Of theIonickOrder.
THe Proportion of the Pillars of theIonick Orderin the beginning had EightModulesor Diameters for their height, but the Ancients quickly added half a Diameter, when to make this Pillar more Beautiful than theDorick, not only for its height, butLib. 4.Chap. 1.also for its Ornaments, they added aBaseto it, which was not used in theDorick Order.
The Pillars must be set upon theirBasestwo ways; for sometimes they were perpendicularly set, and sometimes not,viz.The outward rows of Pillars; when there were more Ranks than one; for that part of the Pillar which is towards the Wall of the Fabrick must necessarily be perpendicular, and the outward part must have all the Diminution, and must lean towards the Wall.
Lib. 3.Chap. 3.The Pillars that are within the porch, and are betwixt the Wall and the outward Pillar must stand perpendicularly.
The breadth of theIonick Baseis the Diameter of the Pillar, to which is added a 4th. and an 8th. part; its height is half the Diameter; its height being divided into three parts, one is allowed for thePlinthus, the rest being divided into seven parts, three are allowed to theTorusabove, after equally dividing the four which remain, the two above are for the upperScotia, with itsAstragal: The two below are for the lowerScotia, which will appear greater than the upper, because it extends to the edge of thePlinthus, theAstragalsmust have the 8th. part of theScotia, whose Jetting or Projecture must be the 8th. part of the wholeBasejoyned to the 6th. part of the Diameter of the Pillar. SeeTab. VII.
As to theCapital, theAbacusmust have in its Square the Diameter of the bottom of the Pillar, adding to it an 18th. part; half of theAbacusought to be the height of theCapital, comprizing the Round of theVoluteorScroll, but there must be substracted from the corner of theAbacusa 12th. part and an half of the height of theCapital, and after the whole thickness of theCapitalmust be divided into nine parts and an half, and one and an half must be left for the thickness of theAbacus, that theVolutesorScrollsmay be made of the eight which remain; then having left under theAbacusfour parts and an half of these eight, a Line must be drawn in the place which cuts the two a-cross and the Points of the Section shall beEyes, which shall have eight parts for their Diameter; in half the space of theEyeshall be placed the Centers through which shall be drawn with a Compass the Spiral-Line of theVolute, beginning the height under theAbacus, and going into the four Quarters of the Division, diminishing till we come directly to the first Quarter, and giving to every Quarter a particular Center.
Then the thickness of the wholeCapitalmust be so divided that of nine parts which it contains, theVolutehas the breadth of three under theAstragal, on the top of the Pillar, which must be directly upon theEyeof theVolute, that which remains above theAstragal, must be allowed for theAbacus,Channel, and theEchineorEgge, whose jetting beyond the Square of theAbacusmust be of the same bigness of theEchineorEgge.
TheChannelmust be hollowed the 12th. part of its breadth.
TheGirdleorCincture, or the lateral part of theCapital, ought to advance out of theTailhoir Abacus, as much as it is from the Center of theEyeto the height of theEchine.
The thickness of theAxisof theVolutes, which is the thickness of theVolute, seen sideway, and which makes up the extreme parts of that which is called commonlyBalisters, ought not to exceed the magnitude of theEye. SeeTab. VIII.
These Proportions of theIonick Capital, are only for Pillars of 15 Foot,those that are greater require other, and generally the greater Proportions are required for the Pillars that are greater; and for this reason we have said, that the higher the Pillars are, the less Diminution they must have; so when the Pillars are above 15 Foot, we must add a 9th. part to the Diameter of the Pillar for to give the breadth to theAbacus; to which is never added more than an 18th. part to Pillars of 15 Foot.
TheArchitravesshall be laid upon the Pillars with Jettings equal to thePedestals, in case they be not all of one size, but in form of Joint-Stools, to the end Symmetry may be observ'd.
The height ought to be different, according to the proportion of the height of the Pillar; for if the Pillar be from 12 to 15 Foot, we must allow theArchitravethe height of half a Diameter of the bottom of the Pillar, if it be from 15 to 20, we must divide the height of the Pillar into 15 parts, to the end we may allow one to theArchitrave; so if it be from 20to 25, the height must be divided into 12 parts and an half, that theArchitravemay have one; and so proportionably.
TheArchitraveought to have at the bottom which lies upon theCapital, the same breadth that the top of the Pillar hath under theCapital.
The Jetting of theCymatiumof theArchitraveought to answer the bottom of the Pillar, the height of theCymatiumought to be the 7th. part of the wholeArchitrave.
The rest being divided into 12 parts; three must be allowed to the firstFace, four to the second, and five to that above, upon which is theCymatium.
TheFriseought not to be so high as theArchitraveby a 4th. part, unless something be carved there, for then that the Carving may be more graceful, theFriseought to be bigger than theArchitraveby a 4th. part.
Upon theFrisemust be made aCymatiumof height the 7th. part of theFrise, with a Jetting equal to its height.
TheDentilwhich is upon theCymatium, shall have the height of theFaceof the middle of theArchitrave, with a Jetting or Projecture equal to its height; the cutting of theDentilsought to be so made, that the breadth of everyDentilmay be the half of its height, and the Cavity of the cut which is between everyDentilmay have two parts of three, which maketh the breadth of theDentil.
TheCymatiumwhich is upon theDentil, must have the 3d. part of the height of theDentil.
The Crown with its littleCymatiummust have the same height with theFaceof the middle of theArchitrave.
The greatCymatiumought to have the height of an 8th. part more than theCrownorDrip.
The Jetting or Projecture of the wholeCornicecomprehending theDentilought to be equal to the space that there is from theFrise, just to the top of the greatCymatium, and generally speaking all the Jettings or Projectures shall have the better gracewhen they are equal to the height of the Jetting Members. See TableVII.
Of theCorinthianOrder.
THE Pillars of theCorinthian Orderhave no other Proportions than theIonick, except in theCapital, whose height make them appear slenderer and higher. The other parts or Members, as theArchitrave,Frise, andCornice, borrow their ProportionsLib. 4.Chap. 2.from theDorickandIonick Order, having nothing particular, for theCorinthian Modillonsare imitated by theMutilsof theDorick Order, and theDentilsare the same with theIonick; this being so, we have nothing to do but to give the Proportions of theCapital, which are these; TheCapitalcomprizing theAbacus, hath for its height, the breadth of the bottom of the Pillar.
To have the true breadth of theAbacus, we must have a care that itsDiagonalbe double the height of theCapital, the bending that the sides of theAbacushave inward, is a 9th. part of a side, the bottom of theCapitalis equal to the Neck of the Pillar. The thickness of theAbacusis a 7th. part of the wholeCapital.
Two of these seven parts must be taken for the height of every Leaf, of which there are two Ranks, each of which has four Leaves.
The Stalks or little Branches are likewise composed of other Leaves, and which grow between the Leaves of the Rank above, ought to have two of these seven parts comprising theVolutes.
TheseVolutesbegin within the Stalks, of which, those that are the greatest extend to the Extreme parts of theAnglesof theAbacus; the other are below theRoses.
TheseRoseswhich are in the middle of everyFaceof theAbacus, ought to be as great as theAbacusis thick.
TheOrnamentsof theCorinthian Order, viz. TheArchitrave, theFrise, and theCornice, do not in the least differ from those of theIonick Order. SeeTab. IX.
Of theCompoundOrder.
VITRUVIUShath not spoke of theCompound Order, as of anLib.4.Chap.1.Orderdistinct from theCorinthian, theIonickand theDorick; He only tells us, that sometimes upon theCorinthian Pillarwas placed aCapitalcomposed of several parts, which were taken from theCorinthian, theIonickandDorick Orders.
But a Consequence may be drawn from thence, that theOrderat present called theCompound, might have been in use in the time ofVitruvius, although they then did not make a distinctOrderof it; Since that, ourCompound Orderis not essentially differentfrom theCorinthian, but by itsCapital; and so one may say, that this sole difference of theCapitalought to make it a distinctOrderfrom theCorinthian, since according toVitruvius, theCorinthian Capitalalone, made theCorinthian Order.
The parts that ourCompound Orderborrow from theCorinthian Order, are theAbacus, and the two Ranks of the Leaves ofBranch-Ursin, which it has retained, although theCorinthianhave quitted them for the Leaves of theOlive.
The other part that it takes from theIonick, are theVolutes; which it forms in some manner according to the Model of theVolutesof theCorinthian Order, in bending them even as theAbacus; for they are direct upon theIonick Capital, as well as theAbacus.
TheEchine, or Quarter Round, which it has under theAbacus, it borrows rather from theDorick Order, than from theIonick; because thisEchineis immediately under theAbacus, as it is in theDorick Order,which is not in theIonick, which between theEchineand theAbacus, places theChannelwhich makes theVolute; it may notwithstanding be said, that it imitates theEchineof theIonick Order, in that it is cut withOvesorEggs, which is rarely found in theDorick Capital, but are always in theIonick.
ANABRIDGMENTOF THETEN BOOKSOFARCHITECTURE
Containing the Architecture peculiar to the Ancients.
Of Publick Buildings.
Of Fortresses.
Lib.1.Cap.3.BUildings are eitherPublick, orPrivate; Those that are Publick, appertain either to Security, or Religion, or Publick Convenience. The Fortifications of Citiesare forSecurity, the Temples forReligion, the Market-places, Town-Houses, Theatres, Academies are for thePublick Convenience.
The Disposition and Figures of the Ramparts were so ordered, that the Towers advanced out of the Walls to the end, that when the Enemy approached them, the Besieged which were in the Towers, might fall upon their Flank, both on the Right and the Left.
They took likewise great Care to make the Approaches to the Walls difficult, ordering their Ways so, that they came not directly, but to the Left of the Gate. For by this means, the Besiegers were constrained to present to them that were upon the Walls the Right side, which was not covered with a Buckler.
The Figure of astrongplace ought neither to be Square, nor composed of Angles that advance too far. But the Ancients made them with many Sinuosities or Corners, for Angles that are too far advanc'd, are more advantageous for the Besiegers, than the Besieged.
The thickness of the Wall was so ordered, that two Armed Men might walk by one another upon the Wall without justling.
They made their Walls strong and durable, with sindged Beams of Olive, which bound them and kept them up.
Although there be nothing that makes the Ramparts so strong as Earth, they had not for all that the Custom of making Terrasses, unless it were in some place where some Eminency was so near the Wall, that the Besiegers might easily enter.
To make the Terrasses strong, and to hinder the Earth from pushing down the two Walls that supported it, they made Buttresses or Counter-forts which went from one Wall to another, to the end, that the Earth being divided into many parts, might not have that weight to push the Walls.
Their Towers were round, for those that are square are easily ruin'd by their War-like Engines, and their Battering easily broke down the Corners.
Directly against the Tower, the Wall was cut off within the breadth of the Tower, and the Walls so interrupted were only joyned with Joyces, which were not nailed down; to the end, that if the Enemy made themselves Masters of some part of the Wall, the Besieged might take up this Bridge made of Joists, and hinder their further advance.
Of Temples.
THE second Sort of Publick Fabricks, which are those that belong to Religion are theTemples,Lib.4.Chap.4.which among the Ancients were of two Sorts; some were after theGreek, and some after theTuscanFashion.
TheTemplesafter theTuscanFashion were Square, theGreeksmade them sometimes Round, sometimes Square; in the SquareTemplesof theGreeks, there are three Things to beconsidered,viz.The Parts that compose it, the Proportion of theTemple, and itsAspect.
The Parts of the SquareTemples, were for the most part Five; for they had almost every one of them a Porch before the Temple calledPronaos, and another Porch behind theTemple, calledPosticum, orOpisthedomos, the middle of theTemple, calledCella, orSacos; thePortico’sorIsles, and theGate.
The Porch was a place covered at the Entrance at the greatest part ofTemples, being as broad as the wholeTemple. There were three sorts of them. Some were surrounded with Pillars on three Sides; Others had only Pillars in the Front, the Sides of the Porch being made up by the continuation of the Side-Walls of theTemple; Others were made up at the Sides, partly by Pillars, and partly by the Continuation of the Side-Walls of theTemple.
ThePosticumof theTemplewas equal to the Porch, having likewise a Gate, but all Temples had notPosticums,though almost everyTemplehad itsPronaos, or Porch.
The Middle of theTemple, calledCella, was a place inclosed with four Walls, having no Light but at the Gate, unless it were uncovered, as we shall shew hereafter.
ThePortico’swhich make the Isles, were ranks of Pillars, sometimes single, sometimes double, which stood along the Sides of theTempleon the out-side: someTempleswanted this part.
The Gates of theTempleswere different according to the difference of the Order of the Architecture, according to which theTemplewas built: there was theDorick, theIonick, and theAttick.
The height of theDorickGate was taken by dividing into 3 parts and an half, the space which is from below to the bottom of thePlat-fondof thePortico, whichPlatfondwas calledLacunar: they allow'd 2 to the height of the Gate under theLintel: this height was divided into 12 parts; 5 and an half were taken for thebreadth of the Gate below, for above it was straiter by a 3d. part. A 4th. part, and even an 8th. part of theChambranleorDoor-Case, according to the height of the Gate, which was to be less straitened above, the higher it was. The breadth of theChambranleorDoor-Case, was the 12th. part of the height of the Opening of the Gate.
TheChambranleorDoor-Casegrew straiter and straiter towards the top,viz.the 4th. part of its breadth: it was only edged with aCymatium, with anAstragal.
Upon theCymatiumabove theChambranleorDoor-Case, was aFrisecalledHyperthyron, which had the same breadth with theChambranleorDoor-Case. Upon thisFrisewas placed aDorick Cymatium, with aLesbian Astragal; both of them jetting out very little.
Upon theMoulurestheFlat-Crownwas placed, with its littleCymatium, which jetted out the whole breadth above of theChambranleorDoor-Case, with its Mould.
The height of theIonickGates was taken as those of theDorick; but to have the right breadth, they divided the height into 2 parts and an half: To allow them one and an half below, it was straitned at the top, as theDorickGate was; the breadth of theChambranlewas the 14th. part of the height of the Opening of the Gate; this breadth of theChambranle, orDoor-Case, being divided into 6, one was allowed for theCymatium, the rest being divided into 12, 3 were allowed to the 1st. Face comprising itsAstragal, 4 to the 2d. and 5 to the 3d.
TheFrisewhich is calledHyperthyron, was made with the same Proportions that are in theDorick Order. TheConsolesorShouldering-Pieces, descended directly to the bottom of theChambranleorDoor-Case, without comprizing theFoliageorLeaf-workthat they had at the bottom: The breadth above was the 3d. part of that of theChambranleorDoor-Case, and at the bottom they grew straiter by a 4th. part.
TheAttickwere like theDorick, but theirChambranlesorDoor-Caseshad only aPlat-bandunder theCymatium, and thisPlat-bandorFace, had only the breadth of 2 parts in 7, into which was divided all the rest of theChambranleorDoor-Casewith itsMouldings.
The Proportion of theTempleswas so ordered, that they were twice as long as broad, but it is not to be understood precisely, but only ofTemplesLib. 3.Chap. 3.that were withoutPillars, whose length was divided into 8, and 4 were allowed for the breadth.
TheTempleswhich hadPillarsround about, couldLib. 4.Chap. 4.Lib. 3.Chap. 3.not have this double Proportion; for as much as the length had only the double of the intercolumniations, and by consequence aPillarless than the double of thePillarsbefore and behind.
TheAspectof theTemplessignifies two things inVitruvius,viz.The Disposition of the parts of theTemple, in respect of one another, and the Disposition in respect of the Heavens.
As to what regards the Disposition of theTemplein respect of the Heavens, the Ancients always observed to turn them toward the Sun-rising, if the place were not ill-disposed for it, and that some great Street obliged them to turn it otherwise.
As to what belongs to the Disposition of the parts,viz.of thePorch,Porticum,IslesorOileswithin theTempleand theGates, it was different in theTempleswhich were withoutPillars, and in those which hadPillars.
TheTempleswithoutPillars, were those that were not 20 Foot broad, the length of theseTemplesbeing dividedLib. 4.Chap. 4.into 8, 4 were allowed for the breadth, 5 for the length of theTemplewithin, and 3 for thePorch.
TheTempleswhich hadPillarswere of 8 sorts; The 1st. and the most Simple, was that which was calledAd Antes, because in this sort ofLib. 3.Chap. 1.Temples, there were only 2Pillarsin the Face or Front before, betwixt 2Antes. There was 3 sorts of theseTemples.
The First and the most Simple, had2Pillarsbefore the Face of theTemple, at whose Corners there were 2Antes, and the 2Pillarssupported aPiedementorFronton.
The Second Sort had likewise but 2Pillars, but they were between 2Antesupon the same Line with theAntes; and theseAnteswith the 2Pillars, made up theFaceof thePorchof theTemple.
The Third Sort was, when betwixt 2Pillarswhich were at theFacebefore, which made up thePorch, there were likewise 2 others within thePorch; thesePillarswithin, were not so thick as those without, although they were of an equal height; but to the end they might seem as thick as those without, they made moreChannellings, for the most part 28 or 32, supposing those without had 24; this was done to get more room within thePorch. TheseTempleshad also this particular to themselves, that the Front of thePorchwas closed with Partitions ofMarbleorJoyner’s-Work, which ran from theAnteof one of the Corners to its neighbouringPillar,and from thisAnteto the otherPillar, and from thisPillarto the otherAnte.
The second Sort ofTemples, withPillars, was calledProstyle; which differ'd not from the first, but in this, that besides the 2Pillarsof theTemple,Ad Antes, there were two others directly on the AngularAntes.
The Third Sort was calledAmphiprostyle; because it hadPillarsas well behind as before.
The Fourth Sort was thePeriptere, which in the Front, as well as behind, had 6Pillars, and 12 on every side, counting those of the Corners: the distance which was between thePillarsand theWalls, was equal to that which was between thePillars.
The Fifth, thePseud-diptere, viz.False Diptere, it had 8Pillarsin theFront, and as many behind, and 15 on every side, counting those of the Corners: thePillarswere distant from the Wall, the space of 2 Intercolumniations, and the thickness of aPillar.
The Sixth Sort was theDiptere,which had 8Pillarsbefore and behind, and 2 rows round about.
The Seventh Sort was calledHypethre, because the inner part of theTemplewas uncovered, it had 10Pillarsbefore and behind; and as to the rest, it was like theDiptere, but in this particular to it self, that all about it had two Orders ofPillars, at a little distance from the Wall, to makePortico’s, as in thePeristyles.
The Eighth was calledPseudo-Periptere, orFalse Periptere; for the Disposition of thePillarswas equal to that of thePillarsof thePeriptere: ThisTemplehaving 6Pillarsin theFront, and behind, and 11 in theIslesorWings; but the Disposition of the Walls of theTemplewas different in this, that they extended even to thePillars, which made noPortico, for they were joyned to the Walls, except those of thePorchwhich were insulated, or stood alone like Islands.
The RoundTempleswere of 2 sorts; The first were calledMonopteres, because they had no Walls, having only anIsleorWing; viz.Pillarswhichsupported aCoupe. Their Proportion was, that dividing the wholeTempleinto three, one part was allowed for theStepsupon which thePillarswere placed, which had their height equal to the distance that there was from onePillar, to that which was Diametrically opposite to it.
The Second Sort which was calledPeriptere, hadPillarsupon theirBasisround about theTemple, the space that was between theBasisand theWallwas the 5th. part of the wholeTemple, and the Diameter of theTemplewithin, was equal to the height of thePillar.
TheTemplesafter theTuscanfashion were square, having 5 parts in length and 4 in breadth; thePorchwhich was as great as the rest of theTemple, had 4Pillarsin theFront; the Sides were closed half by the Continuation of the Walls of theTemple, half by 2Angular Pillars; and there were likewise 2Pillarsin the middle of thePorch: TheTemplehad 2Chappelswithin on each Side.
We find that the Ancients had 14Sorts ofTemples, viz. 1. The Temple withoutPillars. 2. The Templead antesSimply. 3. The Templead Antes, with 2Pillarsupon the same Line with theAntes. 4. The Templead antes, withPillarsof an unequal Magnitude. 5. TheProstyle. 6. TheAmphiprostyle. 7. ThePeriptere. 8. ThePseudo-diptere. 9. TheDiptere. 10. TheHypethre. 11. ThePseudo-Periptere. 12. TheMonoptere. 13. TheRound Periptere. 14. TheTuscan. See the Tab.2,3,4.
Of Publick Places, Basilica’s, Theatres, Gates, BathsandAcademies.
THE Third Sort ofPublick Fabricksare those which are Built for the Convenience and Use of allLib. 5.Chap. 1.People; and there are Six Sorts of them, viz.Market-Places,Basilica’s,Theatres,Gates,BathsandAcademies.
TheMarket-Placesamong theGreekswere surrounded with Pillars close one against another. Among theRomans, the Pillars which environed theMarket-Places, had larger Intercolumniations, for they madePeristyles, under which were Shops.
The Proportion of theMarket-Placeswas so ordered, that having divided the length into three parts, they allowed two for the breadth; theBasilica’shad never less breadth than the third part of their length, nor more than the half.
The Pillars were as high as the Isles or Wings were broad, and these Isles or Wings had a third part of the great Vault in the middle.
There was likewise a Second rank of Pillars upon the Wings, which made high Galleries, and these Second rank of Pillars were placed upon aPedestalin the form of a Partition, high enough to hinder those that were in the high Galleries from being seen by those that were below.
At the End of everyBasilica, there was a high and great Hall calledChalcidiques, which were joyned one to another by high Galleries: they served the Spectators while Justice was distributed.
TheTheaterswere composed of three parts,viz.The Steps or Degrees, which were instead of Seats for the Spectators: they were disposed in a Semi-circle, and they closed a void space in the middle and at the bottom of the wholeTheater, which was called theOrchestra.
TheOrchestrawas made in theGræcian Theatre, to Dance the Ballets.Lib. 5.Chap. 6.The Senators were placed in that of theRomans, because the Ballets were Danced upon the Scene.
Above and quite round the StepsLib. 5.Chap. 6.Lib. 5.Chap. 6.or Degrees was aPorticoof Pillars, the Steps being separated by diversPalliersor Landing and Resting places which went round, and by streight passages which went ascending from onePalliereor Landing place to another; so that the ways which led from the secondPalliereto the third, parted betwixt those of the first, and ended betwixt those of the third.The Steps or Degrees were 14 or 15 Inches high, and from 28 to 30 broad.
Under the Degrees, above everyPalliere, there were in the greatTheaters13Chambers, in which were Vessels of Brass, set to several Tunes, or Tones; which by their Echo augmented the Voice of the Players. The Scene or Stage, was composed of thePulpit, theProsceniumand theParascenium. ThePulpitwas the place where the Actors played: it was raised not above five Foot at the most above theOrchestra, orPit.
TheProsceniumwas the Front of the Stage, which was adorned with Pillars of several sorts one above another. These Orders were so proportioned, that the second was a fourth part lesser than the first. The third diminishing according to the same Proportion.
The Front had three Gates, that in the middle which was the greatest was called theRoyal Gate, the two others were called theGates of Strangers.
These three Gates were closedwith Machines, made in a Triangle, and composed of three Fronts or Faces well Painted, to represent BuildingsLib. 5.in Perspective; they served for the changing of the Scenes, when these Machines were turned. And the Paintings represented three sorts of Buildings, which made three sorts of Scenes,viz.TheTragickbyMagnificent Pallaces, theComickbyPrivate Houses, theSatyrical(i. e.thePastoral) byFieldsandGroves.
TheParasceniumorPostsceniumwas the hinder part of theTheater, and the place whither the Actors retired and dressed themselves, and had their Rehearsals, and where the Machines were kept. Near theTheaters, were Publick Walks, in length aStadium, which is about 90Perches. There were Trees planted, and round about it were doublePorticos, which were every one as broad as the Pillars on the out-side were high; for those within were higher by a fifth part, than those without, and they were likewise of a differentOrder; for those without were of theDorick Order,and those within of theIonickorCorinthian.
The Ancients built theirPortsin two manners; at those which wereNatural, they only madePortico’sroundLib. 5.Chap. 13.about withMagazinesandTowersat the Ends, for to shut thePortwith a Chain.
Those which wereArtificial, were built three several ways: The first was to make Partitions of Wood only, without emptying the Water which was within the Partitions, and they cast into the Partitions, Stone and Mortar made withPozzolana, thrown in hand over head; for they were certain that this Mortar wou'd grow dry in the bottom of the Water. The second Way was by making Partitions with ordinary Clay, or fat Earth at the bottom of the Sea, after the Water had been emptied out by Pumps. The third Way was to build a Mole upon the Sea-Coast, and to cast it in when theMason’sWork was sufficiently dry, which only required two Months time. That they might the better throw these Molesinto the Sea, they built them half upon the Sea-Coast, and half upon an heap of Sand which they made close to the Sea-Coast; to the end, that this Sand which was stopped by nothing but by the Walls, built only to support it during the time that the Mole was a drying, might let it fall when the Sea came to carry away the Sand after that the Walls were beaten down.
Lib. 5.Chap. 10.TheBathesof the Ancients consisted of many Chambers; some for Men, and some for Women.
Some of the Chambers had a moderate Heat, to warm their Bodies insensibly, and prepare them for a stronger Heat to make them Sweat.
The Chamber they were to Sweat in, was calledLaconicum, and was round, and Vaulted like the ends of an Oven, pierced at the top with a round Opening, which was opened and shut with a Buckler of Brass, which hung at a Chain, by which means they augmented or diminished the Heat according to the Proportion that they pull'd up, or let down the Buckler.
One and the same Furnace heated both the Air and the Water, according to the Disposition of the places which were nearer or further from the Furnace, whose heat was communicated to the Chambers from under the Flooring, which was made full of little holes.
The Water was likewise diversly tempered by the different situation of three great Vessels of Brass, whose Water went from one into another, and there were Pipes that conveyed these three sorts of Water into theBath.
TheAcademiesof the Ancients, which they calledPalæstra, was a place where the Youth learned Letters and their Exercises. They were composed of three parts,viz.Of aPeristyle, aXyste, and aStadium; thePeristylewas a Court surrounded withPortico’s, which were of two sorts; three of them were Simple, and one Double.
The Simple stood in a row againstthree Bodies of Lodgings, composed of many great Halls, where the Philosophers had their Disputes and Conferences.
The Bodies of the Lodgings, which was the length of the doublePortico, and one part of the Bodies of Lodgings which turned in, were distributed into several parts, for the Studies and Exercises of Youth; for there they had theirClasses, theirBaths, theirStoves, and theirTenis-Court.
TheXystewas a place planted with Trees, and surrounded withPortico’son every side: ThesePortico’swere of two sorts.
There was one double which was set against the Bodies of the Lodgings, to which the doublePorticoof thePeristylewas joyned.
TheSimple Portico’shad two Wings, under theseSimple Portico’sthere were hollow Ways, where they performed their Exercises; the rest of thePorticowas raised to the right and the left, for those that had a mind to Walk while the rest performed their Exercises, in the hollow ways.
The Place which was compassed with these threePortico’s, was planted with Trees, which made Allies, where the Wrestlers exercised in Winter, when it was fair Weather.
TheStadiumwas on the Side of thePeristyleand theXyste. It was an Alley of 90 Perches; on each Side it had many Steps or Degrees, which made a sort of a longTheaterbending in at both ends; these Steps or Degrees were made for the convenience of seeing them that Run.
architecture.
Of Private Buildings.
Of the Courts of Houses.
THE Houses of the Ancients had five sorts of Courts, of which the greatest part were covered round about by the Jettings which supported the Water-ChannelLib. 6.Chap. 3.or Gutter, in which all the Water that fell from the Roof met together.
These Courts made with Jettings, were of four sorts; The first was called theTuscan, this Court was surrounded with a Jettingen auvent, which was laid upon four Beams, supported by other standing Beams placed in the Corners.
The second Sort was calledCorinthian; it had likewise Beams, but they were further from the Walls than in theTuscanCourt, and they were laid upon Pillars.
The third Sort was calledTetrastyle, because the Beams were supported with four Pillars which were in the place of the standing Beams that were made use of in theTuscan Court.
The fourth Sort was called theVaulted; because the Jetting that it had round about, was supported by Vaults.
The fifth Sort ofCourtthat had no Jetting, and which was called theUncovered, had theWater-Gutterdirectly upon the Wall, and was only covered with the Entablature.
Of theVestibulumorEntry.
THE Houses of the Ancients hadGreatandMagnificent Entries, they were sometimes 15 Perches long and 9 broad, and they were supported upon two ranks of Pillars, which made a Wing on each Side, the Proportion of their breadth and length was taken three Ways. The first was, when having divided the length into 5, 3 were allowed for the breadth. The second was, when having divided it into 3, 2 were allowed for the breadth. The third was, when having made an Equilateral Square, the Diagonal of this Square was taken for the length, and the Side for the breadth.
The height was equal to the length, taken from the Pavement below, to the bottom of thePlat-FondsorFlat-Roof, which was hollowed on theother side the Beams, the seventh part of the whole height.
The Proportion that theAlleywhich was in the middle between the Pillars, had with the Wings, was different according to the Magnitude of theVestibuleorEntry, for the greater they were or the lesser, the Wings had a proportionable breadth with theAlleyin the middle; So that if theVestibuleorEntrywas 100 Foot long, the Wings had only for their breadth the 50th. part of the length; and when it was but 30 Foot long, they had only the 3d. part.