[405]Cuvier,Anat. Comp.i. 430.[406]De Geer, v. 210.[407]See above, p.7.[408]De Geer, vi. 338.[409]See MacLeay inPhilos. Mag. &c.N. Ser. No. 9. 178.[410]De Geer, vi. 65.[411]Hist. Ins.270.[412]Vol. I.265.[413]Reaumur, iii. 369.[414]Vol. I.137. De Geer, vi. 76. Reaumur, iv. 376. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, ii. 46. a.t.xxxix.f.3,h. h.[415]De Geer, vi. 355.[416]Reaum. iv. 416.t.xxxvi.f.5. Comp. ClarkOn the Bots, &c. 48.[417]Mr. Clark (ibid. 62) observed only rough points on the bots of the sheep, but these also have spines or hooks looking towards the anus. Reaum. iv. 556.t.xxxv.f.11, 13, 15. I also observed them myself in the same grub.[418]See above, p.220.[419]PlateXIX.Fig.11.[420]De Geer, vi.t.xxii. f. 15,i.t.xviii. f. 8,p.[421]Reaum. v.t.vi. f. 5,mm.[422]De Geer, vi. 395—.PlateXXIII.Fig.7. Foreleg,a.Hind-legs,bb.Mr. W. S. MacLeay is of opinion that these legs are pedunculated spiracles, (Philos. Mag.N. Series, No. 9. 178.) but it is evident from De Geer's account that the animal uses them as legs, and like legs they are armed with hooks or claws.[423]LesserL.i. 96. note †.[424]Klemann,Beitrage, 324.[425]De Geer, i. 447—t.xxxi.f.17.[426]De Geer, vi. 111.[427]Ibid. v. 233.[428]Ibid. 228.[429]De Geer, vi. 137.t.viii.f.8, 9.[430]Reaum. iii. 496.t.xlv.f.3.[431]Ibid.Mem. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Paris, An. 1714. p. 203.[432]De Geer, vi. 380—t.xxiv.f.1-9.[433]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, ii. 64. b.[434]De Geer, vi. 389—.[435]Vol.I.431.[436]Reaum. iv.t.43.f.3.nn.[437]De Geer, vi. 375.t.xxiii.f.4, 5.[438]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, ii. 44. b. 47. a.[439]For examples of larvæ having these joints, see De Geer, iv. 289.t.xiii.f.20.t.xv.f.14. ii.t.xii.f.3.t.xvi.f.5, 6.t.xix.f.4, &c.[440]Ibid. v.t.xi.f.11.t.ix.f.9. o.[441]Lyonet,Tr. Anat.t.iii.f.8.[442]Mr. W. S. MacLeay, where quoted above, objects to this term; but as the organs in question are generally given to the animal to assist in its motions, and have been universally regarded as a kind of legs, it was judged best for the sake of distinction to give them a different name from perfect legs, and at the same time one that showed some affinity to them.[443]Lyonet, 82—t.iii.f.10-16.[444]Ibid.t.i.f.4.[445]De Geer, i. 379.t.xxv.f.1. 3.[446]Vol.I.192—[447]De Geer, i. 12. 40.t.i.f.27.q. t.vi.f.11.e.[448]De Geer, i. 424.[449]Kirby inLinn. Trans.v. 258.[450]Anatom. Comp.i. 430.[451]Rösel, I. iv. 112. vi. 14.[452]Reaum. ii. 375—.[453]Miger,Ann. du Mus.xiv. 441.[454]De Geer, ii. 621.[455]Ibid. 725—.[456]De Geer, ii. 675— Compare Reaum. vi. 393.[457]Vol.I.66.[458]See above, p.255.[459]De Geer, iii. 284.[460]Ibid. vi. 308.[461]Ibid. iv. 43.[462]Dumeril,Trait. Element.ii. 49. n. 603.[463]Vol.I.475; and above, p.23.[464]Reaum. ii. 450.[465]Lyonet.Trait. Anat.15—.[466]See above, p.264.[467]De Geer, ii. 518—.[468]Peck inLinn. Trans.xi. 92.[469]Meigen considers this as anOrtalis; but its peculiar habit of constantly vibrating its wings indicates a distinct genus: especially as the habit is not confined to a single species.[470]De Geer, vi. 335.[471]See above, p.234.[472]The most common number of joints in the tarsus is from two to five; but the Phalangidæ have sometimes more than forty. In these, under a lens, this part looks like a jointed antenna.Geoffroy, and after him most modern entomologists, has taken theprimarydivisions of theColeopteraorder from the number of joints in the tarsus; but this, although perhaps in the majority of cases it may afford a natural division, will not universally. For—not to mention the instance ofPselaphus, clearly belonging to theBrachyptera—bothOxytelus, Grav., and another genus that I have separated from it (Carpalimus, K. Ms.), have only two joints in their tarsi. In this tribe, therefore, it can only be used for secondary divisions.—K.[473]iii. 284.[474]Hist. Ins.10.[475]RediOpusc.i. 80. Amoreux, 44—.[476]Œuvr.ii. 426.[477]Lesser,L.i. 248, note 24.[478]Linn. Trans.xi. 13.[479]Marsham inLinn. Trans.iii. 26—.[480]De Geer, iii. 324—.[481]Brit. Ent.i.t.xxx.f.4.[482]Cuvier,Anat. Comp.i. 496—.[483]Oliv.Entom.n. 90.t.i.[484]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, i. 123. b.[485]Aristoph.Nubes, Act. i. Sc. 2.[486]Trost,Beiträge, 40.[487]De Geer, iii. 161.[488]De Geer, iii. 178.[489]Evelyn, quoted in Hooke'sMicrogr.200—.[490]Anat. Comp.i. 498.[491]ii. 910.[492]PlateXV.Fig.14.[493]De Geer, vii. 38—t.iii.f.10.rr.[494]This insect abounds at East Farleigh, near Maidstone.[495]Reaum ii. 457.[496]The insect here alluded to is figured by Olivier under the name ofTenebrio nitens(No. 57.t.i.f.4.): hisHelops æneus(No. 58.t.i.f.7.) is a different insect.[497]Microgr.170.[498]iv. 259.[499]Physico-Theol.Ed. 13. 363, noteb.[500]Nat. Hist.ii. 274.[501]Amœn. Acad.i. 549. The Gecko, probably, is not the only lizard that walks against gravity. St. Pierre mentions one not longer than a finger, that, in the Isle of France, climbs along the walls, and even up the glass after the flies and other insects, for which it watches with great patience. These lizards are sometimes so tame that they will feed out of the hand.—Voyage, &c. 73. Major Moor and Captain Green observed similar lizards in India, that ran up the walls and over the ceilings after the mosquitos. Hasselquist says that the Gecko is very frequent at Cairo, both in the houses and without them, and that it exhales a very deleterious poison from the lobuli between the toes. He saw two women and a girl at the point of death, merely from eating a cheese on which it had dropped its venom. One ran over the hand of a man, who endeavoured to catch it; and immediately little pustules, resembling those occasioned by the stinging-nettle, rose all over the parts the creature had touched.—Voyage, 220. M. Savigny, however, who examined this animal in Egypt, assures me that this account of Hasselquist's, as far as it relates to the venom of the Gecko, is not correct.[502]Philos. Trans.1816. 325.t.xviii.f.1-7.[503]Ibid.f.8-11.[504]Kirby inLinn. Trans.xi. 106.t.viii.f.13.a.[505]I observed this in the hind legs of a variety ofLocusta migratoria.[506]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xix.f.5.[507]Ibid. p. 325.[508]In a specimen in my cabinet ofBlatta gigantea, the posterior and anterior tarsi of one side have only four joints, while the intermediate one has five. On the other side the hind leg is broken off, but the anterior and intermediate tarsi have both five joints. In another specimen one posterior tarsus has four and the other five joints.[509]The name of this genus properly spelled isTroxallis, from the Greek Τρωξαλλις,Gryllus.[510]This insect, which is remarkable for having the margin of its thorax reflexed, was long since well figured in Mouffet's work (130.fig. infima). It has not, however, been described by any other author I have met with. It is common in Brazil. Some specimens are pallid, while others are of a dark brown. It is to be observed that theBlattinaare resolvable into several genera.[511]De Geer, iii. 421.t.xxi.f.13.h.This author has also noticed the cushions in this genus andLocusta, and the claw-sucker in the latter, which he thinks are analogous to those of the fly.Ibid.462—t.xxii.f.7-8.[512]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xxi.f.8-13.[513]SeeZoolog. Jour.for 1825. No. iv. 431.[514]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xxi.f.1-9.[515]The orthography of this name isTroxallis, from the Greek Τρωξαλλις,Gryllus.[516]De Geer, iii. 132. 173.[517]De Geer, iii. 7.[518]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xix.f.3, 4.[519]Ibid.t.xix.f.1-9.[520]De Geer, vii. 91.t.v.f.6, 7.[521]Ibid. 96—t.v.f.13, 14, 17, 19.t.vi.f.2. 5.[522]Vol.I.405—[523]65.[524]Microgr.202. It has been objected to an excellent primitive writer (Clemens Romanus), that he believed the absurd fable of the phœnix. But surely this may be allowed for in him, who was no naturalist, when a scientific natural philosopher could believe that the clouds are made of spiders web![525]Latreille,Hist. Nat.xii. 388.[526]Quoted in theAthenæum, v. 126.[527]Ray'sLetters, 69. 36—.[528]Ray'sLetters, 37. 87. ListerDe Aran.80. Lister illustrates the force with which these creatures shoot their thread, by a homely though very forcible simile: "Resupinata (says he) anum in ventum dedit, filumque ejaculata est quo plane modo robustissimus juvenise distentissima vesicâ urinam."[529]De Araneis, 8. 27. 64. 75— 79—.[530]Ibid. 79—.[531]Ibid. 85.[532]Nat. Hist.i. 327.[533]No. lii. 306—.[534]Cuvier,Anat. Comp.i. 504.[535]Nat. Hist.i. 325—.[536]Neue Schriften der Naturforschenden Gessellschaft zu Halle1810. v.Heft.[537]Nat. Hist.i. 326.[538]Ray'sLetters, 36.[539]Ibid. 42. ListerDe Araneis, 8.[540]Vol.I.113—[541]Lichtenberg und VoightMagazin, 1789. vi. 53—.[542]Neue Schriften der Naturforsch. &c. 1810. v.Heft, 41-56.[543]De Araneis, 66.[544]Ibid. 79.[545]Nat. Hist.i. 326.[546]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, i. 24. De Geer, vii. 190.[547]French naturalists use this term (nervure) for the veins of wings, leaves, &c. restrictingnerve(nerf) to the ramifications from the brain and spinal marrow. We have adopted the term, which we express in Latin byneura, from the Greek νευρα.[548]JurineHymenopt.19.[549]PlateX.Fig.1.[550]PlateXXIII.Fig.6.e´´´.[551]PlateX.Fig.4.[552]InPlateXXIII.Fig.5. the wings ofDytiscus marginalisare represented as they appear when folded.[553]Entomol.i. 1.[554]PlateX.Fig.5.[555]PlateII.Fig.1. It has been ascertained that the spurious elytra of these insects are serviceable in their flight. As M. Latreille now allows this, he ought to have restored its original name, which he had altered, to this order.[556]PlateX.Fig.2.[557]Hist. Ins.63.[558]Nat. Hist.ii. 82.[559]PlateII.Fig.4.[560]PlateX.Fig.3.II.Fig.5.[561]PlateXV.Fig.2. I have separated this tribe from the rest under the name ofPetalopus, K. Ms.[562]PlateIII.Fig.4.[563]Lesser,L.i. 109, note *. De Geer, ii. 460—t.ix.f.9.[564]PlateXXII.Fig.16—.[565]PlateX.Fig.6.[566]De Geer, i. 173.t.x.f.4.Linn. Trans.i. 135—.[567]Linn. Trans.vii. 40.[568]HaworthLepidopt. Brit.i. 19.[569]Leeuw.Epist.6. Mart. 1717.[570]JurineHymenopt.t. 2-5.[571]KirbyMon. Ap. Angl.i. 96. 108.t.xiii.f.19.[572]Ibid. 96. 107.t.v.f.8.dd.[573]Huber, i. 38.[574]Phys. Theol.13th Ed. 366, note (i.)[575]Wiedemann'sArchiv.ii. 210.[576]To those that frequent meadows and pastures (Tipula oleracea, L. &c.) they are also useful as I have before observed, as stilts, to enable them to walk over the grass. Reaum. v.Pref.i.t.iii.f.10.[577]4to. iii. 36.[578]PlateXIV.Fig.6.[579]Mr. Briggs observes that this insect appears to move all its legs at once, with wonderful rapidity, by which motion it produces a radiating vibration on the surface of the water.[580]De Geer, iii. 314.[581]Vol.I.470—[582]CurtisBrit. Ent.t.ii.[583]PlateXV.Fig.5.[584]PlateII.Fig.2.[585]PlateXV.Fig.6.s´´.,v´´´.[586]Ibid.t´´.[587]White,Nat. Hist.ii. 80. 72. 76.[588]Linn. Trans.iv. 200—.[589]v. 20—.[590]vi. 104.[591]Rai.Hist. Ins.133. l.[592]Lesser,L.i. 248, note 22.[593]Vol.I.282—[594]Reaum. vi. 484.t.xlv.f.7.[595]The persons observing the appearance here related were the authors of this work.[596]Lach. Lapp.i. 194.[597]Compare Oliv.Entomol.iii.Gyrinus4.[598]De Geer, ii. 638—.[599]See above, p.7.[600]See above, p.98.[601]Syst. Nat.550. 42.[602]Nat. Hist.ii. 254.[603]White,Nat. Hist.ii. 256.[604]Vol.I.352—[605]Rev. ix. 9.[606]Vol.I.113.146—[607]Stedman'sSurinam, i. 24.[608]De Geer, vi. 13.[609]Wiedemann'sArchiv.ii. 210. 217.[610]Act.i.Sc.2.[611]Mouffet, 81.[612]Linn. Trans.v. 255.t.xii.f.7. b.[613]Drury'sInsects, iii. Preface.[614]Lister'sGœdart, 244—. Compare Reaum. vi. 30.[615]Bingley,Animal Biogr.iii. 1st Ed. 335.[616]See above, p.41.[617]Philos. Trans.1781. 48. 38.[618]Nat. Hist.ii. 262.[619]Vol.I. p.36.[620]Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, i. 125.[621]Shaw'sNat. Misc.iii. 104.Phil. Trans.xxxiii. 159. Compare DumerilTraité Element. ii. 91. n. 694.[622]Reaum. v. 615. Butler'sFemale Monarchy, c. v. § 4.[623]See above, p.147.[624]Huber, i. 260. ii. 292—.[625]Reaum. v. 617.[626]Philos. Trans.1792.[627]Huber, i. 292—.[628]Fuessl.Archiv.8. 10.[629]De Geer, vii. 594.[630]Rösel, II. 208.[631]Rai.Hist. Ins.384. Dumeril,Trait. Element.ii. 100. n. 17.[632]De Geer, v. 58. 69. Rösel, II. iii. 5.[633]Rösel, ibid.[634]Latr.Hist. Nat.x. 264.[635]De Geer, iii. 289.[636]Hist. Ins.56.[637]Vol.I.34.[638]NaturforscherStk. xxi. 77.[639]III. 16.[640]Reaum. ii. 290—.[641]Nouv. Obs.ii. 300, note *.[642]InPhilos. Trans.1792.[643]Schirach, 73—.[644]i. 226—.[645]Aristot.Hist. Anim.l. v. c. 30. Plin.Hist. Nat.l. xi. c. 26.[646]Oliv.Entomol.i. Pref. ix.[647]Sparrman,Voy.i. 312.[648]PlateXXIX.Fig.13.[649]Compare De Geer, iii. 512.[650]De Geer, iii. 517. See also White,Nat. Hist.ii. 76;—and Rai.Hist. Ins.63.[651]Mouffet, 136.[652]Goldsmith'sAnimat. Nat.vi. 28.[653]Ins. Theatr.134.[654]Nat. Hist.ii. 73.[655]Nat. Hist.ii. 81.[656]See Kirby inZool. Journ.p. iv. 429—.[657]Linn. Trans.iv. 51—.[658]De Greer, iii. 429.[659]Ibid. 470.[660]De Geer, iii. 471.t.xxiii.f.2. 3.[661]Osbeck'sVoy.i. 71.[662]Zoolog. Journ.n. iv. 429—.[663]Stedman'sSurinam, ii. 37.[664]Hist. of Barbadoes, 65.[665]Epigramm. Delect.45. 234.[666]Gr. τερετισμα.[667]Mouffet,Theatr.130.[668]Ἡδνεπους Πλατων, και τεττιξιν ισολαλος.[669]MerianSurinam. 49.[670]Et cantu querulæ rumpent arbusta cicadæ.Georg.iii. 328.[671]Smith'sTour, iii. 95.[672]Collinson inPhilos. Trans.1763. Stoll,Cigales, 26.[673]Travels, 2d Ed. 186.[674]PlateVIII.Fig.18.c.†. Reaum. v.t.xvi.f.5. u u.[675]PlateVIII.Fig.18.q´´´. Reaum.ubi supra,t.xvi.f.11.b.[676]Reaum. ibid.f.3.l l.[677]Ibid.ubi supra,f.3. m m.[678]Ibid.q. q. c.[679]Ibid.n. n.[680]Reaum.ubi supr.f.6.f f.[681]Ibid.f.9.f f.PlateVIII.Fig.19. C´´.
[405]Cuvier,Anat. Comp.i. 430.
[406]De Geer, v. 210.
[407]See above, p.7.
[408]De Geer, vi. 338.
[409]See MacLeay inPhilos. Mag. &c.N. Ser. No. 9. 178.
[410]De Geer, vi. 65.
[411]Hist. Ins.270.
[412]Vol. I.265.
[413]Reaumur, iii. 369.
[414]Vol. I.137. De Geer, vi. 76. Reaumur, iv. 376. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, ii. 46. a.t.xxxix.f.3,h. h.
[415]De Geer, vi. 355.
[416]Reaum. iv. 416.t.xxxvi.f.5. Comp. ClarkOn the Bots, &c. 48.
[417]Mr. Clark (ibid. 62) observed only rough points on the bots of the sheep, but these also have spines or hooks looking towards the anus. Reaum. iv. 556.t.xxxv.f.11, 13, 15. I also observed them myself in the same grub.
[418]See above, p.220.
[419]PlateXIX.Fig.11.
[420]De Geer, vi.t.xxii. f. 15,i.t.xviii. f. 8,p.
[421]Reaum. v.t.vi. f. 5,mm.
[422]De Geer, vi. 395—.PlateXXIII.Fig.7. Foreleg,a.Hind-legs,bb.Mr. W. S. MacLeay is of opinion that these legs are pedunculated spiracles, (Philos. Mag.N. Series, No. 9. 178.) but it is evident from De Geer's account that the animal uses them as legs, and like legs they are armed with hooks or claws.
[423]LesserL.i. 96. note †.
[424]Klemann,Beitrage, 324.
[425]De Geer, i. 447—t.xxxi.f.17.
[426]De Geer, vi. 111.
[427]Ibid. v. 233.
[428]Ibid. 228.
[429]De Geer, vi. 137.t.viii.f.8, 9.
[430]Reaum. iii. 496.t.xlv.f.3.
[431]Ibid.Mem. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Paris, An. 1714. p. 203.
[432]De Geer, vi. 380—t.xxiv.f.1-9.
[433]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, ii. 64. b.
[434]De Geer, vi. 389—.
[435]Vol.I.431.
[436]Reaum. iv.t.43.f.3.nn.
[437]De Geer, vi. 375.t.xxiii.f.4, 5.
[438]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, ii. 44. b. 47. a.
[439]For examples of larvæ having these joints, see De Geer, iv. 289.t.xiii.f.20.t.xv.f.14. ii.t.xii.f.3.t.xvi.f.5, 6.t.xix.f.4, &c.
[440]Ibid. v.t.xi.f.11.t.ix.f.9. o.
[441]Lyonet,Tr. Anat.t.iii.f.8.
[442]Mr. W. S. MacLeay, where quoted above, objects to this term; but as the organs in question are generally given to the animal to assist in its motions, and have been universally regarded as a kind of legs, it was judged best for the sake of distinction to give them a different name from perfect legs, and at the same time one that showed some affinity to them.
[443]Lyonet, 82—t.iii.f.10-16.
[444]Ibid.t.i.f.4.
[445]De Geer, i. 379.t.xxv.f.1. 3.
[446]Vol.I.192—
[447]De Geer, i. 12. 40.t.i.f.27.q. t.vi.f.11.e.
[448]De Geer, i. 424.
[449]Kirby inLinn. Trans.v. 258.
[450]Anatom. Comp.i. 430.
[451]Rösel, I. iv. 112. vi. 14.
[452]Reaum. ii. 375—.
[453]Miger,Ann. du Mus.xiv. 441.
[454]De Geer, ii. 621.
[455]Ibid. 725—.
[456]De Geer, ii. 675— Compare Reaum. vi. 393.
[457]Vol.I.66.
[458]See above, p.255.
[459]De Geer, iii. 284.
[460]Ibid. vi. 308.
[461]Ibid. iv. 43.
[462]Dumeril,Trait. Element.ii. 49. n. 603.
[463]Vol.I.475; and above, p.23.
[464]Reaum. ii. 450.
[465]Lyonet.Trait. Anat.15—.
[466]See above, p.264.
[467]De Geer, ii. 518—.
[468]Peck inLinn. Trans.xi. 92.
[469]Meigen considers this as anOrtalis; but its peculiar habit of constantly vibrating its wings indicates a distinct genus: especially as the habit is not confined to a single species.
[470]De Geer, vi. 335.
[471]See above, p.234.
[472]The most common number of joints in the tarsus is from two to five; but the Phalangidæ have sometimes more than forty. In these, under a lens, this part looks like a jointed antenna.
Geoffroy, and after him most modern entomologists, has taken theprimarydivisions of theColeopteraorder from the number of joints in the tarsus; but this, although perhaps in the majority of cases it may afford a natural division, will not universally. For—not to mention the instance ofPselaphus, clearly belonging to theBrachyptera—bothOxytelus, Grav., and another genus that I have separated from it (Carpalimus, K. Ms.), have only two joints in their tarsi. In this tribe, therefore, it can only be used for secondary divisions.—K.
[473]iii. 284.
[474]Hist. Ins.10.
[475]RediOpusc.i. 80. Amoreux, 44—.
[476]Œuvr.ii. 426.
[477]Lesser,L.i. 248, note 24.
[478]Linn. Trans.xi. 13.
[479]Marsham inLinn. Trans.iii. 26—.
[480]De Geer, iii. 324—.
[481]Brit. Ent.i.t.xxx.f.4.
[482]Cuvier,Anat. Comp.i. 496—.
[483]Oliv.Entom.n. 90.t.i.
[484]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, i. 123. b.
[485]Aristoph.Nubes, Act. i. Sc. 2.
[486]Trost,Beiträge, 40.
[487]De Geer, iii. 161.
[488]De Geer, iii. 178.
[489]Evelyn, quoted in Hooke'sMicrogr.200—.
[490]Anat. Comp.i. 498.
[491]ii. 910.
[492]PlateXV.Fig.14.
[493]De Geer, vii. 38—t.iii.f.10.rr.
[494]This insect abounds at East Farleigh, near Maidstone.
[495]Reaum ii. 457.
[496]The insect here alluded to is figured by Olivier under the name ofTenebrio nitens(No. 57.t.i.f.4.): hisHelops æneus(No. 58.t.i.f.7.) is a different insect.
[497]Microgr.170.
[498]iv. 259.
[499]Physico-Theol.Ed. 13. 363, noteb.
[500]Nat. Hist.ii. 274.
[501]Amœn. Acad.i. 549. The Gecko, probably, is not the only lizard that walks against gravity. St. Pierre mentions one not longer than a finger, that, in the Isle of France, climbs along the walls, and even up the glass after the flies and other insects, for which it watches with great patience. These lizards are sometimes so tame that they will feed out of the hand.—Voyage, &c. 73. Major Moor and Captain Green observed similar lizards in India, that ran up the walls and over the ceilings after the mosquitos. Hasselquist says that the Gecko is very frequent at Cairo, both in the houses and without them, and that it exhales a very deleterious poison from the lobuli between the toes. He saw two women and a girl at the point of death, merely from eating a cheese on which it had dropped its venom. One ran over the hand of a man, who endeavoured to catch it; and immediately little pustules, resembling those occasioned by the stinging-nettle, rose all over the parts the creature had touched.—Voyage, 220. M. Savigny, however, who examined this animal in Egypt, assures me that this account of Hasselquist's, as far as it relates to the venom of the Gecko, is not correct.
[502]Philos. Trans.1816. 325.t.xviii.f.1-7.
[503]Ibid.f.8-11.
[504]Kirby inLinn. Trans.xi. 106.t.viii.f.13.a.
[505]I observed this in the hind legs of a variety ofLocusta migratoria.
[506]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xix.f.5.
[507]Ibid. p. 325.
[508]In a specimen in my cabinet ofBlatta gigantea, the posterior and anterior tarsi of one side have only four joints, while the intermediate one has five. On the other side the hind leg is broken off, but the anterior and intermediate tarsi have both five joints. In another specimen one posterior tarsus has four and the other five joints.
[509]The name of this genus properly spelled isTroxallis, from the Greek Τρωξαλλις,Gryllus.
[510]This insect, which is remarkable for having the margin of its thorax reflexed, was long since well figured in Mouffet's work (130.fig. infima). It has not, however, been described by any other author I have met with. It is common in Brazil. Some specimens are pallid, while others are of a dark brown. It is to be observed that theBlattinaare resolvable into several genera.
[511]De Geer, iii. 421.t.xxi.f.13.h.This author has also noticed the cushions in this genus andLocusta, and the claw-sucker in the latter, which he thinks are analogous to those of the fly.Ibid.462—t.xxii.f.7-8.
[512]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xxi.f.8-13.
[513]SeeZoolog. Jour.for 1825. No. iv. 431.
[514]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xxi.f.1-9.
[515]The orthography of this name isTroxallis, from the Greek Τρωξαλλις,Gryllus.
[516]De Geer, iii. 132. 173.
[517]De Geer, iii. 7.
[518]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xix.f.3, 4.
[519]Ibid.t.xix.f.1-9.
[520]De Geer, vii. 91.t.v.f.6, 7.
[521]Ibid. 96—t.v.f.13, 14, 17, 19.t.vi.f.2. 5.
[522]Vol.I.405—
[523]65.
[524]Microgr.202. It has been objected to an excellent primitive writer (Clemens Romanus), that he believed the absurd fable of the phœnix. But surely this may be allowed for in him, who was no naturalist, when a scientific natural philosopher could believe that the clouds are made of spiders web!
[525]Latreille,Hist. Nat.xii. 388.
[526]Quoted in theAthenæum, v. 126.
[527]Ray'sLetters, 69. 36—.
[528]Ray'sLetters, 37. 87. ListerDe Aran.80. Lister illustrates the force with which these creatures shoot their thread, by a homely though very forcible simile: "Resupinata (says he) anum in ventum dedit, filumque ejaculata est quo plane modo robustissimus juvenise distentissima vesicâ urinam."
[529]De Araneis, 8. 27. 64. 75— 79—.
[530]Ibid. 79—.
[531]Ibid. 85.
[532]Nat. Hist.i. 327.
[533]No. lii. 306—.
[534]Cuvier,Anat. Comp.i. 504.
[535]Nat. Hist.i. 325—.
[536]Neue Schriften der Naturforschenden Gessellschaft zu Halle1810. v.Heft.
[537]Nat. Hist.i. 326.
[538]Ray'sLetters, 36.
[539]Ibid. 42. ListerDe Araneis, 8.
[540]Vol.I.113—
[541]Lichtenberg und VoightMagazin, 1789. vi. 53—.
[542]Neue Schriften der Naturforsch. &c. 1810. v.Heft, 41-56.
[543]De Araneis, 66.
[544]Ibid. 79.
[545]Nat. Hist.i. 326.
[546]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, i. 24. De Geer, vii. 190.
[547]French naturalists use this term (nervure) for the veins of wings, leaves, &c. restrictingnerve(nerf) to the ramifications from the brain and spinal marrow. We have adopted the term, which we express in Latin byneura, from the Greek νευρα.
[548]JurineHymenopt.19.
[549]PlateX.Fig.1.
[550]PlateXXIII.Fig.6.e´´´.
[551]PlateX.Fig.4.
[552]InPlateXXIII.Fig.5. the wings ofDytiscus marginalisare represented as they appear when folded.
[553]Entomol.i. 1.
[554]PlateX.Fig.5.
[555]PlateII.Fig.1. It has been ascertained that the spurious elytra of these insects are serviceable in their flight. As M. Latreille now allows this, he ought to have restored its original name, which he had altered, to this order.
[556]PlateX.Fig.2.
[557]Hist. Ins.63.
[558]Nat. Hist.ii. 82.
[559]PlateII.Fig.4.
[560]PlateX.Fig.3.II.Fig.5.
[561]PlateXV.Fig.2. I have separated this tribe from the rest under the name ofPetalopus, K. Ms.
[562]PlateIII.Fig.4.
[563]Lesser,L.i. 109, note *. De Geer, ii. 460—t.ix.f.9.
[564]PlateXXII.Fig.16—.
[565]PlateX.Fig.6.
[566]De Geer, i. 173.t.x.f.4.Linn. Trans.i. 135—.
[567]Linn. Trans.vii. 40.
[568]HaworthLepidopt. Brit.i. 19.
[569]Leeuw.Epist.6. Mart. 1717.
[570]JurineHymenopt.t. 2-5.
[571]KirbyMon. Ap. Angl.i. 96. 108.t.xiii.f.19.
[572]Ibid. 96. 107.t.v.f.8.dd.
[573]Huber, i. 38.
[574]Phys. Theol.13th Ed. 366, note (i.)
[575]Wiedemann'sArchiv.ii. 210.
[576]To those that frequent meadows and pastures (Tipula oleracea, L. &c.) they are also useful as I have before observed, as stilts, to enable them to walk over the grass. Reaum. v.Pref.i.t.iii.f.10.
[577]4to. iii. 36.
[578]PlateXIV.Fig.6.
[579]Mr. Briggs observes that this insect appears to move all its legs at once, with wonderful rapidity, by which motion it produces a radiating vibration on the surface of the water.
[580]De Geer, iii. 314.
[581]Vol.I.470—
[582]CurtisBrit. Ent.t.ii.
[583]PlateXV.Fig.5.
[584]PlateII.Fig.2.
[585]PlateXV.Fig.6.s´´.,v´´´.
[586]Ibid.t´´.
[587]White,Nat. Hist.ii. 80. 72. 76.
[588]Linn. Trans.iv. 200—.
[589]v. 20—.
[590]vi. 104.
[591]Rai.Hist. Ins.133. l.
[592]Lesser,L.i. 248, note 22.
[593]Vol.I.282—
[594]Reaum. vi. 484.t.xlv.f.7.
[595]The persons observing the appearance here related were the authors of this work.
[596]Lach. Lapp.i. 194.
[597]Compare Oliv.Entomol.iii.Gyrinus4.
[598]De Geer, ii. 638—.
[599]See above, p.7.
[600]See above, p.98.
[601]Syst. Nat.550. 42.
[602]Nat. Hist.ii. 254.
[603]White,Nat. Hist.ii. 256.
[604]Vol.I.352—
[605]Rev. ix. 9.
[606]Vol.I.113.146—
[607]Stedman'sSurinam, i. 24.
[608]De Geer, vi. 13.
[609]Wiedemann'sArchiv.ii. 210. 217.
[610]Act.i.Sc.2.
[611]Mouffet, 81.
[612]Linn. Trans.v. 255.t.xii.f.7. b.
[613]Drury'sInsects, iii. Preface.
[614]Lister'sGœdart, 244—. Compare Reaum. vi. 30.
[615]Bingley,Animal Biogr.iii. 1st Ed. 335.
[616]See above, p.41.
[617]Philos. Trans.1781. 48. 38.
[618]Nat. Hist.ii. 262.
[619]Vol.I. p.36.
[620]Bibl. Nat.Ed. Hill, i. 125.
[621]Shaw'sNat. Misc.iii. 104.Phil. Trans.xxxiii. 159. Compare DumerilTraité Element. ii. 91. n. 694.
[622]Reaum. v. 615. Butler'sFemale Monarchy, c. v. § 4.
[623]See above, p.147.
[624]Huber, i. 260. ii. 292—.
[625]Reaum. v. 617.
[626]Philos. Trans.1792.
[627]Huber, i. 292—.
[628]Fuessl.Archiv.8. 10.
[629]De Geer, vii. 594.
[630]Rösel, II. 208.
[631]Rai.Hist. Ins.384. Dumeril,Trait. Element.ii. 100. n. 17.
[632]De Geer, v. 58. 69. Rösel, II. iii. 5.
[633]Rösel, ibid.
[634]Latr.Hist. Nat.x. 264.
[635]De Geer, iii. 289.
[636]Hist. Ins.56.
[637]Vol.I.34.
[638]NaturforscherStk. xxi. 77.
[639]III. 16.
[640]Reaum. ii. 290—.
[641]Nouv. Obs.ii. 300, note *.
[642]InPhilos. Trans.1792.
[643]Schirach, 73—.
[644]i. 226—.
[645]Aristot.Hist. Anim.l. v. c. 30. Plin.Hist. Nat.l. xi. c. 26.
[646]Oliv.Entomol.i. Pref. ix.
[647]Sparrman,Voy.i. 312.
[648]PlateXXIX.Fig.13.
[649]Compare De Geer, iii. 512.
[650]De Geer, iii. 517. See also White,Nat. Hist.ii. 76;—and Rai.Hist. Ins.63.
[651]Mouffet, 136.
[652]Goldsmith'sAnimat. Nat.vi. 28.
[653]Ins. Theatr.134.
[654]Nat. Hist.ii. 73.
[655]Nat. Hist.ii. 81.
[656]See Kirby inZool. Journ.p. iv. 429—.
[657]Linn. Trans.iv. 51—.
[658]De Greer, iii. 429.
[659]Ibid. 470.
[660]De Geer, iii. 471.t.xxiii.f.2. 3.
[661]Osbeck'sVoy.i. 71.
[662]Zoolog. Journ.n. iv. 429—.
[663]Stedman'sSurinam, ii. 37.
[664]Hist. of Barbadoes, 65.
[665]Epigramm. Delect.45. 234.
[666]Gr. τερετισμα.
[667]Mouffet,Theatr.130.
[668]Ἡδνεπους Πλατων, και τεττιξιν ισολαλος.
[669]MerianSurinam. 49.
[670]Et cantu querulæ rumpent arbusta cicadæ.Georg.iii. 328.
[671]Smith'sTour, iii. 95.
[672]Collinson inPhilos. Trans.1763. Stoll,Cigales, 26.
[673]Travels, 2d Ed. 186.
[674]PlateVIII.Fig.18.c.†. Reaum. v.t.xvi.f.5. u u.
[675]PlateVIII.Fig.18.q´´´. Reaum.ubi supra,t.xvi.f.11.b.
[676]Reaum. ibid.f.3.l l.
[677]Ibid.ubi supra,f.3. m m.
[678]Ibid.q. q. c.
[679]Ibid.n. n.
[680]Reaum.ubi supr.f.6.f f.
[681]Ibid.f.9.f f.PlateVIII.Fig.19. C´´.