91,99,109,118,706Juniper-bush,91Juniper cedar,99Juniper tree,403Kalmia,505Kenai birch,565,585Kingnut,369Kingstree,51Knobcone pine,704Knowlton hornbeam,598Kœberlinia,697Lanceleaf alder,592Lanceleaf cottonwood,667,670Lancewood,657Larch,79,165Large buckeye,649Largeleaf umbrella,481,483Large poplar,675Largetooth aspen,667,675Laurel,494,505,507,529Laurel bay,494Laurel cherry,620Laurel-leaved magnolia,494Laurel oak,295,319Laurel tree,531Lea oak,292Leatherleaf ash,418Leatherwood,400,502Leucæna,562Leverwood,595Lignum-vitæ,698Lilac,698Limber pine,19,703Limber-twig pine,703Linn,637Liquid-amber,325Little shagbark,346Little sugar pine,25Little walnut,351Live oak,253,313Loblolly pine,55Locust,535Lodgepole pine,73Logwood,700Lombardy poplar,682Longcone pine,68Longleaf pine,43Longleaf service,452Longleaf willow,496Longleaved pine,63Longschat,63Longshucks pine,55Longstalk willow,471Longstraw pine,55Lovely fir,165Lovely red fir,165Lowland spruce pine,51Low maple,435Lyall willow,496Lynn,637Mackenzie willow,472Macnab cypress,178Madrona,661Magnificent fir,164Magnolia,494Mahogany,463,547Mahogany birch,565Manchineel,701Mangrove,685Manzanita,663Maple,439Marlberry,701Mastic,696Maul oak,308May cherry,451May haw,459Meadow pine,45,55Menzies’ spruce,133Mesquite,559,562Mexican cottonwood,667,669Mexican elder,700Mexican madrona,663Mexican mulberry,514Mexican palmetto,692Mexican persimmon,517Mexican pinon,19,33,704Mexican walnut,351Mexican white pine,19Michaux basswood,639Mimosa,562Minor species,695Missouri willow,473Mocker nut,356,363Mocker nut hickory,363Mock olive,620Mock orange,511,620Mohave yucca,693Monterey cypress,141Monterey pine,69Moose elm,391Moose maple,435Morehus oak,297Mountain alder,592Mountain ash,411,454,675Mountain balsam,151,166Mountain birch,580Mountain cedar,111Mountain elm,399Mountain hemlock,195Mountain holly,645Mountain ivy,505Mountain juniper,99Mountain laurel,505,529Mountain mahogany,199,465Mountain manchineel,697Mountain maple,435,441Mountain pine,25Mountain spruce,135Mountain white oak,213Mulberry,513Myrtleberry,508Myrtle-tree,529Myrtle oak,297Naked-wood,698Narrowberry,699Narrowcone pine,704Narrowleaf cottonwood,667,669Narrowleaf crab,453Narrowleaf willow,496Native plum,621Necklace poplar,667Netleaf oak,219Nettle-tree,403New England boxwood,523Newcastle thorn,459New Mexican locust,537New Mexican pinon,28Noble fir,157Nootka cypress,121North American red spruce,127North Carolina pine,49North Carolina shagbark hickory,376Northern cork elm,385Northern spruce pine,19Northern white cedar,97Norway pine,61Nutmeg hickory,374Nutpine,28,33,68,704Nuttall willow,472Oak-barked cedar,111Obispo pine,69Ohio buckeye,649,651Old-field birch,585Old-field pine,49Old man’s beard,700Olivetree,337One-berry,403One-seed juniper,99Opossum wood,601Opuntias,694Oregon ash,421Oregon balsam,166Oregon crabapple,454Oregon fir,163Oregon maple,439Oregon oak,235Oregon pine,169Oregon white oak,235Oreodaphne,529Osage apple tree,511Osage orange,511Osier willow,496Overcup oak,217,223Pacific post oak,235Pacific yew,199Pale-leaf hickory,345Palmer oak,310Palms,691Palmetto,691Palo blanco,406Palo verde,556Paper birch,565,583Paper mulberry,514Paradise-tree,676Parry nut pine,19,704Parry pinon,703Parry’s spruce,136Patton’s spruce,196Peach oak,313Pea-flower locust,535Peawood,602Pear haw,459Pear thorn,459Pecan,357,373Pecan nut,373Pecan tree,373Persimmon,517Pessimin,517Pigeonberry,452,526Pigeon cherry,619Pignut,356,361,367Pignut hickory,367Pig walnut,361Pin cherry,619Pine,19Pink locust,555Pin oak,208,247,301Pinon,19,28Pinon pine,28,33Pin thorn,459Pitch pine,43,45,49,63Planertree,397Plane-tree,607Plum,621,622Poison dogwood,697Poison elder,697Poison ivy,505Poison laurel,505Poison oak,697Poison sumach,697Poisontree,697Poisonwood,697,701Pond apple,640Pond cypress,141Pond pine,57Poorfield pine,49Poor pine,51Poplar,487,673Poplar-leaved birch,585Popple,487,675Poppy ash,424Possum haw,646Possum oak,320Possumwood,517Port Orford cedar,123Post cedar,103,109Post locust,535Post oak,223Poverty birch,585Powcohiscora,355Price oak,315Pricklecone pine,69,704Prickly ash,699Prickly pine,52Prickly spruce,136Prince’s pine,70Puget sound pine,169Pumpkin ash,423Pumpkin pine,19Pumpkin-tree,166Punk oak,320Purple buckeye,649,652Purple dogwood,526Purple haw,700Pyramidal magnolia,481,496Quaking asp,675Quinine-tree,699Rattlebox,601Red alder,589Red ash,423Redbark fir,164Redbark pine,75Red bay,531Red-berried elder,700Red birch,577Red-bract dogwood,526Redbud,548Red cedar,91,109Red elm,393,399Red fir,157,164,169Red gum,325Red haw,457,459,460Redheart hickory,357Red hickory,363Red ironwood,700Red larch,80Red locust,535Red maple,433Red mulberry,513Red oak,259,265,277,280,289Red pine,61,169Red plum,621Red silver fir,165Red spruce,127Red thorn,458Red titi,502Red willow,496Redwood,181Retama,549Rhododendron,507River ash,423River birch,565,577River cottonwood,667Rock chestnut oak,241Rock elm,380,385Rock maple,427Rock oak,241Rocky Mountain juniper,124Rocky Mountain oak,219,226Rocky Mountain white pine,703Rose bay,507Rosemary pine,49,55Royal palm,692Rum cherry,603Rusty nannyberry,700Sadler oak,220Saffron plum,696Salad-tree,548Sandbar willow,496Sand jack,286Sand pine,46Sapwood pine,75Sargent palm,692Sarvice,451Sassafac,655Sassafas,655Sassafrac,655Sassafras,655Satinleaf,696Satin walnut,325Satinwood,699Savice,451,452Savin,91Saxifrax,655Scaly bark hickory,357Scarlet haw,457Scarlet maple,433Scarlet oak,277Schott cactus,694Schott yucca,693Screwbean,562Screw-pod,562Scrub oak,220,247,283Scrub pine,37,57,70Seaside alder,592Second growth,357Serviceberry,451Service-tree,451Shadberry,451Shagbark hickory,355,357Shasta red fir,165Shawneewood,476She balsam,151Sheepberry,699,700Sheepbush,554Sheep laurel,505Shellbark,356,357Shellbark hickory,369Shingle cedar,115Shingle oak,301,319Shin oak,208,286Shoepeg maple,433Short-flower mahogany,466Shortleaf pine,49Shortleaved pine,57Shortshat,49Shrub willow,496Sierra brownbark pine,67Silktop palmetto,692Silky willow,472Silverbell tree,601,604Silver fir,159,163,165Silverleaf willow,471Silver-leaved maple,429Silver maple,429Silver pine,145Silver spruce,136,145Silvertop palmetto,692Singleleaf pinon,19,701Single spruce,130Sir Joseph Banks’ pine,70Slash pine,45,49,55Sitka alder,592Sitka spruce,133Skunk spruce,130Slippery elm,380,391,400Sloe,699Small buckeye,649,652Small fruit mountain ash,454Small-leaf elm,399Small-leaf horsebean,549Small laurel,505Small pignut,346Small pignut hickory,346Small white birch,585Smooth cypress,142Smoothleaf willow,471Snowdrop-tree,601,603Soapberry,465Soap-tree,465Soft maple,429Soft pine,19,25Softwoods,4Soledad pine,64Sonora ironwood,568Sophora,555Sorrel-tree,507Soulard crab,454Sour gum,337,339,507Sour gum bush,507Sour tupelo,339Sourwood,507Southern basswood,639Southern mountain pine,52Southern red juniper,94Southern red oak,265Southern white cedar,103Southern yellow pine,43Spanish bayonet,693Spanish dagger,693Spanish moss,256Spanish oak,200,277,289Spanish red oak,289Sparkleberry,508Spice-tree,529Spoon-hutch,507Spoonwood,505Springwood,7Spotted oak,266,271,320Spruce,127,169Spruce pine,45,49,51,57,187Spruce-tree,187Stackpole pine,151Stagbush,699Staghorn sumach,697Star-leaved gum,325Stave oak,205Stiffness of wood,11Sting-tongue,699Stinking ash,445Stinking buckeye,651Stinking cedar,201,202Stinking savin,202Strength of wood,11Striped maple,447Stone-seed Mexican pinon,33Stump tree,547Sugar ash,445Sugarberry,403,405,406Sugar maple,427Sugar pine,19,31Sugar-tree,427Sumach,696Summer haw,458Summerwood,7Sunflower-tree,700Sun-loving pine,704Sunny-slope pine,704Swamp ash,416,422Swamp bay,531Swamp cedar,103Swamp chestnut oak,229Swamp cottonwood,667,669Swamp hickory,361,375Swamp holly,646Swamp laurel,495Swamp magnolia,495Swamp maple,429,433Swamp oak,225,249,301Swamp poplar,669Swamp sassafras,495Swamp Spanish oak,301Swamp tupelo,337Swamp white oak,217,229Swampy chestnut oak,241Sweet bay,531Sweet birch,565,580Sweet crab,453Sweet gum,325Sweet locust,541Sweet magnolia,481,495Sweet scented crab,453Switch-bud hickory,367Sycamore,397,607Table mountain pine,52Tacamahac,673Tamarack,79,86Tanbark oak,241,271Tassajo,694Tear-blanket,699Texan ebony,538Texan red oak,265Texas ash,411Texas buckeye,649Texas cottonwood,667,669Texas flowering willow,477Texas redbud,549Texas umbrella-tree,465Thick shellbark,369Thomas elm,385Thorn apple,459Thorn bush,459Thorn locust,541Thorn plum,459Thorn-tree,541Thorny acacia,541Thorny locust,541Three-leaved maple,445Three-thorned acacia,541Thunderwood,697Thurber cactus,694Tideland spruce,133Tisswood,602Titi,502,526Toothache-tree,699Torch pine,55Torchwood,699Tornillo,562Torrey pine,64Tough bumelia,696Tourney oak,315Trask mahogany,466Tree huckleberry,508Tree myrtle,698Tree palmetto,691Tree yucca,693Trident oak,292Tuck-tuck,157Tulip poplar,487Tulip-tree,487Tupelo,337Turkey oak,283,286Umbrella tree,481,484,526Upland hickory,357Upland willow,285Utah juniper,706Valley mahogany,466Valley oak,249Valparaiso oak,308Vauquelinia,466Vine maple,441Virgilia,547Virginia pine,55Virginia thorn,460Wadsworth oak,225Wafer ash,699Wahoo,385,399,492,499,699Wahoo elm,399Walnut,343Walnut-tree,343Washington haw,460Washington palm,693Washington pine,193Washington thorn,460Water ash,422,424,445Water beech,607Water birch,577,580Water bitternut,375Water elm,380Water hickory,375Water maple,429,433,435Water oak,295,319,320Water Spanish oak,301Water white oak,217Weeping dogwood,526Weeping oak,249Weeping spruce,136,195Weeping willow,472Western birch,565,579Western black willow,496Western catalpa,476Western cedar,115,118Western choke cherry,616Western dogwood,525Western hemlock,193Western hemlock fir,193Western hemlock spruce,193Western juniper,118Western larch,85Western plum,621Western red cedar,115,118,706Western serviceberry,452Western shellbark,369Western spruce,133Western sumach,698Western walnut,351Western white fir,163Western white oak,235Western white pine,19,25,703Western yellow pine,67Western yew,199West Indian birch,676West Indian cherry,620Weymouth pine,19Whiskey cherry,613Whistlewood,637White alder,591White Alaska birch,565,579White ash,409,422,700White balsam,159,166White bark,37Whitebark maple,436Whitebark pine,19,37White basswood,639White bay,495White birch,565,579,585White buttonwood,688White cedar,97,103,109White cottonwood,670White elm,379,385,397Whiteheart hickory,363White hickory,357,361,367White fir,159,163,166White ironwood,700White laurel,495Whiteleaf oak,273White locust,535White mangrove,688White maple,433,439White mulberry,514White oak,205,208,213,223,235White pine,19,51,703White poplar,675,682White spruce,130,135,136White stem pine,37White thorn,459White titi,502White walnut,355,357White willow,472Whitewood,487,667,701Wickup,637Wild apple,454Wild black cherry,613Wild cherry,613,619Wild China,465Wild cinnamon,701Wild crab,453Wild date,693Wild lilac,698Wild lime,699Wild olive-tree,337,601Wild orange,620Wild peach,620Wild plum,621Wild red cherry,619Wild rose bay,507Wild sapodilla,696Wild tamarind,568Wild thorn,459Williamson’s spruce,195Willow,469Willow-leaf cherry,620Willow oak,279,295Wing elm,399Witch elm,399Witch hazel,328Wood laurel,505Woolly oak,315Yaupon,645Yaupon holly,645Yellow ash,553Yellow bark oak,271Yellow basswood,637Yellow birch,565,571Yellow buckeye,649Yellow buckthorn,698Yellow-butt oak,271Yellow cedar,118,121Yellow chestnut oak,247Yellow cottonwood,667Yellow cypress,121Yellow fir,163,169Yellow-leaf willow,471Yellow-flowered cucumber tree,484Yellow locust,535,553Yellow oak,247,271Yellow pine,43,63Yellow plum,621Yellow poplar,481,487Yellow spruce,127Yellow-wood,511,553,698,699Yew,199,201Yucca,693