Fig. 388. Honiton Guipure.
Fig. 388. Honiton Guipure.
Fig. 388. Honiton Guipure.
Honiton Guipure.Lace was made in Devonshire, as well as in other parts of England, of silk and coarse thread until 1567, when the fine thread now used was introduced, it is said, by Flemings, who had escaped from the persecutions of the Duke of Alva. (SeeOld Devonshire.) Honiton lace owes its great reputation to the sprigs made separately on a pillow, and afterwards either worked in with the beautiful pillow net or sewn on it. This net was made of the finest thread from Antwerp, the price of which in 1790 was 70l.per pound. (SeeMechlin Lace, 18th century.) Heathcoat’s invention, however, dealt a fatal blow to the trade of the net-makers, and since then Honiton lace is usually made by uniting the sprigs on a pillow, or joining them with a needle by various stitches, as shown in the engraving.
Honour, Legion of. Instituted 3rd June, 1802, by Napoleon I. as first consul.
Hoodman-blind.Old English forBlindman’s Buff(q.v.).
Hoods(A.S.Hod) were probably introduced by the Normans. They are constantly represented, with great variation of fashion, in illustrations of the 11th to 18th century, as a part of the costume of both sexes. They were finally displaced by caps and bonnets in the reign of George II. (SeeChaperon,Cowl.)
Hoops, in ladies’ dress, were introduced in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, displacing theFARTHINGALE; and were finally abandoned in that of George III.
Hop-harlot, O. E. A very coarse coverlet for beds.
Horatia Pila, R. A pillar erected at the west extremity of the Roman forum to receive the trophy of the spoils of the three Curiatii brought back by Horatius.
Horns.A portion of a lady’s head-dress, mentioned in the 13th century. They appear to have been formed by the foldings of thegorgetorwimple, and a disposition of the hair on each side of the head into the form of rams’ horns. For the horned head-dress of the 15th century, see the illustration toCoronet.
Horologium.(1)Sundialspreceded all other instruments for the measurement of time. Thegnomonorstocheionof theGreekswas a perpendicular staff or pillar, the shadow of which fell upon a properly marked ground; thepolosorheliotropionconsisted of a perpendicular staff, in a basin in which the twelve parts of the day were marked by lines. (2) Theclepsydrawas a hollow globe, with a short neck, and holes in the bottom; it measured time by the escape of water, and was at first used like an hour-glass to regulate the length of speeches in the Athenian courts. The escape of water was stopped by inserting a stopper in the mouth, when the speaker was interrupted. Smallerclepsydratamade of glass and marked with the hours were used in families. A precisely similar history applies to thehorologiaofRome.
Horreum(dimin.horreolum), R. (1) Literally, a place in which ripe fruits were kept; a granary, or storehouse for grain;horreum publicumwas the public granary. (2) Any storehouse or depôt;horrea subterranea, cellars. (3) It was applied to places in whichworks of artwere kept, and Seneca calls his library ahorreum.
Horse.In Christian art, the emblem of courage and generosity; attribute of St. Martin, St. Maurice, St. George, and others. The Chinese have asacred horse, which is affirmed to have appeared from a river to the philosopher Fou-hi, bearing instruction in eight diagrams of the characters proper to express certain abstract ideas.
Horse-shoe, Arch. A form of the stilted arch elevated beyond half the diameter of the curve on which it is described. (SeeArch.)
Hortus(dimin.hortulus), R. A pleasure-garden, park, and thence a kitchen garden;horti pensileswere hanging gardens. The most striking features of a Roman garden were lines of large trees planted in regular order; alleys or walks (ambulationes) formed by closely clipped hedges of box, yew, cypress, and other ever greens; beds of acanthus, rows of fruit-trees especially of vines, with statues, pyramids, fountains, and summer-houses (diætæ). The Romans were fond of the art of cutting and twisting trees, especially box, into figures of animals, ships, &c. (ars topiaria). The principal garden-flowers seem to have been violets and roses, and they had also the crocus, narcissus, lily, gladiolus, iris, poppy, amaranth, and others. Conservatories and hot-houses are frequently mentioned by Martial. An ornamental garden was also calledviridarium, and the gardenertopiariusorviridarius. The common name for a gardener isvillicusorcultor hortorum. (ConsultSmith’s Dict. of Ant.)
Hospitium, R. (hospes, a guest). A general term to denote any place in which a traveller finds shelter, board, and lodging. [The word had a very wide meaning ofhospitality, regulated in all its details by the religious and social and politic sentiments of the nations.]
Hostia, R. (hostio, to strike). A victim offered in sacrifice.
Hot Cockles, O. E. A game common in the Middle Ages.
Hot-houses, O. E. The name for Turkish baths; 16th century.
Houppeland, O. E. A very full loose upper garment with large hanging sleeves; 14th century. It was probably introduced from Spain, and was something like a cassock.
House.(SeeDomus.)
Houseling Bread, O. E., Chr. (SeeSinging-Bread,Howsling Bell.)
HousiaorHousse, O. E. An outer garment, combining cloak and tunic; a tabard.
Howsling Bell, O. E. The bell which was rung before the Holy Eucharist, when taken to the sick.
Howve(Saxon, from the old Germanhoojd). A hood. A common phrase quoted by Chaucer, “to set a man’showve,” is the same as to “set his cap,”caphim or cheat him.
Huacos.(SeeGuacas.)
HuircasorPinchas, Peruv. Subterranean aqueducts of the ancient Peruvians, distinct from thebarecacor open conduits.
HullingsorHullyng. Old English name for hangings for a hall, &c.
Humatio, R. (humo, to bury). The act of burying, and thence any mode of interment whatever.
Hume’s Permanent White.Sulphate of Barytes(q.v.).
Humerale.(SeeAnabologium,Amice.)
Humettée, Her. Cut short at the extremities.
Fig. 389. Hunting Flask of Jaspered Ware, 1554–1556. Louvre Museum.
Fig. 389. Hunting Flask of Jaspered Ware, 1554–1556. Louvre Museum.
Fig. 389. Hunting Flask of Jaspered Ware, 1554–1556. Louvre Museum.
Hunting Flask.M. Jacquemart thinks that that represented in Fig.389may be reasonably attributed to Palissy. It is glazed in green, and diapered with little flames of a deeper shade. Upon the body, in relief, is the escutcheon of the celebrated Anne de Montmorency, round it the collar of St. Michael, and on each side the Constable’s sword supported by a mailed arm and the motto of his house, “A Planos” (unwavering). A mask of Italian style and rayonnated suns complete the decoration of this curious sealed earthenware.
Hurst, Her. A clump of trees.
Hurte, Her. A blue roundle.
Hutch, O. E. (Fr.huche). A locker, which generally stood at the foot of the bed, to contain clothes and objects of value. It was commonly used for a seat.
Huvette, Fr. A close steel skull-cap.
Hyacinth.(1) A precious stone of a violet colour. (2) The colour formed of red with blue, blue predominating. (3) The flower hyacinth among the ancient Greeks was the emblem of death.
Hyacinthia, Gr. A national festival, celebrated annually at Amyclæ by the Amyclæans and Spartans, in honour of the hero Hyacinthus, who was accidentally killed by Apollo with a quoit.
Hyalotype(ὕαλος, glass, andτυπεῖν, to print). An invention for printing photographs from the negative on to glass, instead of paper.
Hycsos, Egyp. (lit. impure). A people of unknown origin, nomad tribes, but not savages, as has hitherto been believed, who came from Sinai, Arabia, and Syria. They are known asPoimenes(the Shepherds),Mentiou Sati,Asian Shepherds, and evenScourges, from their invasion of some part of Eastern Egypt.
Fig. 390. Hydra with seven heads.
Fig. 390. Hydra with seven heads.
Fig. 390. Hydra with seven heads.
Hydra, Gr. (a water-serpent). A hundred-headed monster of Greek mythology, sprung, like the Chimæra, from Typhon and Echidna; he was killed by Hercules. In Heraldry the hydra is represented with only nine heads. The illustration (Fig.390) is of the device adopted by Curtio Gonzaga, an Italian poet, to symbolize the constancy of his love, with the motto, “If I kill it, more strong it revives.”
Hydraletês, Gr. (1) A mill for grinding corn, driven by water. (2) A waterfall or current of water.
Hydraulis, Gr. (ὕδρ-αυλις). A water-organ. The hydraulic organ, invented aboutB.C.200, was really a pneumatic organ; the water was only used to force the air through the pipes. It is represented on a coin of Nero in the British Museum. Only ten pipes are given to it, and there is no indication of any key-board. It had eight stops, and consequently eight rows of pipes; these were partly of bronze, and partly of reed. It continued in use so late as the 9th century of our era.
Fig. 391. Hydria, or Water-jug, in black glaze.
Fig. 391. Hydria, or Water-jug, in black glaze.
Fig. 391. Hydria, or Water-jug, in black glaze.
Hydria, Gr. A large, heavy vessel, used principally for holding a store of water. It is represented urn-shaped, with a broad base and a narrow mouth, sometimes with one and sometimes with two handles at the top, and smaller ones on the belly. The name is applied to other pails of bronze or silver, &c. (Fig.391.)
Hydriaphoria, Gr. (water-bearing). (1) Funereal ceremonies performed at Athens in memory of those who had perished in the deluges of Ogyges, Deucalion, &c. (2) A service exacted from married alien women in Athens by the female citizens, when they walked in the great procession at the Panathenaic feasts, and the former carried vessels of water for them.
Hydroceramic(vessels), Gr. Vessels made of a porous clay, in which liquids were put for the purpose of cooling them; they were a kind ofalcarazas.
Hydroscope.Another name for the clepsydra. (SeeHorologium.)
Hypæthral, Gr. and R. (lit. under the sky, or in the open air). The term was applied to any building, especially a temple, thecellaof which had no roof. On the roofs of Egyptian temples, hypæthral temples are arranged with regard to astronomical observations, by which the calendar was regulated.
Fig. 392. Hypæthrum.
Fig. 392. Hypæthrum.
Fig. 392. Hypæthrum.
Hypæthrum, Gr. and R. A grating orclaustraplaced over the principal door of a temple for the purpose of admitting light into a part of thecella. Fig.392shows one of the bronze doors of the Pantheon at Rome, with itshypæthrum.
Hyperthyrum, Gr. and R. (over the door). A frieze and cornice arranged and decorated in various ways for the decoration of the lintel of a door.
Hypocastanum.Greek forChesnut Brown(q.v.).
Fig. 393. Hypocausis of a Roman villa at Tusculum.
Fig. 393. Hypocausis of a Roman villa at Tusculum.
Fig. 393. Hypocausis of a Roman villa at Tusculum.
Hypocaust, Gr. and R. (ὑπό-καυσιςandὑπό-καυστον). A furnace with flues running underneath the floor of an apartment or bath, for heating the air. Fig.393represents the sectional elevation of a bath-room discovered in a Roman villa at Tusculum. Fig.394represents ahypocausisdiscovered at Paris in the old Rue de Constantine, near Notre Dame.
Fig. 394. Hypocausis discovered at Paris.
Fig. 394. Hypocausis discovered at Paris.
Fig. 394. Hypocausis discovered at Paris.
Hypogeum, Arch. A building underground; a sepulchral vault. They form a principal part of Egyptian architecture of every period. The Greek term is a synonym of the LatinConditorium(q.v.)
Hyporchema, Gr. A lively dance, accompanied by a mimic performance, at the festivals of Apollo among the Dorians. A chorus of singers danced round the altars, and others acted comic or playful scenes.
HypotracheliumorCincture, Arch. The part of the Doric capital included between the astragal and the lower annulets or fillets.
Hysteria, Gr. (fromὗς, a pig). Greek festivals, in which swine were sacrificed in honour of Venus.