[S]As a rule, a tibia shorter than the tarsus characterizes an insect not yet arrived at the adult stage. The generaEriococcusandRhizococcussometimes present exceptions to this rule. See also, above, the genusEriochiton.
[S]As a rule, a tibia shorter than the tarsus characterizes an insect not yet arrived at the adult stage. The generaEriococcusandRhizococcussometimes present exceptions to this rule. See also, above, the genusEriochiton.
Young larva free, active, elongated-oval, flattish; spines as in adult.
Adult male orange-red in colour; length, about1/25in. Antennæ of ten joints. Abdominal spike short, thick, with a curved appendage. Feet normal.
Habitat—OnRubus australis, Riccarton Bush, Canterbury; onKnightia excelsa,Cyathodes acerosa, Wellington.
The very numerous conical spines distinguish this species from that known asAcanthococcus aceris, Signoret, the European species.
There seems to be no sufficient reason why the genusAcanthococcusshould have been separated fromEriococcus, and they have been here reunited. The only difference mentioned by Signoret is the colour and texture of the sac, an unimportant character in this case.
57.Eriococcus pallidus, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29.
(Plate XV., Fig. 2.)
Sac of adult female yellowish-white, elongated-oval, convex, closed at both ends. Length, about1/9in.
Sac of male unknown.
Adult female greenish-grey, turning to brown after gestation; filling the sac; shrivelling at gestation. Anal tubercles rather large and conspicuous. Anogenital ring small, with eight (sometimes six?) fine short hairs. Antennæ of six joints. Feet normal, slender; lower digitules narrow and rather long. Body segmented; segments not very distinct. On the middle of each segment a transverse row of small slender conical spines not set closely together. Very many small scattered oval spinneret orifices.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat—OnMyoporum lætum(ngaio),Elæocarpus dentatus(hinau), &c.; throughout the Islands.
Allied toE. buxi, Signoret (European), andE. multispinus, ante: but different from both in colour, in the arrangement of the spines and spinnerets, and in the form of the antennæ.
Genus:RHIZOCOCCUS, Signoret.
Adult females naked, usually stationary; body segmented; anal tubercles conspicuous. Antennæ of six or seven joints. Feet present. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with fine hairs.
Male pupa enclosed in a cottony sac.
Mr. Comstock proposes (Ann. Rept. of Entom., U.S. Agric. Dept., 1881, p. 339, note) to include in this genus all the species ofEriococcus. The organic difference disclosed by the formation of a sac in that genus and the absence of a sac inRhizococcusseems to render the separation of the two necessary.
58.Rhizococcus celmisiæ, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 135.
(Plate XVI., Fig. 1.)
Adult female deep red in colour, elongated-oval, convex above and flattened below; length about1/11in. The segments of the body are not very distinct. The abdomen ends in two large and conspicuous anal tubercles, each of which bears one strong and fairly long terminal seta and three other spines. The anal ring has eight hairs. Antennæ of six joints, sometimes looking like seven. Mentum doubtfully dimerous. The four digitules of the foot are long fine hairs. The tibia is a little shorter than the tarsus.[T]The trochanter bears one long hair and two short ones. A few large conical spines (spinnerets) are scattered over the body, and a row of smaller ones, like hairs with tubercular bases, runs transversely on each segment; also some circular spinnerets. At the edge of the body, all round, is a row of the large conical spines, which are set in groups of three on the posterior segments, of four or five on the median segments, and almost continuous on the head. When the insect is alive these spines are often agglutinated with cottony secretion so as to give the appearance of a short fringe. The four spiracles are somewhat large and circular.
[T]See note, above, underEriococcus multispinus.
[T]See note, above, underEriococcus multispinus.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat—OnCelmisiasp., Southern Alps, Canterbury.
Differs from the EuropeanR. gnidiiin size, colour, and habitat, that species living on the roots of grass, while the New Zealand insect is arboreal. There are also differences in the foot and in the arrangement of the spines and hairs.
It is possible that this insect may, in its latest stage, construct a sac: in that case, it would belong toEriococcus.
59.Rhizococcus fossor, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 136.
(Plate XVI., Fig. 2.)
Female naked in all stages, but the adult usually buried in a pit.
Male pupa enclosed in a white, elongated, cottony sac, which is about1/20in. long.
Adult female greenish-yellow in colour, sometimes brown, stationary; sometimes resting on the leaf, usually partly enclosed in a circular pit; almost circular in outline, flat beneath and slightly convex above; length, about1/15in. In the last stage, after gestation, it becomes dark-brown. The cephalic part is smooth; the remainder segmented. The abdomen ends in two very small anal tubercles, which are nevertheless somewhat conspicuous on account of their brown colour. Between them there protrudes a long thick pencil of white cotton. Antennæ short, with six joints, the last joint bearing several long hairs. Feet very small; the femur rather thick; the tibia is shorter than the tarsus by about one-third; the four digitules are long fine hairs. The anal tubercles have not terminal setæ; anal ring inconspicuous. A row of a few conical spines, set far apart, runs round the edge of the body, but none elsewhere, nor any circular spinnerets. There is no sign of a sac in any stage.
Female of the second stage oval, flatter than the adult, and of a rich golden colour; length, about1/40in. The segments of the body are somewhat more distinct than in the adult. The anal tubercles are proportionately larger, and bear terminal setæ. Antennæ longer than in the adult, with six joints. Feet also longer. All round the edge runs a row of conical spines, set more closely than in the adult; and from each of these springs a long curly tube of white cotton, making a kind of fringe to the body; each tube is a little dilated at the end, and then tapers to a narrow point. The base of each conical spine is a somewhat large tubercle.
Young larva free, active, elongated, slightly convex, tapering to the anal extremity; colour yellow; length, about1/60in. Antennæ as in adult, with six joints. Feet somewhat large. Anal tubercles thick, conspicuous, setiferous, with one short hair. On the edge of the body a row of conical spines set far apart, and on the dorsum four other longitudinal rows.
Adult male red in colour, about1/30in. long. Antennæ of nine joints, all bearing hairs; the last joint nearly globular. Feet slender; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike short, thick, with sometimes a curved appendage. A rather strong seta on each side of the base of the spike.
As a rule, the adult female is nearly buried in a circular depression, or pit, formed in the leaf, and with the wall of the pit somewhat curled over it. On the other side of the leaf is a corresponding elevation, of a brown colour. Diameter of pit, about1/18in. The abdominal pencil of cotton and the anal tubercles of the female usually protrude at the edge of the pit, probably to attract the male. After gestation, the female disappears within the pit, and the young larvæ are also sheltered in it for a while.
Sometimes two females inhabit the same pit.
The females which are not in pits are generally of a dark-red, or brown, colour.
Habitat—OnSantalum Cunninghamii(maire), Te Aute, Hawke's Bay.
A very distinct species, easily distinguishable by the pits on the leaves.
Subdivision II.—DACTYLOPIDÆ.
The "Mealy-bugs."
Female insects active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy, cottony, or waxy secretion. Body segmented. Antennæ of from six to nine joints. Feet present. Anogenital ring large, usually conspicuous, with several long hairs. Anal tubercles small, inconspicuous.
Males of general form of the family. Eyes sometimes facetted, usually granular.
Genus:DACTYLOPIUS, Costa.
Adult females having antennæ of eight joints; anogenital ring with six hairs. Naked, or more usually covered with mealy or cottony secretion.
Male pupa enclosed in cottony sac.
60.Dactylopius alpinus, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 138.
(Plate XVII., Fig. 1.)
Adult female dark-purple in colour, producing a rich red tint in alcohol; body segmented, convex, slightly elongated, stationary; enclosed in a thick mass of white cottony secretion. Length, about1/7in. Internal substance very oily. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, thick, with broad bases. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs. Feet normal; upper digitules long fine hairs; lower digitules somewhat broader. Antennæ of eight joints. On the dorsum a number of tubular projecting spinnerets, and others circular. On each of the last three abdominal segments a row of large conical spines.
Female of second stage dark-brown, active, elongated, segmented, flatter than the adult; length, about1/20in. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, setiferous. A few conical spines on the posterior segments. Antennæ of six joints. A thin mealy secretion on the body.
Young larva dark-brown, naked, active, elongated, segmented; length, about1/40in. Antennæ of six joints. Anal tubercles thick, broad, and more conspicuous than in the adult. A few small spines on the dorsum.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat—On Veronica sp., Upper Waimakariri Valley, Southern Alps.
A species easily distinguished by its cottony sac, its rich colour in alcohol, and its conical spines. It would seem to be intermediate betweenRhizococcusandDactylopius.
61.Dactylopius calceolariæ, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 218; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 138.
(Plate XVII., Fig. 2.)
Adult female dull-pink in colour, elongated, distinctly segmented, slightly convex; active; covered with thin mealy secretion; length variable, from1/8in. to1/4in. Very short cottony appendages sometimes along the edge of the body. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, bearing fine hairs, from which spring two long cottony filaments. Anogenital ring large, with six long hairs which are often glued together by white cotton, forming a pencil between the anal tubercles. Interior substance very oily. Antennæ of eight joints, each bearing hairs. Mentum triarticulate, with a few hairs at the tip. Feet normal.
Female of second stage similar, but smaller. Antennæ of six joints. Anal tubercles somewhat more conspicuous than in the adult.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat—OnCalceolaria, Christchurch;Danthonia, Stewart Island;Phormium tenax, Christchurch.
The large size, and the absence of long cottony marginal appendages, distinguish this species from the EuropeanD. adonidum.
62.Dactylopius glaucus, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 219; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 30.
(Plate XVII., Fig. 3.)
Adult female green, sometimes brownish-red, elongated, distinctly segmented, slightly convex; active; covered with thin mealy secretion. Length, averaging1/14in. Body oval, tapering somewhat to the posterior extremity. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, each bearing fine hairs and a long cottony filament. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs often forming with cotton a protruding pencil. A few cottony appendages sometimesround the edge of the body, often absent. Antennæ of eight joints, each bearing hairs. Feet normal; lower digitules rather broad.
Sac of male pupa narrow, cylindrical, white, cottony, open at the posterior end. Length, about1/8in.
Adult male about1/20in. long; brown, covered when newly hatched with white meal. Body rather thick; abdominal spike short. Antennæ of ten joints, hairy; the last eight joints equal to each other. Feet slender, hairy; upper digitules long, fine; lower digitules short.
Habitat—OnPanax,Rubus,Coprosma,Pittosporum,Piper excelsum, &c.; throughout the Islands: also frequently on fruit-trees.
A species more nearly resembling the ordinary "mealy bug,"D. adonidum, than any other in New Zealand; but differing in colour, in the absence of long marginal appendages, and in the form of the foot and antennæ.
63.Dactylopius poæ, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 220.
(Plate XVIII., Fig. 1.)
Adult female pink, covered with thin white meal; slightly elongated, sometimes globular; flat beneath, convex above; segmented, the segments indistinct. Length reaching about1/10in. Antennæ of eight joints, very short. Feet normal, very short; upper digitules short, lower digitules absent (?). Anal tubercles extremely small and inconspicuous; each has three conical spines, but no hairs. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs. On the dorsum are numbers of small circular spinnerets.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat—On the common tussock grass,Poa anceps (australis?), Mount Grey Downs and Port Hills, Canterbury; either just above the ground, or more often an inch or two below the surface.
A species clearly distinct in form and habit.
Genus:PSEUDOCOCCUS, Westwood.
Adult females covered with cottony secretion; stationary; antennæ of nine joints; anogenital ring conspicuous, with six hairs; upper digitules of the foot absent.
64.Pseudococcus asteliæ, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 139.
(Plate XVIII., Fig. 2.)
Adult female about1/10in. long, yellowish-brown, covered with a not very abundant white cotton; segmented; anal tubercles inconspicuous; anal ring with six hairs. Antennæ with nine joints, of which the third, fourth, and fifth are the longest; the second, sixth, and ninth a little shorter; the first, seventh, and eighth the shortest. The fourth, fifth, and sixth are the narrowest, the two ends of the antennæ being thicker than the middle. The eighth joint is a little expanded at the tip; and the ninth is fusiform, with a shallow depression at the extremity. All the joints have a few long hairs, and on the eighth is one a good deal stronger than the others. The legs have the tibiæ twice as long as the tarsus; the claw is slender, and has no tooth on the inner edge. There are only two digitules (the lower pair), which are long and fine. The trochanter bears one short bristle. The whole leg is slender and long. The eyes are tubercular and smooth, showing after maceration in potash a small dark terminal spot. The body is covered with a number of spinnerets of two kinds: those with simple concentric circles are the largest, and are found all over the integument; the others are multilocular, and are placed in groups at the edges of the segments and also in great numbers at the cephalic and abdominal extremities. Interspersed with these spinnerets are several hairs, mostly very short, but on the head are some pretty long. From the anal tubercles spring two strong setæ with tubercular bases, not very long. The mentum is dimerous, and bears a few hairs on the tip. In the groups of spinnerets at the edges of the segments are found a few small conical spines. The four spiracles are small and simple.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat—OnAsteliasp., in forests, Hawke's Bay.
Allied toP. Mespili, Geoffroy; but differs in the antennæ, feet, and spinnerets.
Subdivision III.—COCCIDÆ.
Adult females active, covered with mealy secretion; antennæ of seven joints; no hairs on anogenital ring. Eyes of male not facetted.
This subdivision, which includes the single genusCoccus, of which there would seem to be not more than one distinct species—Coccus cacti(the cochineal insect)—and two or three varieties, has not yet any representatives in New Zealand.
Subdivision IV.—MONOPHLEBIDÆ.
Adult females active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy, cottony, or waxy secretion; segmented; antennæ of ten or eleven joints; anterior pair of feet similar to the rest; anogenital ring without hairs; anal tubercles inconspicuous.
Males with facetted eyes and no ocelli.
Strictly speaking, the wings of the males of this group should, according to its name, present only a single nervure. This, however, is not the case, or, rather, it should be said that the nervure is precisely similar to that of all other Coccids, branching once, so that it cannot form a distinctive character. Possibly the name ofMonophlebuswas originally given by Leach to an abnormal or imperfect specimen.
Genus:ICERYA, Signoret.
Adult females having antennæ of eleven joints; covered with thin mealy secretion or with cotton; stationary; with or without ovisac. Rostrum and mentum present. Segmentation inconspicuous.
Adult males without tassels on the abdomen; antennæ with two dilations on each joint.
Two species only of this genus are at present known, the one described below and another,I. sacchari, infesting sugar-canes in Mauritius. The male of the latter is unknown. Possibly researches in Australia might result in the discovery of others.
65.Icerya Purchasi, Maskell.
N. Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 221; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 140; p. 140; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 30; Vol. XIX., 1886, p. 45.
The "Cottony-cushion Scale."
(Plate XIX.)
Adult female dark reddish-brown, covered with a thin powdery secretion of yellowish meal, and with slender glassy filaments; stationary at gestation, and gradually raising itself on its head, lifting the posterior extremity until nearly perpendicular, filling the space beneath it with thick white cotton, which gradually extends for some distance behind it in an elongated,white ovisac, longitudinally corrugated; ovisac often much longer than the insect, and becoming filled with oval red eggs. Length of female, about1/5in., reaching sometimes nearly1/3in. Body previous to gestation lying flat on the plant, the edge slightly turned up; on the dorsum a longitudinal raised ridge, forming one or more prominences. Insect covered all over with numerous minute fine hairs, most thickly on the thoracic region; round the edge these hairs are longer, and are arranged in tufts somewhat closely set; the tufts are black, and contain from twenty to thirty hairs in each. Amongst the hairs in the tufts are several protruding tubular spinnerets, having on the outer end a kind of multiglobular ring or crown; from these proceed cylindrical, glassy, straight tubes as long as the tufts of hair. Long, fine, glassy, delicate filaments, as long as the body of the insect, radiate from the edge all round; but these, being very fragile, are often irregular, or absent. During gestation thick, short, cottony processes form at the edge of the thorax, seemingly attached to the feet. Antennæ of eleven joints, very slightly tapering; each joint bearing hairs. Feet normal, somewhat thick. Rostrum not long; mentum triarticulate. Procreation commencing soon after the first formation of the ovisac, the eggs being ejected into the sac as it grows; ovisac at completion containing sometimes as many as 350 eggs; ovisac convex above, sometimes irregularly split, more often nearly conical, divided by several regular longitudinal grooves or ribs.
Female of second stage dark-red, elongated, slightly convex, active, covered with thin meal, or short curly cotton. Body hairy with marginal tufts and spinnerets, as in adult. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, but the abdomen exhibits three small lobes on each side, from which spring six short setæ. Antennæ of nine nearly equal joints, hairy. Feet normal, thick. Several radiating, fine cottony filaments. Length of insect variable, from1/10in. to1/6in. The dorsum exhibits the longitudinal raised ridge, but less conspicuously than in the adult.
Young larva, about1/24in. long, dark-red, elongated, flattish, active; covered with yellow cottony down. Antennæ of six joints, hairy; the last joint is much the largest, clavate, apparently four-ringed, bearing four long hairs. Feet slender; digitules short, fine hairs. Eyes prominent, tubercular. Mentum biarticulate. Anal tubercles represented by three small processes at each side of the abdominal extremity, each processbearing a very long seta. Six longitudinal rows of circular multilocular spinnerets, four on the dorsum and one on each edge. Alternating with these are rows of hairs with tubercular bases.
Adult male large, the length slightly varying; some specimens reach1/8in.; expanse of wings,1/4in.; length of antennæ, about1/8in. Body red, with a shining, diamond-shaped, black patch on the dorsal surface of the thorax; legs and antennæ black. Wings dark-brown with (in some lights) a bluish tinge, marked with oblique, narrow, wavy stripes; main nervure red, branching once; there are also two longitudinal, whitish, narrow bands.[U]Antennæ very long and slender, with ten joints, which may easily be taken for nineteen, for, after the first which is short, round, and simple, all the other nine have two dilated portions with a constriction in the middle, and on each dilation is a ring of very long hairs, giving the antenna a feathery appearance.[V]Eyes very large and prominent, almost pedunculated, brown, divided into numerous semi-globular facets. Feet long and very hairy; coxæ short and thick, tibiæ long and slender, claw thin; upper digitules absent, lower pair only short bristles. Abdomen slender, segments somewhat distinct; on each segment some hairs; the last segment ends in two thick, conspicuous, cylindrical processes, which, in side view, are seen to incline upwards, and beneath them is the short, conical spike sheathing the penis. Penis red, longish, tubular, and thick, with many recurved short hairs, and at the end a ring of short spines. Each of the two processes on the last segment bears three or four long setæ, but there do not appear to be any of the long cottony appendages seen in the males of most Coccids.
[U]Signoret (Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1875), under the genusMonophlebus, speaks of "les plis hyalins" as existing also in the wings of the males of that genus.
[U]Signoret (Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1875), under the genusMonophlebus, speaks of "les plis hyalins" as existing also in the wings of the males of that genus.
[V]Misled by similar appearances, Burmeister and Westwood assign twenty-five joints to the male antenna ofLeachia fuscipennis.
[V]Misled by similar appearances, Burmeister and Westwood assign twenty-five joints to the male antenna ofLeachia fuscipennis.
Habitat—On wattle, pine, orange, lemon, cypress, rose, gorse, grass, and, in fact, on almost every kind of native and introduced plants, Nelson, Hawke's Bay, Auckland. It will probably appear also elsewhere, but the climate of Canterbury and Otago may prove too cold in winter for it.
Allied toI. sacchari, Guérin, which damages sugar-canes in Mauritius; but differing in the formation of the ovisac, thepresence of the marginal tufts and spinneret tubes in the female, and in other particulars. The male ofI. saccharihas not been described. The male ofI. Purchasiis probably quite distinct.
This species is supposed to have come originally from Australia. It has been very injurious to orange and lemon trees at the Cape of Good Hope and in California. In Auckland it has destroyed whole orchards of the same trees, and in Nelson and Hawke's Bay it is a dreadful pest on all kinds of plants.
Tree-growers should especially beware of this insect, and the best plan to adopt would be to burn at once any tree found infested with it.
Genus:CŒLOSTOMA, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1889, p. 294.
Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; segmented; naked, active; at gestation becoming stationary and enclosed in a thick mass of white cottony secretion. Anal tubercles absent or inconspicuous. Rostrum and mentum absent in the adult female.
Males with prominent, facetted eyes; ocelli absent. Abdomen without tassels.
In one New Zealand species the female in the second stage is stationary, enclosed in a thick, hard mass of waxy secretion, of which some account is given in Chap. III. The other species included in this work inhabits a remote and scarcely visited district, and the female has not hitherto been found; it is not possible therefore to include the excretion of wax and the stationary position amongst the generic characters at present.
This genus is allied toPorphyrophora, Brandt, and toMonophlebus, Leach; differing from the former by the presence of an œsophagal orifice, and from the latter by the absence of tassels on the abdomen of the male. In the genusOrtonia, Signoret, the female possesses a rostrum and mentum.
66.Cœlostoma zealandicum, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 294; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 226; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 141.
(Plate XX.;Plate XXI., Fig. 1.)
Adult female brick-red, elongated, distinctly segmented, convex; length about1/2in.; before gestation active, naked orcovered with thin meal; during gestation stationary, enclosed in a thick mass of white cotton. Antennæ of eleven joints, tapering to the tip; the joints all nearly equal, and bearing several hairs. Feet black, short, strong; all the pairs placed somewhat forward; digitules absent, a short seta at the base of the claw; on the inner edge of the tibia and tarsus a fringe of strong hairs; on the trochanter a long hair. Rostrum and mentum absent; mouth represented by a minute orifice between the second pair of feet. Eyes very minute, tubercular, projecting, placed behind the antennæ. Anal tubercles absent; anogenital opening small, elliptical, simple, hairless. Body flattish beneath, more convex above; segments distinct, generally smooth, sometimes bearing hard projecting callosities. Skin covered with minute hairs interspersed with circular spinnerets.
Female of second stage deep-red in colour, nearly globular, very indistinctly segmented; stationary, enclosed in a thick, hard solid test of yellow wax; tests attaining sometimes the size of a large pea; enclosed insect averaging1/5in. in length. Insect filling the test; skin smooth, very thin; general appearance like a hard, round, smooth ball. Anal tubercles absent; anogenital ring small, simple, hairless: from this ring springs often a tuft of short white cotton, and a long white cottony seta protruding through an orifice in the test. Rostrum and mentum present, very small; mentum triarticulate, with a few hairs at the tip. Antennæ very short, of eight joints, conical, tapering to the tip, hairy. Feet atrophied, bloated-looking, apparently only consisting of a very short femur, tibia, and tarsus; digitules two, very small. Skin covered with a great number of circular spinnerets of two sizes, the larger ones simple, the smaller multilocular. Tracheæ very large; spiracular orifices containing brown tubes with beaded extremities on the inner end. Anal extremity dark-brown, the anal ring in the centre; spinnerets here very numerous, converging towards the anus. Insect in this stage emitting a strong, persistent, and fetid odour.
Young larva brick-red, elongated, active, naked; length, about1/24in. Antennæ of six joints, hairy; last joint the largest, clavate. Eyes and feet as in adult, but there is no fringe on the tibia and tarsus. Rostrum and mentum large, conspicuous. Skin covered with circular spinnerets and minute hairs; the spinnerets are most numerous on the abdomen. Anogenitalring apparently folded. At the extremity of the abdomen two long hairs springing from quadrate tubercular bases which represent the anal tubercles.
Adult male red or purplish in colour, wings bluish-purple with red nervures; length, about1/5in.; width across expanded wings, about1/2in. Eyes large, prominent, facetted. Antennæ of ten joints, each joint bearing many hairs. Feet long, slender, with somewhat large trochanter; on the tibia and tarsus a fringe of hairs as in the female. Upper digitules two long fine hairs; lower digitules absent. The nervure of the wings branches twice at least. Haltere large, inflated, sac-like; bearing four curling setæ. Abdomen distinctly segmented, each segment bearing many fine short hairs and several small circular marks. Abdominal spike short, broad, bivalvular; penis protruding as a long soft white tube covered with minute recurved hairs.
Habitat—For the adult female and larva the trunks of trees and shrubs in forests, or rocks and bushes in open country, Otago, Nelson, Canterbury, Wellington. For the second stage the stems and roots ofMuhlenbeckia adspersa (complexa?); Sumner Road, Lyttelton; Evans Bay, Wellington:Rhipogonum scandens(supplejack); Riccarton Bush, Canterbury; Nelson; Wellington. OnMuhlenbeckiathe waxy tests are often largest and most numerous underground. Male insects sometimes found clustering, attached to females.
This is a very large and peculiar species, its transformations and changes of secretion being abnormal. It cannot be said to be greatly harmful; but the odour of the second stage is unpleasant.
67.Cœlostoma wairoense, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 141.
(Plate XXI., Fig. 2.)
Adult female, female of second stage, and larva unknown.
Adult male very nearly resembling that ofC. zealandicum; body red or purplish, wings blue with red nervures. Length of body, about1/6in. Eyes prominent, facetted. Antennæ of ten joints, slender, with fine hairs. Feet as inC. zealandicum, but with fewer hairs. Digitules twenty-four, all springing from the claw, none from the tarsus. Haltere, abdominal spike,penis, and abdomen as inC. zealandicum; but the circular marks on the segments in this species are multilocular.
Male pupa bright-red, enclosed in a cylindrical sac of white cotton. Pupæ occurring in numerous colonies.
Habitat—OnPhormium tenax,Leptospermum scoparium(manuka), Northern Wairoa, Auckland.
The female of this species will, when found, probably nearly resemble that ofC. zealandicum: at present the great number of digitules on the foot of the male sufficiently distinguish it.
INDEX OF PLANTS AND THE COCCIDIDÆ ATTACKING THEM.
This list is of course only approximate, as insects may at any time be found on other trees than those given.
Icerya Purchasiis omnivorous, and it has not been thought necessary to repeat it here against every plant in the list; but it has been set against some.
The adult female ofCœlostoma zælandicummay also be found wandering over numbers of native trees in forests.
In hothouses and greenhouses all sorts of plants are liable to attack.
INDEX OF GROUPS, SUBDIVISIONS, GENERA, AND SPECIES INCLUDED IN THIS WORK.
Names in italicsare synonyms. * Signifies that the insect has not yet been found in New Zealand.
PageAcanthococcidæ,88,91Acanthococcus,95multispinus,94Aclerda*,63Antonina*,88Aonidia*,39Aspidiotus,39,40atherospermæ,40aurantii,42Bouchei,44budlæiæ,40camelliæ,41carpodeti,42citri,42coccineus (the orange-scale),42conchiformis,51dysoxyli,43epidendri,44falciformis,51juglandis,51nerii,44pomorum,51pyrus-malus,51rosæ,47sophoræ,45Asterolecanium*,64,87,91quercicola*,92Boisduvalia*,89Callipappus*,90Calymnatus hesperidum,80Calypticus hesperidum,80Capulinia*,89Carteria*,62Ceroplastes*,62Chermes epidendri,44filicum,80hibernaculorum,81oleæ,82Chionaspis,39,54citri,54dubia,54dysoxyli,55euonymi,54minor,56Coccidæ,89,103Coccidinæ,38,88Coccus* (the cochineal-insect),89hesperidum,80Cœlostoma,90,107wairoense,109zælandicum,107Cryptokermitidæ,87Ctenochiton,62,65depressus,66elæocarpi,67elongatus,68flavus,68fuscus,70hymenantheræ,71perforatus,72piperis,73spinosus,86viridis,74Dactylopidæ(the "mealy-bugs"),89Dactylopius,89alpinus,99calceolariæ,100glaucus,100poæ,101Diaspidinæ,37,39Diaspis,39,45Boisduvalii,46Bouchei,44gigas,58rosæ,47santali,47Drosicha*,90Ericerus*,62Eriochiton,63,84hispidus,84spinosus,86Eriococcus,88,92araucariæ,93hoheriæ,93multispinus,94pallidus,95Eriopeltis*,63Fairmairia*,62Fiorinia,39,57asteliæ,58grossulariæ,59minima,59stricta,60Gossyparia*,88Guerinia*,90Hemicoccidinæ,38,87Icerya,90,104Purchasi (the cottony-cushion scale),104sacchari*,106Inglisia,62,75leptospermi,75ornata,76patella,78Kermes*,87camelliæ,41Kermitidæ*,87Leachia*,90Lecanidæ,63,79Lecanidinæ,38,62Lecanium,63,79depressum,79hemisphæricum,80hesperidum (the holly and ivy scale),80hibernaculorum,81maculatum,81mori,82oleæ (the "black scale"),82Lecanochiton,62,64metrosideri,64Lecanococcidæ,63,84Lecanodiaspidæ,62,63Lecanodiaspis*,63,64Lecanopsis*,63Leucaspis*,39Lichtensia*,63Llaveia*,90Margarodes*,91Monophlebidæ,90,104Monophlebus*,90Mytilaspis,39,48cordylinidis,48drimydis,49epiphytidis,49leptospermi,50metrosideri,50phymatodidis,51pomicorticis,52pomorum (the apple-scale),51,52pyriformis,53Nidularia*,88Orthezia*,89Ortonia*,90Parlatoria*,39Philippia*,63Physokermes*,63Planchonia,64,88,91epacridis,91Poliaspis,39,56media,57Pollinia*,64,87Porphyrophora*,91Porphyrophoridæ*,91Pseudococcus,89,101asteliæ,102Pulvinaria,63,83camellicola,83Puto*,89Rhizococcus,88,96araucariæ,93celmisiæ,96fossor,97Ripersia*,89Signoretia*,63Targionia*,39Uhleria,57gigas,58Vinsonia*,62Walkeriana*,90Westwoodia*,89