FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[1]It is with no slight degree of satisfaction that the authors of the present work observe the progress the science it recommends has made in the public estimation since the first publication of this volume: so that the complaint made in the above paragraph must now be regarded as applicable only to a former state of the science.[2]Dr. Aikin.[3]See Harris'sAurelianunderPapilio Cinxia.[4]The generaEumolpus,Lamprima,Rynchites.[5]Cryptorhynchus corruscans.N.B. Germar (Insect. Spec. Nov.i. 216—) regards this insect as synonymous with Illiger'sEurhin cupratus, the description of which I had not seen when the Century of Insects (Linn. Trans.xii.) was written, nor am I able now to speak decisively on the subject.—K.[6]Helicopis Cupido,Argynnis Passifloræ,Lathonia, &c.[7]Pepsis fuscipennis,argentata, &c.[8]The species of the genusTrox.[9]Many of theScarabæidæ,Dynastidæ, &c.[10]Many caterpillars ofButterflies. MerianSurinam, t. xxii. xxv. &c. and ofSawflies. Reaum. v.t.xii.f.7, 8-14.[11]Various species of the generaLocustaandMantis, F.[12]Many species ofPhasma.[13]De Geer, I.t.3.f.1-34, &c.[14]Vanessa Io.[15]Culex,Chironomus, and otherTipulariæ.[16]Pterophorus.[17]Hairs of many of theApidæ. Mon. Ap. Ang.I.t.10, ** d. 1.f.1.b.[18]Ptinus imperialis, L.[19]Trichius delta, F.[20]Acrocinus longimanus, F.Vanessa, C. album, Acronyctaψ,Plusiaγ.[21]On the underside of the primary wings near the margin inArgynnis Aglaia,Lathonia,Selene, &c.[22]Empis,Asilus.[23]Onthophagus Taurus, CurtisBrit. Ent. t.52.[24]Lucanus Cervus.[25]Oryctes.[26]Dynastes Hercules.[27]Andrena spinigera. Melitta.** c. K.[28]Hispa.[29]This insect belonged to the late Mr. Francillon, and was purchased at his sale by Mr. MacLeay. Mr. W. S. MacLeay informs us that he has given the name ofEuscelesto the group to which it belongs.[30]Raphidia ophiopsis.[31]This idea seems to have been present to the mind of Linné and Fabricius, when they gave to insects such names asBelzebub,Belial,Titan,Typhon,Nimrod,Geryon, and the like.[32]Plin.Hist. Nat.l. 11. c. 2.[33]Gen. xi. 3.[34]Megachile muraria.[35]The white ants.[36]Megachile Papaveris.[37]The late ingenious Mr. Paul, of Harleston in Norfolk, under the bark of a tree discovered a considerable portion of a fabric of this kind, which from its amplitude must have been destined for some other purpose.[38]The common wasp.[39]Polistes nidulans.[40]Argyroneta aquatica.[41]Tinea serratella, L.[42]1 Kings iv. 33. Prov. vi. 6-8.[43]Gen. ii. 19.[44]Linn.Fn. Suec.Præf.[45]Rom. i. 19, 20.[46]Levit. xi. 21, 22. Lichtenstein inLinn. Trans.iv. 51, 52.[47]Levit. xi. 20. conf. Bochart.Hierozoic.ii. l. 4. c. 9. 497-8.[48]1 Kings iv. 33.[49]Luke xii. 27.[50]Ibid. x. 19, 20.[51]"Quæri fortasse à nonnullis potest, Quis Papilionum usus sit? Respondeo, Ad ornatum Universi, et ut hominibus spectaculo sint: ad rura illustranda velut tot bracteæ inservientes. Quis enim eximiam earum pulchritudinem et varietatem contemplans mira voluptate non afficiatur? Quis tot colorum et schematum elegantias naturæ ipsius ingenio excogitatas et artifici penicillo depictas curiosis oculis intuens, divinæ artis vestigia eis impressa non agnoscat et miretur?" Rai.Hist. Ins.109.[52]Nat. Theol.213.[53]Kirby, inLinn. Trans.iv. 232. 235. See also a letter signed C. in theGent. Mag.for August 1795. This little insect produces nogallslike the other species of the genus (Latr. Gen.Crust. et Ins.iv. 253. Meig.Dipt.i. 94.), yet it corresponds with the characters ofCecidomyialaid down both by Latreille and Meigen.[54]P. 192.[55]See Latr.Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal, 429.[56]Collet, inMonth. Mag.xxxii. 320.[57]Roesel I. iv. 170.[58]Phytologia, 518.[59]Fn. Suec.567, 1383.[60]Amoreux, 276.[61]Rai.Cat. Cant.45.Hist. Ins.341.[62]Comment. in Dioscor.I. 1. c. 23. 214. Lesser.L.ii. 280.[63]De Geer, iv. 275-6.[64]Dethardingde Insectis Coleopteris Danicis, 9.[65]Reaum. ii. 289. This insect and its caterpillar is finely figured in Mr. Curtis's elegant and scientificBritish Entomology, t. 147.[66]Faun. Suec.822.[67]Nat. Hist. of Barbad.85.[68]Quoted in Mouffet, 107.[69]Reaum. i. 667.[70]Reaum. vi. 99-100. KirbyMon. Ap. Ang.i. 157-8.[71]Southey'sMadoc, 4to, Notes, 519.[72]HaworthLepid. Brit.44. 57.[73]Oft have I smiled the happy pride to seeOf humble tradesmen in their evening glee,When of some pleasing fancied good possest,Each grew alert, was busy and was blest:Whether the call-bird yield the hour's delight,Or magnified in microscope the mite;Or whether tumblers, croppers, carriers seizeThe gentle mind; they rule it and they please.There is my friend the weaver; strong desiresReign in his breast; 'tis beauty he admires:See to the shady grove he wings his way,And feels in hope the rapture of the day—Eager he looks, and soon to glad his eyes,From the sweet bower by nature form'd ariseBright troops of virgin moths, and fresh born butterflies.He fears no bailiff's wrath, no baron's blame,His is untax'd and undisputed game.Crabbe'sBorough, p. 110.[74]Linn. Trans.ii. 315.[75]Letter to Dr. Wharton. Mason'sLife of Gray, p. 28.[76]Illig.Mag.ii. 33. iv. 3.[77]Andrews'sAnecdotes, 152.[78]Swartz inKongl. Vet. Ac. Nya. band.ix. 40.PlateXXIII.Fig.10.[79]Young'sAnnals of Agriculture, xi. 406.[80]No one knew Reaumur'sAbeille Tapissiereuntil Latreille, happily combining system with attention to the economy of insects, proved it to be a new species—hisMegachile Papaveris.—Hist. de Fourmis, 297.[81]Bibliothek.vii. 310.[82]Tour on the Continent, iii. 150.[83]Shakespear's intention however in this passage was evidently not, as is often supposed, to excite compassion for the insect, but to prove thatThe sense of Death is most in apprehension,the actual pang being trifling.Measure for Measure, Act iii. Scene 1.[84]Dr. Smith'sTour, i. 162.Journ. de Phys.xxv. 336.[85]"Cœnis etiam non vocatus ut Musca advolo." Aristophonin Pythagoristaapud Athenæum. (Mouffet, 56.)[86]Gentils, orgentles, is a synonymous word employed by our old authors, but is now obsolete, except with anglers. Thus Tusser, in a passage pointed out to me by Sir Joseph Banks:—"Rewerd not thy sheep when ye take off his coteWith twitches and patches as brode as a grote;Let not such ungentlenesse happen to thine,Least fly with hergentilsdo make it to pine."[87]For different kinds of larvæ, seePlatesXVII.XVIII.XIX.[88]Hist. Anim.l. 5. c. 10.[89]PlateXVI.Fig.6-9.[90]In explanation of the termsLepidoptera,Lepidopterous,Coleoptera, &c. which will frequently occur in the following pages before coming regularly to definitions, it is necessary here to state that they have reference to the names given by entomologists to the different orders or tribes of insects, as under:1Coleopteraconsisting ofBeetles. PlateI.Fig. 1-6.2Strepsiptera——of the generaXenosandStylops. PlateII.Fig. 1.3Dermaptera——of theEarwigs. PlateI.Fig. 7.4Orthoptera——ofCockroaches,Locusts,Grasshoppers,Crickets,Spectres,Mantes,&c.PlateII.Fig. 2. 3.5Hemipteraconsisting ofBugs,Cicadæ,Water-scorpions,Water-boat-men,Plant-lice,CochinealInsects, &c. PlateII.Fig. 4. 5.6Trichopteraconsisting of thefliesproduced by the various species ofCase-worms,Phryganea, L. PlateIII.Fig. 4.7Lepidopteraconsisting ofButterflies,Hawkmoths, andMoths. PlateIII.Fig. 1-3.8Neuropteraconsisting ofDragon-flies,Ant-lions,Ephemeræ,&c.PlateIII.Fig. 5. 6.9Hymenopteraconsisting ofBees,Wasps, and other insects armed with astingorovipositor, and itsvalves. PlateIV.Fig. 1-3.10Dipteraconsisting ofFlies,Gnats, and othertwo-wingedinsects. PlateIV.Fig. 4. 5. PlateV.Fig. 1.11Aphanipteraconsisting of theFleatribe. PlateV.Fig. 2.12Aptera——ofMites,Lice, &c. PlateV.Fig. 3-6.[91]PlateXVI.Fig.10-13.[92]PlateXVI.Fig.4. 5.[93]PlateXVII.Fig.1-4.[94]PlateXVII.Fig.2.[95]PlateXVII.Fig.5-10.[96]Epist. Dedicat.[97]"A priest who has drunk wine shall migrate into a moth or fly, feeding on ordure. He who steals the gold of a priest shall pass a thousand times into the bodies of spiders. If a man shall steal honey, he shall be born a great stinging gnat; if oil, an oil-drinking beetle; if salt, a cicada; if a household utensil, an ichneumon fly."Institutes of Menu, 353.[98]Hill'sSwamm.ii. 24. t. 37. f. 2. 4.[99]De Bombyce, 29.[100]Reaum. i. 359.[101]Hill'sSwamm.i. 127 a.[102]Do you not perceive that we are caterpillars, born to form the angelic butterfly?[103]It is worthy of remark, that in the north and west of England the moths that fly into candles are calledsaules(souls), perhaps from the old notion that the souls of the dead fly about at night in search of light. For the same reason, probably, the common people in Germany call themghosts(geistchen).[104]Nares'sEssays, i. 101-2.[105]A few vertebrate animals, viz. frogs, toads, and newts, undergo metamorphoses in some respects analogous to those of insects; their first form as tadpoles being very different from that which they afterwards assume. These reptiles too, as well as snakes, cast their skin by an operation somewhat similar to that inlarvæ. There is nothing, however, in their metamorphoses at all resembling thepupastate in insects.[106]Joel ii. 25.[107]On the Blight in Corn, p. 9.[108]Leeuw.Epist.98. 1696.[109]Bingley,Anim. Biogr.first edition, iii. 437. St. Pierre'sStudies, &c. i. 312.[110]Hist. Animal.l. 5. c. 31.[111]From the terms employed by Aristotle and Dr. Mead in their Account of these cases, it appears that the animal they meant could not be maggots, but something bearing a more general resemblance to lice.[112]On Cutaneous Diseases, 87, 88; andt.7.f.4.[113]Latreille at first considered this as belonging to a distinct genus from the common mite (Acarus domesticus), which he namedSarcoptes; but upon its being discovered that it also has mandibles, he has suppressed it.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxi. 221.[114]On Morbid Poisons, 306, 307.[115]Mouffet, 267.[116]Medica Sacra, 104, 105.[117]It is to be hoped this new word may be admitted, as thelaying of eggscannot otherwise be expressed without a periphrasis. For the same reason its substantiveOvipositionwill be employed.[118]Mém. Apterologique, 19.[119]Insecta ejusmodi minutissima, forteAcarosdiversæ speciei causas esse diversorum morborum contagiosorum, ab analogia et experientia hactenus acquisita, facili credimus negotio.Amœn. Ac.v. 94.[120]Amœn. Ae.v. 94-98.[121]Mouffet, 266.[122]Acarus sub ipsa pustula minimè quærendus est, sed longius recessit, sequendo rugam cuticulæ observatur.Amœn. Ac.v. 95. not. **.[123]Observations, &c. 296.[124]Extractus acu et super ungue positus, movet se si solis etiam calore adjuvetur.ubi supr.Ungui impositus vix movetur: si vero oris calido halitu affletur, agilis in ungue cursitat.Fn. Suec.1975.[125]Neque Syrones isti sunt de pediculorum genere, ut Johannes Langius ex Aristotele videtur asserere: nam illi extra cutem vivunt, hi vero non.ubi supr.[126]Imo ipsiAcaripræ exiguitate indivisibiles, ex cuniculis prope aquæ lacum quos foderunt in cute, acu extracti et ungue impositi, caput rubrum, et pedes quibus gradiuntur ad solem produnt. p. vi.[127]Teredo sive exiguus vermiculus, qui subter cutim erodit agitque cuniculos in pruriginosis manibus. Gouldman tells us theseAcariwere also calledHand-worms. Another English name is given in Mouffet, viz.Wheale-worms.[128]Osservazioni intorno à pellicelli del corpo umano fatte dal DottorGio Cosimo Bonomo, &c.f.1-3. BakerOn Microsc.i.t.13.f.2.[129]De Geer, vii.t.5.f.12. 14.[130]Mém. Apterologique, 79.[131]I am informed by my learned friend Alexander MacLeay, Esq. late Secretary to the Linnean Society, that, in the north of Scotland, the insect of the itch is well known, and easily discovered and extracted.[132]This opinion Dr. Bateman thinks probably the true one.Cutan. Dis.197.[133]It may be mentioned here as a remarkable fact, that theAcarus Scabieiwas discovered by M. Latreille upon a New Holland quadruped (Phascolomys fusca, Geoffr.) of the Marsupian tribe.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxi. 222.[134]Amœn. Ac.ubi supr. 101.[135]Traités de Chirurgie, &c. Leipsig. 1792.[136]Mém. Apterolog.78.[137]In Artaxerx.[138]Il.χ. l. 599. ω l. 414.[139]Τα δε εντομα παντα σκωληκοτοκει.De Generat. Animal.l. 2. c. 1.[140]Il.υ. l. 654-5.[141]Γης εντερα.De Animal. Incessu, c. 9.De Generat. Animal.l. 3. c. 11.[142]Mark ix. 44. 46. 48.[143]Σκωληκοβρωτος. Acts xii. 23.[144]Linn.Lach. Lapp.ii. 32. note *.[145]Latreille after De Geer (vii. 153—.) supposes thePiqueandNiguaof Ulloa to be synonymous withIxodes americanus, L.Hist. Nat.vii. 364. but it is evident fromUlloa'sdescription (Voy.i. 63. Engl. Trans.) that they are synonymous with theChigoe, orPulex penetrans.[146]See above p.50.[147]Captain Hancock, late commander of His Majesty's ship the Foudroyant, to whose friendly exertions I am indebted for one of the finest collections of Brazil insects ever brought to England, informs me that they will attack any exposed part of the body. He had them once in his hand.[148]Piso and Margr.Ind.289.[149]p. 65.[150]Personal Narrative, E. T. v. 101.[151]Natural. Miscell., ii. t. 42.[152]Lindley in theRoyal Military Chroniclefor March 1815, p. 459.[153]I owe this information to the late Robinson Kittoe, Esq. formerly clerk of the Cheque in the King's Yard, Woolwich.[154]LesserL.ii. 222, note *.[155]De Geer, vii. 154-60.[156]Theatr. Ins.270. This happened in 1503; which circumstance refutes Southall's opinion that bugs were not known in England before 1670.[157]Rai.Hist. Ins.7. Mouffet. 269. They were called alsopunez, from the Frenchpunaise.[158]Hence our English wordBug-bear. In Matthews'sBible, Ps. xci. 5. is rendered, "Thou shalt not nede to be afraid of anybugsby night." The word in this sense often occurs in Shakespear.Winter's Tale, act iii. sc. 2. 3.Hen.VI. act v. sc. 2.Hamlet, act v. sc. 2. See Douce'sIllustrations of Shakespear, i. 329.[159]The Banian hospital at Surat is a most remarkable institution. At my visit, the hospital contained horses, mules, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, poultry, pigeons, and a variety of birds. The most extraordinary ward was that appropriated to rats and mice,bugs, and other noxious vermin. The overseers of the hospital frequently hire beggars from the streets, for a stipulated sum, to pass a night amongst thefleas,lice, andbugs, on the express condition of suffering them to enjoy their feast without molestation. Forbes'sOriental Memoirs.[160]Nicholson'sJournal, xvii. 40.[161]Proboscis in cutem intrusa acerrimum dolorem excitat, qui tamen brevi cessat. Rai.Hist. Ins.58.[162]One took eight drops from Reaumur, iv. 230.PlateVII.Fig.5.[163]Bartram'sTravels, 383.[164]i. 127. The West India sand-fly was noticed by the late Robinson Kittoe, Esq., who however did not recollect their fetching blood.[165]See above, p.48-49.[166]Travels, &c. i. 126.[167]See Curtis'Brit. Ent.t. 122.[168]It has been generally supposed by naturalists, that the Mosquitos of America belong to the Linnean genusCulex; but the celebrated traveller Humboldt asserts that the termMosquito, signifying alittle fly, is applied there to aSimulium, Latr. (Simulia, Meig.), and that theCulices, which are equally numerous and annoying, are calledZancudoes, which meanslong legs. The former, he says, are what the French callMoustiques, and the latterMaringouins.Personal Narrative, E. T. v. 93.[169]Plin.Hist. Nat.l. xi. c. 28. Aristot.Hist. Animal.l. i. c. 5.[170]Pliny was aware of this double office of the proboscis of a gnat, and has well described it. "Telum vero perfodiendo tergori quo spiculavit ingenio? Atque ut in capaci, cum cerni non possit exilitas, ita reciproca geminavit arte, utfodiendoacuminatum paritersorbendoquefistulosum esset."Hist. Nat.l. xi. c. 2.[171]Humboldt has described several South American species.Personal Narrative, v. 97. note *. Engl. Tr.[172]Germar'sMagazin der Entomologie, i. 137.[173]Philos. Trans.1767, 111-13. I once witnessed a similar appearance at Maidstone in Kent.[174]Weld'sTravels, 8vo. edit. 205. Yet Mouffet affirms the same: "Morsu crudeles et venenati, triplices caligas, imoocreas, item perforantes." 81.[175]Acerbi'sTravels, ii. 5. 34-5. 51. Linn.Flor. Lapp.380-1.Lach. Lapp.ii. 108. De Geer, vi. 303-4.[176]Reaum. iv. 573.[177]Dr. Clarke'sTravels, i. 388.[178]Jackson'sMarocco, 57.[179]Travels, ii. 93. Mr. W. S. MacLeay, in a letter I recently received from him, observes, speaking of his residence at the Havana; "The disagreeables are ants, scorpions, mygales, and mosquitos. The latter were quite a pest on my first arrival within the tropics; but now I mind them about as much as I didgnatsin England."[180]Humboldt'sPersonal Narrative, E. T. v. 87-. Most writers by the term mosquitos mean gnats; and for them it is here chiefly employed, but may be regarded as including both plagues.[181]Theodorit.Hist. Eccl.1. ii. c. 30.[182]Mouffet, 85. Amoreux, 119.[183]Viz.MosquitoBay in St. Christopher's;Mosquitos, a town in the Island of Cuba; and theMosquitocountry in North America.[184]Mouffet, 85.[185]Deut. vii. 20. Josh. xxiv. 12.[186]Amoreux, 242.[187]Philos. Trans.i. 201.[188]Hawkesworth'sCook, iii. 223.[189]Stedman, ii. 94.[190]Bingley, iii. 385, first edit.[191]Knox'sCeylon, 24.[192]Stedman, ii. 142.[193]Ulloa'sVoy.i. 61, 62. Dr. Clarke'sTravels, i. 486. Amoreux, 197. Mr. W. S. MacLeay relates to me that soon after his arrival at the Havana he was stung by an immense scorpion, but was agreeably surprised to find the pain considerably less than the sting of a wasp, and of incomparably shorter duration.[194]Andrews'sAnecdotes, 427. See on the subject of Scorpions Amoreux, 41-54. 176-205.[195]Fab.Suppl.294. 2.[196]Catal. Ham.1797. 151-195.[197]PlateVII.Fig.13.a".[198]Ulloa'sVoyage, i. 61.[199]Amoreux, 217-226. See also 67-70.[200]p. 31.[201]Jackson'sMarocco, second edit.[202]Ulloa, i. 64. Probably theCafafi, a white fly noticed by Humboldt, is synonymous with this of Ulloa, which could only be prevented from creeping between the threads of the curtains by keeping them wet.Personal Narrative, E. T. v. 107.[203]Lach. Lapp.i. 208, 209.Fl. Lapp.382, 383. It appears however, from other authors, that they do bite.[204]Young'sTravels in France, i. 298. These flies are equally troublesome and tormenting in Sweden. SeeAmœn. Acad.iii. 343.[205]Cowhage has been administered with success as ananthelminthic, as has likewise spun glass pounded; the spicula of these substances destroying the worms. The hair of the caterpillars here alluded to, and perhaps also of the larva ofEuprepia Caja, (the Tiger-Moth,) might probably be equally efficacious.[206]Reaum. ii. 191-5.[207]Mouffet, 185. Plin.Hist. Nat.l. xxxviii. c. 9. Amoreux, 158.[208]Amoreux, 210-212.[209]Ulloa's Voyage, b. vi. c. 3. Hamilton (Travels in Colombia, as quoted in the Literary Gazette, April 28, 1827.) also mentions a spider called theCaya, rather large, found in the broken ground and among the rocks, from the body of which a poison so active is emitted, that men and mules have died in an hour or two after the venomous moisture had fallen on them. This is evidently the same insect with that mentioned by Ulloa, and confirms the above account of its venomous effects.[210]Waterton (Wanderings in S. America, 53.) gives the recipe by which the Macousho Indians prepare the poison, in which they dip their arrows. It consists of a vine called the Wourali, which is the principal ingredient; the roots and stalks of some other plants; two species of ants, the sting of one of which is so venomous that it produces a fever; a quantity of the strongest Indian pepper (Capsicum), and the pounded fangs of two kinds of serpents.[211]Tulpius,Obs. Med.l. ii. c. 51. t. 7. f. 3.Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journ.n. 35. 42-48. Derham,Physic. Theol.378. noteb.Lowthorp,Philos. Trans.iii. 135.[212]Philos. Trans.1665. x. 391. Shaw'sAbridg.ii. 224.[213]Mead,Med. Sacr.105.[214]London Medical Review, v. 340.[215]Philos. Trans.ubi supra.[216]Fulvius Angelinus et Vincentius AlsariusDe verme admirando per nares egresso. Ravennæ 1610.[217]Azara, 217. I cannot help suspecting this to be synonymous with theŒstrus Hominisnext mentioned.[218]From PallasN. Nord. Beytr.i. 157.[219]Essai sur la Géograph. des Plantes, 136.[220]Clark inLinn. Trans.iii. 323, note.[221]Leeuw.Epist.Oct. 17, 1687.[222]Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journ.ubi supra. De Geer, vi. 26, 27.[223]216.[224]LempriereOn the Diseases of the Army in Jamaica, ii. 182.[225]In passing through this parish last spring, I inquired of the mail-coachman whether he had heard of this story; and he said the fact was well known.[226]Philos. Mag.ix. 366.[227]Bonnet, v. 144.[228]Mém. Apterolog.79.[229]Universal History, iv. 70. Ed. 1779.[230]Wisd. xvii. 12.[231]See above, p.110.[232]Once travelling through Cambridgeshire with a brother entomologist in a gig, our horse was in the condition here described, from the attack ofTabanus rusticus.[233]De Geer, vii. 158.[234]See Mr. W. S. MacLeay inLinn. Trans.xiv. 355—.[235]De Geer, vi. 295.[236]Amœn. Acad.iii. 358.[237]Linn.Flor. Lapp.376.Lach. Lapp.i. 233, 234. This insect from Linné's description is probably noCulex, but perhaps aSimulium, Latr. (Simulia, Meig.).[238]Life of General Thomas, 186.[239]Linn.It. Scand.182. De Geer, v. 227-30.[240]PlateXVI.Fig.3. Mr. Clark, however, is of opinion that the Œstrus does not pierce the skin of the animal, but only glues its eggs to it.Essay on the Bots of Horses and other Animals, p. 47.[241]Much of the information here collected is taken from Reaum. iv.Mem.12; and Clark inLinn. Trans.iii. 289.[242]The writer of the present letter is possessor of this specimen, which he took on himself in a field where oxen were feeding.PlateV.Fig.1.[243]In theSystema Antliatorum(p. 56) Fabricius most strangely considers this insect as synonymous withCulex reptans, L. calling itScatopse reptans, and dropping his former reference to Pallas, and account of its injurious properties. Meigen (Dipt.i. 294) makes this insect aSimuliaunder the name ofS. maculata.

[1]It is with no slight degree of satisfaction that the authors of the present work observe the progress the science it recommends has made in the public estimation since the first publication of this volume: so that the complaint made in the above paragraph must now be regarded as applicable only to a former state of the science.

[2]Dr. Aikin.

[3]See Harris'sAurelianunderPapilio Cinxia.

[4]The generaEumolpus,Lamprima,Rynchites.

[5]Cryptorhynchus corruscans.N.B. Germar (Insect. Spec. Nov.i. 216—) regards this insect as synonymous with Illiger'sEurhin cupratus, the description of which I had not seen when the Century of Insects (Linn. Trans.xii.) was written, nor am I able now to speak decisively on the subject.—K.

[6]Helicopis Cupido,Argynnis Passifloræ,Lathonia, &c.

[7]Pepsis fuscipennis,argentata, &c.

[8]The species of the genusTrox.

[9]Many of theScarabæidæ,Dynastidæ, &c.

[10]Many caterpillars ofButterflies. MerianSurinam, t. xxii. xxv. &c. and ofSawflies. Reaum. v.t.xii.f.7, 8-14.

[11]Various species of the generaLocustaandMantis, F.

[12]Many species ofPhasma.

[13]De Geer, I.t.3.f.1-34, &c.

[14]Vanessa Io.

[15]Culex,Chironomus, and otherTipulariæ.

[16]Pterophorus.

[17]Hairs of many of theApidæ. Mon. Ap. Ang.I.t.10, ** d. 1.f.1.b.

[18]Ptinus imperialis, L.

[19]Trichius delta, F.

[20]Acrocinus longimanus, F.Vanessa, C. album, Acronyctaψ,Plusiaγ.

[21]On the underside of the primary wings near the margin inArgynnis Aglaia,Lathonia,Selene, &c.

[22]Empis,Asilus.

[23]Onthophagus Taurus, CurtisBrit. Ent. t.52.

[24]Lucanus Cervus.

[25]Oryctes.

[26]Dynastes Hercules.

[27]Andrena spinigera. Melitta.** c. K.

[28]Hispa.

[29]This insect belonged to the late Mr. Francillon, and was purchased at his sale by Mr. MacLeay. Mr. W. S. MacLeay informs us that he has given the name ofEuscelesto the group to which it belongs.

[30]Raphidia ophiopsis.

[31]This idea seems to have been present to the mind of Linné and Fabricius, when they gave to insects such names asBelzebub,Belial,Titan,Typhon,Nimrod,Geryon, and the like.

[32]Plin.Hist. Nat.l. 11. c. 2.

[33]Gen. xi. 3.

[34]Megachile muraria.

[35]The white ants.

[36]Megachile Papaveris.

[37]The late ingenious Mr. Paul, of Harleston in Norfolk, under the bark of a tree discovered a considerable portion of a fabric of this kind, which from its amplitude must have been destined for some other purpose.

[38]The common wasp.

[39]Polistes nidulans.

[40]Argyroneta aquatica.

[41]Tinea serratella, L.

[42]1 Kings iv. 33. Prov. vi. 6-8.

[43]Gen. ii. 19.

[44]Linn.Fn. Suec.Præf.

[45]Rom. i. 19, 20.

[46]Levit. xi. 21, 22. Lichtenstein inLinn. Trans.iv. 51, 52.

[47]Levit. xi. 20. conf. Bochart.Hierozoic.ii. l. 4. c. 9. 497-8.

[48]1 Kings iv. 33.

[49]Luke xii. 27.

[50]Ibid. x. 19, 20.

[51]"Quæri fortasse à nonnullis potest, Quis Papilionum usus sit? Respondeo, Ad ornatum Universi, et ut hominibus spectaculo sint: ad rura illustranda velut tot bracteæ inservientes. Quis enim eximiam earum pulchritudinem et varietatem contemplans mira voluptate non afficiatur? Quis tot colorum et schematum elegantias naturæ ipsius ingenio excogitatas et artifici penicillo depictas curiosis oculis intuens, divinæ artis vestigia eis impressa non agnoscat et miretur?" Rai.Hist. Ins.109.

[52]Nat. Theol.213.

[53]Kirby, inLinn. Trans.iv. 232. 235. See also a letter signed C. in theGent. Mag.for August 1795. This little insect produces nogallslike the other species of the genus (Latr. Gen.Crust. et Ins.iv. 253. Meig.Dipt.i. 94.), yet it corresponds with the characters ofCecidomyialaid down both by Latreille and Meigen.

[54]P. 192.

[55]See Latr.Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal, 429.

[56]Collet, inMonth. Mag.xxxii. 320.

[57]Roesel I. iv. 170.

[58]Phytologia, 518.

[59]Fn. Suec.567, 1383.

[60]Amoreux, 276.

[61]Rai.Cat. Cant.45.Hist. Ins.341.

[62]Comment. in Dioscor.I. 1. c. 23. 214. Lesser.L.ii. 280.

[63]De Geer, iv. 275-6.

[64]Dethardingde Insectis Coleopteris Danicis, 9.

[65]Reaum. ii. 289. This insect and its caterpillar is finely figured in Mr. Curtis's elegant and scientificBritish Entomology, t. 147.

[66]Faun. Suec.822.

[67]Nat. Hist. of Barbad.85.

[68]Quoted in Mouffet, 107.

[69]Reaum. i. 667.

[70]Reaum. vi. 99-100. KirbyMon. Ap. Ang.i. 157-8.

[71]Southey'sMadoc, 4to, Notes, 519.

[72]HaworthLepid. Brit.44. 57.

[73]

Oft have I smiled the happy pride to seeOf humble tradesmen in their evening glee,When of some pleasing fancied good possest,Each grew alert, was busy and was blest:Whether the call-bird yield the hour's delight,Or magnified in microscope the mite;Or whether tumblers, croppers, carriers seizeThe gentle mind; they rule it and they please.There is my friend the weaver; strong desiresReign in his breast; 'tis beauty he admires:See to the shady grove he wings his way,And feels in hope the rapture of the day—Eager he looks, and soon to glad his eyes,From the sweet bower by nature form'd ariseBright troops of virgin moths, and fresh born butterflies.

He fears no bailiff's wrath, no baron's blame,His is untax'd and undisputed game.Crabbe'sBorough, p. 110.

[74]Linn. Trans.ii. 315.

[75]Letter to Dr. Wharton. Mason'sLife of Gray, p. 28.

[76]Illig.Mag.ii. 33. iv. 3.

[77]Andrews'sAnecdotes, 152.

[78]Swartz inKongl. Vet. Ac. Nya. band.ix. 40.PlateXXIII.Fig.10.

[79]Young'sAnnals of Agriculture, xi. 406.

[80]No one knew Reaumur'sAbeille Tapissiereuntil Latreille, happily combining system with attention to the economy of insects, proved it to be a new species—hisMegachile Papaveris.—Hist. de Fourmis, 297.

[81]Bibliothek.vii. 310.

[82]Tour on the Continent, iii. 150.

[83]Shakespear's intention however in this passage was evidently not, as is often supposed, to excite compassion for the insect, but to prove that

The sense of Death is most in apprehension,

the actual pang being trifling.Measure for Measure, Act iii. Scene 1.

[84]Dr. Smith'sTour, i. 162.Journ. de Phys.xxv. 336.

[85]"Cœnis etiam non vocatus ut Musca advolo." Aristophonin Pythagoristaapud Athenæum. (Mouffet, 56.)

[86]Gentils, orgentles, is a synonymous word employed by our old authors, but is now obsolete, except with anglers. Thus Tusser, in a passage pointed out to me by Sir Joseph Banks:—

"Rewerd not thy sheep when ye take off his coteWith twitches and patches as brode as a grote;Let not such ungentlenesse happen to thine,Least fly with hergentilsdo make it to pine."

[87]For different kinds of larvæ, seePlatesXVII.XVIII.XIX.

[88]Hist. Anim.l. 5. c. 10.

[89]PlateXVI.Fig.6-9.

[90]In explanation of the termsLepidoptera,Lepidopterous,Coleoptera, &c. which will frequently occur in the following pages before coming regularly to definitions, it is necessary here to state that they have reference to the names given by entomologists to the different orders or tribes of insects, as under:

1Coleopteraconsisting ofBeetles. PlateI.Fig. 1-6.2Strepsiptera——of the generaXenosandStylops. PlateII.Fig. 1.3Dermaptera——of theEarwigs. PlateI.Fig. 7.4Orthoptera——ofCockroaches,Locusts,Grasshoppers,Crickets,Spectres,Mantes,&c.PlateII.Fig. 2. 3.5Hemipteraconsisting ofBugs,Cicadæ,Water-scorpions,Water-boat-men,Plant-lice,CochinealInsects, &c. PlateII.Fig. 4. 5.6Trichopteraconsisting of thefliesproduced by the various species ofCase-worms,Phryganea, L. PlateIII.Fig. 4.7Lepidopteraconsisting ofButterflies,Hawkmoths, andMoths. PlateIII.Fig. 1-3.8Neuropteraconsisting ofDragon-flies,Ant-lions,Ephemeræ,&c.PlateIII.Fig. 5. 6.9Hymenopteraconsisting ofBees,Wasps, and other insects armed with astingorovipositor, and itsvalves. PlateIV.Fig. 1-3.10Dipteraconsisting ofFlies,Gnats, and othertwo-wingedinsects. PlateIV.Fig. 4. 5. PlateV.Fig. 1.11Aphanipteraconsisting of theFleatribe. PlateV.Fig. 2.12Aptera——ofMites,Lice, &c. PlateV.Fig. 3-6.

1Coleopteraconsisting ofBeetles. PlateI.Fig. 1-6.

2Strepsiptera——of the generaXenosandStylops. PlateII.Fig. 1.

3Dermaptera——of theEarwigs. PlateI.Fig. 7.

4Orthoptera——ofCockroaches,Locusts,Grasshoppers,Crickets,Spectres,Mantes,&c.PlateII.Fig. 2. 3.

5Hemipteraconsisting ofBugs,Cicadæ,Water-scorpions,Water-boat-men,Plant-lice,CochinealInsects, &c. PlateII.Fig. 4. 5.

6Trichopteraconsisting of thefliesproduced by the various species ofCase-worms,Phryganea, L. PlateIII.Fig. 4.

7Lepidopteraconsisting ofButterflies,Hawkmoths, andMoths. PlateIII.Fig. 1-3.

8Neuropteraconsisting ofDragon-flies,Ant-lions,Ephemeræ,&c.PlateIII.Fig. 5. 6.

9Hymenopteraconsisting ofBees,Wasps, and other insects armed with astingorovipositor, and itsvalves. PlateIV.Fig. 1-3.

10Dipteraconsisting ofFlies,Gnats, and othertwo-wingedinsects. PlateIV.Fig. 4. 5. PlateV.Fig. 1.

11Aphanipteraconsisting of theFleatribe. PlateV.Fig. 2.

12Aptera——ofMites,Lice, &c. PlateV.Fig. 3-6.

[91]PlateXVI.Fig.10-13.

[92]PlateXVI.Fig.4. 5.

[93]PlateXVII.Fig.1-4.

[94]PlateXVII.Fig.2.

[95]PlateXVII.Fig.5-10.

[96]Epist. Dedicat.

[97]"A priest who has drunk wine shall migrate into a moth or fly, feeding on ordure. He who steals the gold of a priest shall pass a thousand times into the bodies of spiders. If a man shall steal honey, he shall be born a great stinging gnat; if oil, an oil-drinking beetle; if salt, a cicada; if a household utensil, an ichneumon fly."Institutes of Menu, 353.

[98]Hill'sSwamm.ii. 24. t. 37. f. 2. 4.

[99]De Bombyce, 29.

[100]Reaum. i. 359.

[101]Hill'sSwamm.i. 127 a.

[102]Do you not perceive that we are caterpillars, born to form the angelic butterfly?

[103]It is worthy of remark, that in the north and west of England the moths that fly into candles are calledsaules(souls), perhaps from the old notion that the souls of the dead fly about at night in search of light. For the same reason, probably, the common people in Germany call themghosts(geistchen).

[104]Nares'sEssays, i. 101-2.

[105]A few vertebrate animals, viz. frogs, toads, and newts, undergo metamorphoses in some respects analogous to those of insects; their first form as tadpoles being very different from that which they afterwards assume. These reptiles too, as well as snakes, cast their skin by an operation somewhat similar to that inlarvæ. There is nothing, however, in their metamorphoses at all resembling thepupastate in insects.

[106]Joel ii. 25.

[107]On the Blight in Corn, p. 9.

[108]Leeuw.Epist.98. 1696.

[109]Bingley,Anim. Biogr.first edition, iii. 437. St. Pierre'sStudies, &c. i. 312.

[110]Hist. Animal.l. 5. c. 31.

[111]From the terms employed by Aristotle and Dr. Mead in their Account of these cases, it appears that the animal they meant could not be maggots, but something bearing a more general resemblance to lice.

[112]On Cutaneous Diseases, 87, 88; andt.7.f.4.

[113]Latreille at first considered this as belonging to a distinct genus from the common mite (Acarus domesticus), which he namedSarcoptes; but upon its being discovered that it also has mandibles, he has suppressed it.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxi. 221.

[114]On Morbid Poisons, 306, 307.

[115]Mouffet, 267.

[116]Medica Sacra, 104, 105.

[117]It is to be hoped this new word may be admitted, as thelaying of eggscannot otherwise be expressed without a periphrasis. For the same reason its substantiveOvipositionwill be employed.

[118]Mém. Apterologique, 19.

[119]Insecta ejusmodi minutissima, forteAcarosdiversæ speciei causas esse diversorum morborum contagiosorum, ab analogia et experientia hactenus acquisita, facili credimus negotio.Amœn. Ac.v. 94.

[120]Amœn. Ae.v. 94-98.

[121]Mouffet, 266.

[122]Acarus sub ipsa pustula minimè quærendus est, sed longius recessit, sequendo rugam cuticulæ observatur.Amœn. Ac.v. 95. not. **.

[123]Observations, &c. 296.

[124]Extractus acu et super ungue positus, movet se si solis etiam calore adjuvetur.ubi supr.Ungui impositus vix movetur: si vero oris calido halitu affletur, agilis in ungue cursitat.Fn. Suec.1975.

[125]Neque Syrones isti sunt de pediculorum genere, ut Johannes Langius ex Aristotele videtur asserere: nam illi extra cutem vivunt, hi vero non.ubi supr.

[126]Imo ipsiAcaripræ exiguitate indivisibiles, ex cuniculis prope aquæ lacum quos foderunt in cute, acu extracti et ungue impositi, caput rubrum, et pedes quibus gradiuntur ad solem produnt. p. vi.

[127]Teredo sive exiguus vermiculus, qui subter cutim erodit agitque cuniculos in pruriginosis manibus. Gouldman tells us theseAcariwere also calledHand-worms. Another English name is given in Mouffet, viz.Wheale-worms.

[128]Osservazioni intorno à pellicelli del corpo umano fatte dal DottorGio Cosimo Bonomo, &c.f.1-3. BakerOn Microsc.i.t.13.f.2.

[129]De Geer, vii.t.5.f.12. 14.

[130]Mém. Apterologique, 79.

[131]I am informed by my learned friend Alexander MacLeay, Esq. late Secretary to the Linnean Society, that, in the north of Scotland, the insect of the itch is well known, and easily discovered and extracted.

[132]This opinion Dr. Bateman thinks probably the true one.Cutan. Dis.197.

[133]It may be mentioned here as a remarkable fact, that theAcarus Scabieiwas discovered by M. Latreille upon a New Holland quadruped (Phascolomys fusca, Geoffr.) of the Marsupian tribe.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxi. 222.

[134]Amœn. Ac.ubi supr. 101.

[135]Traités de Chirurgie, &c. Leipsig. 1792.

[136]Mém. Apterolog.78.

[137]In Artaxerx.

[138]Il.χ. l. 599. ω l. 414.

[139]Τα δε εντομα παντα σκωληκοτοκει.De Generat. Animal.l. 2. c. 1.

[140]Il.υ. l. 654-5.

[141]Γης εντερα.De Animal. Incessu, c. 9.De Generat. Animal.l. 3. c. 11.

[142]Mark ix. 44. 46. 48.

[143]Σκωληκοβρωτος. Acts xii. 23.

[144]Linn.Lach. Lapp.ii. 32. note *.

[145]Latreille after De Geer (vii. 153—.) supposes thePiqueandNiguaof Ulloa to be synonymous withIxodes americanus, L.Hist. Nat.vii. 364. but it is evident fromUlloa'sdescription (Voy.i. 63. Engl. Trans.) that they are synonymous with theChigoe, orPulex penetrans.

[146]See above p.50.

[147]Captain Hancock, late commander of His Majesty's ship the Foudroyant, to whose friendly exertions I am indebted for one of the finest collections of Brazil insects ever brought to England, informs me that they will attack any exposed part of the body. He had them once in his hand.

[148]Piso and Margr.Ind.289.

[149]p. 65.

[150]Personal Narrative, E. T. v. 101.

[151]Natural. Miscell., ii. t. 42.

[152]Lindley in theRoyal Military Chroniclefor March 1815, p. 459.

[153]I owe this information to the late Robinson Kittoe, Esq. formerly clerk of the Cheque in the King's Yard, Woolwich.

[154]LesserL.ii. 222, note *.

[155]De Geer, vii. 154-60.

[156]Theatr. Ins.270. This happened in 1503; which circumstance refutes Southall's opinion that bugs were not known in England before 1670.

[157]Rai.Hist. Ins.7. Mouffet. 269. They were called alsopunez, from the Frenchpunaise.

[158]Hence our English wordBug-bear. In Matthews'sBible, Ps. xci. 5. is rendered, "Thou shalt not nede to be afraid of anybugsby night." The word in this sense often occurs in Shakespear.Winter's Tale, act iii. sc. 2. 3.Hen.VI. act v. sc. 2.Hamlet, act v. sc. 2. See Douce'sIllustrations of Shakespear, i. 329.

[159]The Banian hospital at Surat is a most remarkable institution. At my visit, the hospital contained horses, mules, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, poultry, pigeons, and a variety of birds. The most extraordinary ward was that appropriated to rats and mice,bugs, and other noxious vermin. The overseers of the hospital frequently hire beggars from the streets, for a stipulated sum, to pass a night amongst thefleas,lice, andbugs, on the express condition of suffering them to enjoy their feast without molestation. Forbes'sOriental Memoirs.

[160]Nicholson'sJournal, xvii. 40.

[161]Proboscis in cutem intrusa acerrimum dolorem excitat, qui tamen brevi cessat. Rai.Hist. Ins.58.

[162]One took eight drops from Reaumur, iv. 230.PlateVII.Fig.5.

[163]Bartram'sTravels, 383.

[164]i. 127. The West India sand-fly was noticed by the late Robinson Kittoe, Esq., who however did not recollect their fetching blood.

[165]See above, p.48-49.

[166]Travels, &c. i. 126.

[167]See Curtis'Brit. Ent.t. 122.

[168]It has been generally supposed by naturalists, that the Mosquitos of America belong to the Linnean genusCulex; but the celebrated traveller Humboldt asserts that the termMosquito, signifying alittle fly, is applied there to aSimulium, Latr. (Simulia, Meig.), and that theCulices, which are equally numerous and annoying, are calledZancudoes, which meanslong legs. The former, he says, are what the French callMoustiques, and the latterMaringouins.Personal Narrative, E. T. v. 93.

[169]Plin.Hist. Nat.l. xi. c. 28. Aristot.Hist. Animal.l. i. c. 5.

[170]Pliny was aware of this double office of the proboscis of a gnat, and has well described it. "Telum vero perfodiendo tergori quo spiculavit ingenio? Atque ut in capaci, cum cerni non possit exilitas, ita reciproca geminavit arte, utfodiendoacuminatum paritersorbendoquefistulosum esset."Hist. Nat.l. xi. c. 2.

[171]Humboldt has described several South American species.Personal Narrative, v. 97. note *. Engl. Tr.

[172]Germar'sMagazin der Entomologie, i. 137.

[173]Philos. Trans.1767, 111-13. I once witnessed a similar appearance at Maidstone in Kent.

[174]Weld'sTravels, 8vo. edit. 205. Yet Mouffet affirms the same: "Morsu crudeles et venenati, triplices caligas, imoocreas, item perforantes." 81.

[175]Acerbi'sTravels, ii. 5. 34-5. 51. Linn.Flor. Lapp.380-1.Lach. Lapp.ii. 108. De Geer, vi. 303-4.

[176]Reaum. iv. 573.

[177]Dr. Clarke'sTravels, i. 388.

[178]Jackson'sMarocco, 57.

[179]Travels, ii. 93. Mr. W. S. MacLeay, in a letter I recently received from him, observes, speaking of his residence at the Havana; "The disagreeables are ants, scorpions, mygales, and mosquitos. The latter were quite a pest on my first arrival within the tropics; but now I mind them about as much as I didgnatsin England."

[180]Humboldt'sPersonal Narrative, E. T. v. 87-. Most writers by the term mosquitos mean gnats; and for them it is here chiefly employed, but may be regarded as including both plagues.

[181]Theodorit.Hist. Eccl.1. ii. c. 30.

[182]Mouffet, 85. Amoreux, 119.

[183]Viz.MosquitoBay in St. Christopher's;Mosquitos, a town in the Island of Cuba; and theMosquitocountry in North America.

[184]Mouffet, 85.

[185]Deut. vii. 20. Josh. xxiv. 12.

[186]Amoreux, 242.

[187]Philos. Trans.i. 201.

[188]Hawkesworth'sCook, iii. 223.

[189]Stedman, ii. 94.

[190]Bingley, iii. 385, first edit.

[191]Knox'sCeylon, 24.

[192]Stedman, ii. 142.

[193]Ulloa'sVoy.i. 61, 62. Dr. Clarke'sTravels, i. 486. Amoreux, 197. Mr. W. S. MacLeay relates to me that soon after his arrival at the Havana he was stung by an immense scorpion, but was agreeably surprised to find the pain considerably less than the sting of a wasp, and of incomparably shorter duration.

[194]Andrews'sAnecdotes, 427. See on the subject of Scorpions Amoreux, 41-54. 176-205.

[195]Fab.Suppl.294. 2.

[196]Catal. Ham.1797. 151-195.

[197]PlateVII.Fig.13.a".

[198]Ulloa'sVoyage, i. 61.

[199]Amoreux, 217-226. See also 67-70.

[200]p. 31.

[201]Jackson'sMarocco, second edit.

[202]Ulloa, i. 64. Probably theCafafi, a white fly noticed by Humboldt, is synonymous with this of Ulloa, which could only be prevented from creeping between the threads of the curtains by keeping them wet.Personal Narrative, E. T. v. 107.

[203]Lach. Lapp.i. 208, 209.Fl. Lapp.382, 383. It appears however, from other authors, that they do bite.

[204]Young'sTravels in France, i. 298. These flies are equally troublesome and tormenting in Sweden. SeeAmœn. Acad.iii. 343.

[205]Cowhage has been administered with success as ananthelminthic, as has likewise spun glass pounded; the spicula of these substances destroying the worms. The hair of the caterpillars here alluded to, and perhaps also of the larva ofEuprepia Caja, (the Tiger-Moth,) might probably be equally efficacious.

[206]Reaum. ii. 191-5.

[207]Mouffet, 185. Plin.Hist. Nat.l. xxxviii. c. 9. Amoreux, 158.

[208]Amoreux, 210-212.

[209]Ulloa's Voyage, b. vi. c. 3. Hamilton (Travels in Colombia, as quoted in the Literary Gazette, April 28, 1827.) also mentions a spider called theCaya, rather large, found in the broken ground and among the rocks, from the body of which a poison so active is emitted, that men and mules have died in an hour or two after the venomous moisture had fallen on them. This is evidently the same insect with that mentioned by Ulloa, and confirms the above account of its venomous effects.

[210]Waterton (Wanderings in S. America, 53.) gives the recipe by which the Macousho Indians prepare the poison, in which they dip their arrows. It consists of a vine called the Wourali, which is the principal ingredient; the roots and stalks of some other plants; two species of ants, the sting of one of which is so venomous that it produces a fever; a quantity of the strongest Indian pepper (Capsicum), and the pounded fangs of two kinds of serpents.

[211]Tulpius,Obs. Med.l. ii. c. 51. t. 7. f. 3.Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journ.n. 35. 42-48. Derham,Physic. Theol.378. noteb.Lowthorp,Philos. Trans.iii. 135.

[212]Philos. Trans.1665. x. 391. Shaw'sAbridg.ii. 224.

[213]Mead,Med. Sacr.105.

[214]London Medical Review, v. 340.

[215]Philos. Trans.ubi supra.

[216]Fulvius Angelinus et Vincentius AlsariusDe verme admirando per nares egresso. Ravennæ 1610.

[217]Azara, 217. I cannot help suspecting this to be synonymous with theŒstrus Hominisnext mentioned.

[218]From PallasN. Nord. Beytr.i. 157.

[219]Essai sur la Géograph. des Plantes, 136.

[220]Clark inLinn. Trans.iii. 323, note.

[221]Leeuw.Epist.Oct. 17, 1687.

[222]Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journ.ubi supra. De Geer, vi. 26, 27.

[223]216.

[224]LempriereOn the Diseases of the Army in Jamaica, ii. 182.

[225]In passing through this parish last spring, I inquired of the mail-coachman whether he had heard of this story; and he said the fact was well known.

[226]Philos. Mag.ix. 366.

[227]Bonnet, v. 144.

[228]Mém. Apterolog.79.

[229]Universal History, iv. 70. Ed. 1779.

[230]Wisd. xvii. 12.

[231]See above, p.110.

[232]Once travelling through Cambridgeshire with a brother entomologist in a gig, our horse was in the condition here described, from the attack ofTabanus rusticus.

[233]De Geer, vii. 158.

[234]See Mr. W. S. MacLeay inLinn. Trans.xiv. 355—.

[235]De Geer, vi. 295.

[236]Amœn. Acad.iii. 358.

[237]Linn.Flor. Lapp.376.Lach. Lapp.i. 233, 234. This insect from Linné's description is probably noCulex, but perhaps aSimulium, Latr. (Simulia, Meig.).

[238]Life of General Thomas, 186.

[239]Linn.It. Scand.182. De Geer, v. 227-30.

[240]PlateXVI.Fig.3. Mr. Clark, however, is of opinion that the Œstrus does not pierce the skin of the animal, but only glues its eggs to it.Essay on the Bots of Horses and other Animals, p. 47.

[241]Much of the information here collected is taken from Reaum. iv.Mem.12; and Clark inLinn. Trans.iii. 289.

[242]The writer of the present letter is possessor of this specimen, which he took on himself in a field where oxen were feeding.PlateV.Fig.1.

[243]In theSystema Antliatorum(p. 56) Fabricius most strangely considers this insect as synonymous withCulex reptans, L. calling itScatopse reptans, and dropping his former reference to Pallas, and account of its injurious properties. Meigen (Dipt.i. 294) makes this insect aSimuliaunder the name ofS. maculata.

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