[742]Oliv. no. 83. 160.t.vi.f.60. ♂.t.v.f.45. ♀?[743]Ibid.no. 36.t.ii.f.12.[744]Ibid.no. 6.t.vii.f.61.[745]See above,Vol.II.224—.[746]CoquebertIllustr. Icon.iii.t.xxi.f.2.[747]StollCigales,t.xviii.f.a b c.Grillonst.iv.f.16-18. This singular animal, which was found by Mr. Patterson at the Cape of Good Hope, is stated to be anaquatic; and affords the only known instance of anOrthopterousinsect inhabiting the waters. TheGryllotalpaloves the vicinity of water.[748]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.Melitta**. b. 139.t.ii.f.4-6.[749]Ibid.**. a.f.4, 5.[750]Ibid. Apis*. b. 190—.t.v.f.18b.[751]By Rösel, by a friend of De Geer's, and by M. Marechal. De Geer iv. 331—.Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xviii. 225.[752]Oliv. no. i.Lucanus,t.ii.f.3.[753]Ibid.t.iii.f.7.[754]Linn. Trans.xii. 410.t.xxi.f.12.[755]Ibid.vi. 185.t.xx.f.1.[756]Oliv.ubi supr.t.ii.f.4.[757]Regne Animal, iii.t.xiii.f.3.[758]SeeVol.I.PlateI.Fig.3.[759]Christ.Hymenopt.t.xviii.f.2.[760]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.Melitta*. a.t.i.f.5. ♀. 7. ♂.[761]Ibid.Melitta**. a.t.ii.f.6. ♀. 7. ♂. and **. b.t.iii.f.3. ♀. 4. ♂.[762]Ibid.t.viii.f.11. ♀. 12. ♂.[763]Ibid.i.t.viii.f.9. ♀. 10. ♂.[764]Ibid.Apis**. c. 2. β.t.ix.f.6. ♀. 7. ♂.[765]See above,Vol.II. 125. Note[135].[766]Mon. Ap. Angl. ubi supr.t.xiii.f.13. ♀. 14. ♂.[767]MacLeayHor. Entomolog.4—.[768]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxii. 488.[769]Linn. Trans.xii. 425—.t.xxii.f.6.[770]PlateXXVI.Fig.2.[771]Ibid.Fig.3.[772]Oliv. no. xxv.Lymexylon,t.1.f.1.[773]De Geer vii. 249—.t.xiv.f.20, 21. TreviranusArachnid.36—.t.ii.f.16.a b c.t.iv.f.35-37.[774]Mon. Ap. Angl.i. Apis **. c. 2. γ.t.ix.f.7. ♀. 9. ♂.[775]Ibid.Melitta**. a.t.ii.f.8. ♀. 9. ♂. and **. b.t.iii.f.6. ♀. 7. ♂. **. c.t.iv.f.11. ♀. 12. ♂.[776]JurineHymenopt.t.11.f.2.[777]Mon. Ap. Angl.i. Apis **. d. 1.t.x.f.7.[778]Oliv. no. 80.Macrocephalus,t.i.f.2.[779]Latr.Gen. Crust. et Ins.iv. 156.[780]JurineHymenopt.61.t.vi.f.8.[781]Ibid. 289.[782]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.ix. Apis **. c. 2. γ.f.9.[783]PlateXI.Fig.19.[784]PlateV.Fig.3.[785]PlateXI.Fig.18.[786]Ibid.Fig.17.[787]PlateXXV.Fig.11.Linn. Trans.xii.t.xxi.f.4.a.[788]Ibid.f.3.[789]PlateXXV.Fig.22.[790]De Geer i.t.xix.f.11, 12.[791]JurineHymenopt.t.vi.f.8.[792]PlateXXV.Fig.25, 26.[793]Ibid.Fig.4.[794]Reaum. iv.t.xl.f.2.a a.♂.t.xxxix.f.3. ♀. In the last the hairs are too conspicuous.[795]PlateXII.Fig.24.[796]JurineHymenopt.t.vi.f.3.[797]PlateXII.Fig.25, 26.XXV.Fig.17, 32.[798]Ibid.Fig.12.[799]PlateXI.Fig.22.[800]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xiv. 395.[801]PlateXII.Fig.7.[802]PlateXXV.Fig.1.[803]Ibid.Fig.21.[804]Linn. Trans. xii.t.xxii.f.8.e.♂.f.♀.[805]Hist. Nat. des Fourmis, 195—. 270—.[806]De Geer ii. 1094.[807]Ibid. 650.Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xi.Apisxx.c.1.f.2. ♂.t.xii.f.3. ♀.[808]PlateXXVI.Fig.39. De Geer ii. 651. 659.[809]VoetColeopt.i.t.xxxix.f.47, 48. ♂. 46. ♀.[810]Oliv. no. 3.t.vi.f.46.a.♂.b.♀.[811]Ibid.t.i.f.1. iv. x.f.31. xi.f.102. xii.f.114.[812]Ibid.t.xxvi.f.219.[813]Ibid.t.i.f.2.[814]Ibid.t.xxiii.f.35.[815]Ibid.t.ii.f.7.[816]Ibid.t.v.f.40.[817]Ibid. xix.f.175.[818]Ibid.t.xii.f.115.[819]Copris florigerKirby inLinn. Trans.xii. 396.[820]Oliv. no. 3.t.ii.f.18.[821]Ibid.t.xxii.f.32.[822]Ibid.t.ix.f.85.[823]Ibid.t.iii.f.22.[824]Ibid.t.xiii.f.124.a.[825]Ibid.t.v.f.38.[826]Ibid.t.xxviii.f.242.t.xviii.f.169.[827]Ibid.t.xvi.f.152.[828]Ibid.t.xxviii.f.247.[829]Ibid.t.xv.f.138.a. t.v.f.33.[830]Samouelle'sCompend.t.i.f.1.[831]Oliv. no. 3.t.v.f.36.a.[832]Schon. Synon.i.t.1.[833]Oliv. no. 3.t.xxiv.f.208.[834]Ibidt.x.f.88.[835]Ibid.f.87.[836]Ibid.t.xx.f.185.[837]Ibid.t.vi.f.42.a.[838]Ibid. n. 83.Curculiot.xxii.f.295.[839]Oliv. no. 81.Attelabust.ii.f.27.b.28.[840]De Geer ii.t.xxxi.f.18-22.[841]Ibid. iii. 21.[842]Lesser L. i. 185.[843]De Geer iii. 308.[844]See above,Vol.II.394—.[845]Linn. Trans.i. 145. 135—.[846]Ibid.t.xiii.f.1. 2. ♂. 3. ♀.[847]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xi. Apis **, a. 2. α. β.f.18.[848]Oliv. no. 68.Saperdat.i.f.8.[849]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.viii.f.28.c.[850]Ibid.t.ix. Apis **. c. 2. β.f.12.[851]Clairv.Ent. Helv.ii.t.xii.f.B.[852]Oliv.Ins.no. 66.t.iii. iv.f.12.[853]Ibid. no. 3.t.iv.f.27.[854]Punaises,t.iii.f.20.[855]Mr. Marsham has made two species of this from this circumstance, viz.Necydalis Podagrariæandsimplex.[856]Oliv. n. 3.t.xxvii.f.27. ♀. andt.iv.f.27. ♂.[857]Ibid.t.vii.f.58. ♂.f.57. ♀.[858]Ibid. n. 95.Hispat.i.f.4.PlateXXVII.Fig.24.[859]PlateXV.Fig.3.[860]De Geer i.t.vii.f.14, 15.[861]CoquebertIllust. Icon.i.t.vi.f.6.PlateXXVII.Fig.32.[862]Illig.Mag.iv. 214. Gyllenhal.Insect. Suec.i. 168.[863]PlateXV.Fig.9.[864]Ibid.Fig.8.[865]Christ.Hymenopt.118.t.iv.f.3.[866]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xi.Apis**. e. 1. ♂.f.8.e.andt.xii. **. e. 1. neut.f.19.c.[867]Hor. Entomolog.144.[868]PlateXXVII.Fig.45.a.[869]De Geer ii.t.xxviii.f.2.[870]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.v.Apis**. a.f.10. ♂. 11. ♀.[871]Ibid.t.vii. Apis **. c. 1. α. 17. ♀. 18. ♂.[872]Ibid.t.viii.f.30. ♂. 31. ♀.[873]Ibid.t.xi. Apis **. e. 1. mas.f.9.t.xii. Apis **. e. 1. fem.f.9. and neut.f.22.[874]De Geer vi.t.xviii.f.12, 13.[875]De Geer v. 151—.[876]Mon. Ap. Angl.i. 177.t.ix. Apis **. c. 2.γ.f.11.a,d.[877]Ibid.f.13.a.[878]See above,Vol.II.395.[879]PlateXXIX.Fig.13. Stoll.Spectres, &c.t.xxv.f.99.[880]Sparrman.Voyage, i. 312—.[881]Coleopt. Micropt.16.[882]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.viii.f.25. De Geer iii. 255.t.xiv.f.8.[883]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.viii.f.24.[884]Ibid.t.ix. Apis xx. c. 2. γ.f.12.[885]Ibid.Apis **. c. 2. β.f.11.[886]Ibid.t.vii. Apis **. c. 1. α.f.11, 12. ♀. 13, 14. ♂.[887]PlateXV.Fig.12. De Geer ii.t.xxiv.f.9, 10. ♀.t.xxv.f.2, 3. ♂.[888]Reaum. vi. 494.t.xliv.f.3-11.[889]De Geer ii.t.xvii.f.5-7.[890]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxxii. 443.[891]See above,Vol.II.110,118.[892]Vol.I.283.[893]II. i. 6.[894]ClairvilleEnt. Helvet.ii. 214—. I have seen it asserted in some popular work onNatural History, (the title of which I do not recollect,) thatMantis religiosahas been known to live ten years; and aflea, when fed and taken care of, six. But this is so contrary to experience in other cases, that the statement seems quite incredible.[895]Rösel III. 379.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 285.[896]DumerilTraité Elément.ii. 87. n. 683.[897]De Geer ii. 288.[898]Huber i. 106.[899]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ix. 553.[900]Vol.II.173—.[901]Morier'sSecond Journey through Persia, 100.[902]Vol.II.175.[903]LamarckHist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vertèbr.i. 311, 214.[904]Ibid.162. Compare theSystême des Anim. sans Vertèbr.of the same author, p. 12—.[905]The doctrine of Epicurus—that the Deity concerns not himself with the affairs of the world or its inhabitants, which, as Cicero has judiciously observed (De Nat. Deor.1. 1. ad calcem), while it acknowledges a God inwords, denies him inreality; has furnished the original stock upon which most of these bitter fruits of modern infidelity are grafted. Nature, in the eyes of a large proportion of the enemies of Revelation, occupies the place and does the work of its Great Author. Thus Hume, when he writes against miracles, appears to think that the Deity has delegated some or all of his powers to nature, and will not interfere with that trust.Essays, ii. 75—. And to name no more, Lamarck, treading in some measure in the steps of Robinet (who supposes that all the links of the animal kingdom, in which nature gradually ascends from low to high, were experiments in her progress towards her great and ultimate aim—the formation of man. BarclayOn Organization, &c. 263), thus states his opinion: "La nature, dans toutes ses opérations, ne pouvant procéder que graduellement, n'a pu produire tous les animaux à-la-fois: elle n'a d'abord formé que les plus simples; et passant de ceux-ci jusques aux plus composés, elle a établi successivement en eux différens systêmes d'organes particuliers, les a multipliés, en a augmenté de plus en plus l'énergie, et, les cumulant dans les plus parfaits, elle a fait exister tous les animaux connus avec l'organisation et les facultés que nous leur observons." (Anim. sans Vertèbr.i. 123.) Thus denying to the Creator the glory of forming those works of creation, the animal and vegetable kingdom (for he assigns to both the same origin,Ibid.83), in which his glorious attributes are most conspicuously manifested; and ascribing them to nature, ora certain order of things, as he defines it (214)—a blind power, that operates necessarily (311); which he admits, however, to be the product of the will of the Supreme Being (216). It is remarkable, that in his earlier works, in which he broaches a similar opinion, we find no mention of a Supreme Being. (See hisSystême des Animaux sans Vertèbres, Discours d'Ouverture.) Thus we may say that, like his forerunner Epicurus,Re tollit, dumoratione relinquit Deum.But though he ascribes all tonature; yet as theimmediatecause of all the animal forms, he refers to the local circumstances, wants, and habits of individual animals themselves; these he regards as the modifiers of their organization and structure (162). To show the absurd nonplus to which this his favourite theory has reduced him, it will only be necessary to mention the individual instances which in different works he adduces to exemplify it. In hisSystême, he supposes that the web-footed birds (Anseres) acquired their natatory feet by frequently separating their toes as far as possible from each other in their efforts to swim. Thus the skin that unites these toes at their base contracted a habit of stretching itself; and thus in time the web-foot of the duck and the goose were produced. The waders (Grallæ), which, in order to procure their food, muststandin the water, but do not love toswim, from their constant efforts to keep their bodies from submersion, were in the habit of always stretching their legs with this view, till they grew long enough to save them the trouble!!! (13—). How the poor birds escaped drowning before they had got their web feet and long legs, the author does not inform us. In another work, which I have not now by me, I recollect he attributes the long neck of the camelopard to its efforts to reach the boughs of the mimosa, which, after the lapse of a few thousand years, it at length accomplished!!! In his last work, he selects as an example one of theMolluscæ, which, as it moved along, felt an inclination to explore by means oftouchthe bodies in its path: for this purpose it caused the nervous and other fluids to move in masses successively to certain points of its head, and thus in process of time it acquired its horns or tentacula!!Anim. sans Vertèbr.i. 188. It is grievous that this eminent zoologist, who in other respects stands at the head of his science, should patronize notions so confessedly absurd and childish.[906]LyonnetTraité, &c. Pref. xxii. Want of due encouragement, it is to be feared, caused the abortion of these valuable treatises. The MSS. are, I believe, still in existence. It would probably answer now to publish them.[907]See above, p.52—.[908]See above, p.43—.[909]There are certain processes which are a continuation of the internal surface of the crust; and serve, as well as the rest of it, for points of attachment to the muscles: these, though completely internal, must be considered as parts of the external skeleton.[910]See above, p.28—.[911]The crust which covers the body of insects is lined internally with a kind of fibrous cuticle.Query, Whether in any degree analogous to thePeriosteumof Vertebrate animals?[912]We employ this term instead ofInstrumenta CibariaF., to avoid circumlocution.[913]PlatesVI.VII.&c. a´, andXXVI.Fig.30-33.[914]Ibid.Fig.30.Mon. Ap. Angl.i. 139.Melitta**. b.t.ii.f.4, 5.[915]PlatesVI.VII.&c. andXXVI.Fig.23-29. b´.[916]PlatesVI.andVII.a´´, andXXVI.Fig.34, 35.The part in this work regarded as thementum, does not in all cases accord with what MM. Latreille, Savigny, &c. have regarded as entitled to that denomination. Thus inHymenoptera, theirMentumis what we term theLabium, while ourMentumis the small piece upon which that part sits (PlateVII.Fig.3. a´´). This is called theFulcruminMon. Ap. Angl.(See i. Explan. of the Plates.) Our Mentum may generally be known by its situation between the hinges and base of theMaxillæ.[917]PlatesVI.,VII., andXXVI.b´´.[918]Ibid.[919]PlateXIII.Fig.7. c´´.[920]Marcel de SerresComparaison des Organes de la Mastication des Orthoptères.7.Ann. du Mus.11.[921]PlateVI.Fig.6. c´, a´´´. andXIII.Fig.5. a´´´.[922]PlateVI.Fig.12. b´´´. andXIII.Fig.5. b´´´.[923]PlateXXVI.Fig.16. c´´´.[924]Ibid.Fig.20. d´´´.[925]Cuv.Anat. Comp.iii. 322—.[926]PlatesVI.VII.d´. andXXVI.Fig.9-15.[927]Ibid.c´´.[928]Ibid.f´´.[929]Ibid.andXXVI.Fig.13-15.[930]PlateVI.Fig.3. d´´´.[931]PlateXXVI.Fig.11. d´´´.[932]PlateVI.Fig.6, 12. d´´´.[933]Ibid.Fig.3, 6, 12. andXXVI.Fig.9, 10. e´´´.[934]Ibid.VI.Fig.3, 12. f´´´.[935]PlatesVI.VII.h´´.XIII.Fig.1-4, 8. h´´. andXXVI.Fig.1-8.[936]PlateVI.Fig.6, 12. e´.[937]PlateXXVI.Fig.26, 29. e´.[938]PlateVII.Fig.2, 3, e´.—What is here called theLinguainHymenopterahas been usually regarded as theLabium; but surely that organ which collects, and as it werelapsthe honey, and passes it down to thePharynx, is properly to be considered as the tongue. TheLabiumitself appears to be represented by what has been called theMentum, and the trueMentum, as was lately observed, is at the base of the part last mentioned, in the usual situation of that piece. This, though long since noticed (KirbyMon. Ap. Angl.i. 103—), has not been much attended to by modern entomologists.[939]HuberFourmis, 4—.[940]PlateVII.Fig.2, 3. andXXVI.Fig.28. i´´.[941]PlateVII.Fig.14. f´.[942]Ibid.Fig.2. k´´. This is M. Savigny's name for this part. It has also been calledEpiglossa. LatreilleOrganisation Extérieure des Insectes, 185.[943]Vide SavignyMém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr.I. i. 12—.[944]The majority of Hymenopterous insects, though they have the ordinaryTrophi, are notmasticators, using theirmandibulæonly for purposes connected with their economy.[945]See hisMémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, I. i.[946]I have used this word here and on a former occasion (see above, p.29), perhaps not with strict propriety, in the sense of the French wordremplacer, for which we seem to have no single corresponding word in our language.[947]PlateVI.Fig.7-9.[948]PlateVI.Fig.7, 9. b´.[949]Ibid.c´.[950]Ibid.d´.[951]Ibid.VII.Fig.5, 6.[952]Ibid.b´.[953]Ibid.Fig.6. b´.[954]Ibid.a.TheLabellahave been usually thought confined, or nearly so, to the genusMuscaL.; but they may be traced in all genuineDiptera, i. e. excludingHippoboscaL.[955]PlateVII.Fig.5. a´, c´, d´.[956]PlateVII.Fig.5, 6. a´.[957]Ibid.c´.[958]Ibid.d´. It has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained, whetherallthe ordinary Trophi are represented in every Dipterous mouth, the number of the lancets seeming in some cases to vary.[959]PlateVI.Fig.13.[960]Ibid.a.[961]Ibid.b.[962]Ibid.Labrum a´; Mandibulæ c´; Maxillary Palpus h´´.[963]PlateVII.Fig.8.[964]Ibid.c´.[965]Ibid.d´. Maxillary Palpi h´´.[966]Ibid.e´.[967]PlateVII.Fig.11, 13.f´.[968]Ibid.Fig.11.d´.
[742]Oliv. no. 83. 160.t.vi.f.60. ♂.t.v.f.45. ♀?
[743]Ibid.no. 36.t.ii.f.12.
[744]Ibid.no. 6.t.vii.f.61.
[745]See above,Vol.II.224—.
[746]CoquebertIllustr. Icon.iii.t.xxi.f.2.
[747]StollCigales,t.xviii.f.a b c.Grillonst.iv.f.16-18. This singular animal, which was found by Mr. Patterson at the Cape of Good Hope, is stated to be anaquatic; and affords the only known instance of anOrthopterousinsect inhabiting the waters. TheGryllotalpaloves the vicinity of water.
[748]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.Melitta**. b. 139.t.ii.f.4-6.
[749]Ibid.**. a.f.4, 5.
[750]Ibid. Apis*. b. 190—.t.v.f.18b.
[751]By Rösel, by a friend of De Geer's, and by M. Marechal. De Geer iv. 331—.Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xviii. 225.
[752]Oliv. no. i.Lucanus,t.ii.f.3.
[753]Ibid.t.iii.f.7.
[754]Linn. Trans.xii. 410.t.xxi.f.12.
[755]Ibid.vi. 185.t.xx.f.1.
[756]Oliv.ubi supr.t.ii.f.4.
[757]Regne Animal, iii.t.xiii.f.3.
[758]SeeVol.I.PlateI.Fig.3.
[759]Christ.Hymenopt.t.xviii.f.2.
[760]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.Melitta*. a.t.i.f.5. ♀. 7. ♂.
[761]Ibid.Melitta**. a.t.ii.f.6. ♀. 7. ♂. and **. b.t.iii.f.3. ♀. 4. ♂.
[762]Ibid.t.viii.f.11. ♀. 12. ♂.
[763]Ibid.i.t.viii.f.9. ♀. 10. ♂.
[764]Ibid.Apis**. c. 2. β.t.ix.f.6. ♀. 7. ♂.
[765]See above,Vol.II. 125. Note[135].
[766]Mon. Ap. Angl. ubi supr.t.xiii.f.13. ♀. 14. ♂.
[767]MacLeayHor. Entomolog.4—.
[768]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxii. 488.
[769]Linn. Trans.xii. 425—.t.xxii.f.6.
[770]PlateXXVI.Fig.2.
[771]Ibid.Fig.3.
[772]Oliv. no. xxv.Lymexylon,t.1.f.1.
[773]De Geer vii. 249—.t.xiv.f.20, 21. TreviranusArachnid.36—.t.ii.f.16.a b c.t.iv.f.35-37.
[774]Mon. Ap. Angl.i. Apis **. c. 2. γ.t.ix.f.7. ♀. 9. ♂.
[775]Ibid.Melitta**. a.t.ii.f.8. ♀. 9. ♂. and **. b.t.iii.f.6. ♀. 7. ♂. **. c.t.iv.f.11. ♀. 12. ♂.
[776]JurineHymenopt.t.11.f.2.
[777]Mon. Ap. Angl.i. Apis **. d. 1.t.x.f.7.
[778]Oliv. no. 80.Macrocephalus,t.i.f.2.
[779]Latr.Gen. Crust. et Ins.iv. 156.
[780]JurineHymenopt.61.t.vi.f.8.
[781]Ibid. 289.
[782]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.ix. Apis **. c. 2. γ.f.9.
[783]PlateXI.Fig.19.
[784]PlateV.Fig.3.
[785]PlateXI.Fig.18.
[786]Ibid.Fig.17.
[787]PlateXXV.Fig.11.Linn. Trans.xii.t.xxi.f.4.a.
[788]Ibid.f.3.
[789]PlateXXV.Fig.22.
[790]De Geer i.t.xix.f.11, 12.
[791]JurineHymenopt.t.vi.f.8.
[792]PlateXXV.Fig.25, 26.
[793]Ibid.Fig.4.
[794]Reaum. iv.t.xl.f.2.a a.♂.t.xxxix.f.3. ♀. In the last the hairs are too conspicuous.
[795]PlateXII.Fig.24.
[796]JurineHymenopt.t.vi.f.3.
[797]PlateXII.Fig.25, 26.XXV.Fig.17, 32.
[798]Ibid.Fig.12.
[799]PlateXI.Fig.22.
[800]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xiv. 395.
[801]PlateXII.Fig.7.
[802]PlateXXV.Fig.1.
[803]Ibid.Fig.21.
[804]Linn. Trans. xii.t.xxii.f.8.e.♂.f.♀.
[805]Hist. Nat. des Fourmis, 195—. 270—.
[806]De Geer ii. 1094.
[807]Ibid. 650.Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xi.Apisxx.c.1.f.2. ♂.t.xii.f.3. ♀.
[808]PlateXXVI.Fig.39. De Geer ii. 651. 659.
[809]VoetColeopt.i.t.xxxix.f.47, 48. ♂. 46. ♀.
[810]Oliv. no. 3.t.vi.f.46.a.♂.b.♀.
[811]Ibid.t.i.f.1. iv. x.f.31. xi.f.102. xii.f.114.
[812]Ibid.t.xxvi.f.219.
[813]Ibid.t.i.f.2.
[814]Ibid.t.xxiii.f.35.
[815]Ibid.t.ii.f.7.
[816]Ibid.t.v.f.40.
[817]Ibid. xix.f.175.
[818]Ibid.t.xii.f.115.
[819]Copris florigerKirby inLinn. Trans.xii. 396.
[820]Oliv. no. 3.t.ii.f.18.
[821]Ibid.t.xxii.f.32.
[822]Ibid.t.ix.f.85.
[823]Ibid.t.iii.f.22.
[824]Ibid.t.xiii.f.124.a.
[825]Ibid.t.v.f.38.
[826]Ibid.t.xxviii.f.242.t.xviii.f.169.
[827]Ibid.t.xvi.f.152.
[828]Ibid.t.xxviii.f.247.
[829]Ibid.t.xv.f.138.a. t.v.f.33.
[830]Samouelle'sCompend.t.i.f.1.
[831]Oliv. no. 3.t.v.f.36.a.
[832]Schon. Synon.i.t.1.
[833]Oliv. no. 3.t.xxiv.f.208.
[834]Ibidt.x.f.88.
[835]Ibid.f.87.
[836]Ibid.t.xx.f.185.
[837]Ibid.t.vi.f.42.a.
[838]Ibid. n. 83.Curculiot.xxii.f.295.
[839]Oliv. no. 81.Attelabust.ii.f.27.b.28.
[840]De Geer ii.t.xxxi.f.18-22.
[841]Ibid. iii. 21.
[842]Lesser L. i. 185.
[843]De Geer iii. 308.
[844]See above,Vol.II.394—.
[845]Linn. Trans.i. 145. 135—.
[846]Ibid.t.xiii.f.1. 2. ♂. 3. ♀.
[847]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xi. Apis **, a. 2. α. β.f.18.
[848]Oliv. no. 68.Saperdat.i.f.8.
[849]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.viii.f.28.c.
[850]Ibid.t.ix. Apis **. c. 2. β.f.12.
[851]Clairv.Ent. Helv.ii.t.xii.f.B.
[852]Oliv.Ins.no. 66.t.iii. iv.f.12.
[853]Ibid. no. 3.t.iv.f.27.
[854]Punaises,t.iii.f.20.
[855]Mr. Marsham has made two species of this from this circumstance, viz.Necydalis Podagrariæandsimplex.
[856]Oliv. n. 3.t.xxvii.f.27. ♀. andt.iv.f.27. ♂.
[857]Ibid.t.vii.f.58. ♂.f.57. ♀.
[858]Ibid. n. 95.Hispat.i.f.4.PlateXXVII.Fig.24.
[859]PlateXV.Fig.3.
[860]De Geer i.t.vii.f.14, 15.
[861]CoquebertIllust. Icon.i.t.vi.f.6.PlateXXVII.Fig.32.
[862]Illig.Mag.iv. 214. Gyllenhal.Insect. Suec.i. 168.
[863]PlateXV.Fig.9.
[864]Ibid.Fig.8.
[865]Christ.Hymenopt.118.t.iv.f.3.
[866]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xi.Apis**. e. 1. ♂.f.8.e.andt.xii. **. e. 1. neut.f.19.c.
[867]Hor. Entomolog.144.
[868]PlateXXVII.Fig.45.a.
[869]De Geer ii.t.xxviii.f.2.
[870]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.v.Apis**. a.f.10. ♂. 11. ♀.
[871]Ibid.t.vii. Apis **. c. 1. α. 17. ♀. 18. ♂.
[872]Ibid.t.viii.f.30. ♂. 31. ♀.
[873]Ibid.t.xi. Apis **. e. 1. mas.f.9.t.xii. Apis **. e. 1. fem.f.9. and neut.f.22.
[874]De Geer vi.t.xviii.f.12, 13.
[875]De Geer v. 151—.
[876]Mon. Ap. Angl.i. 177.t.ix. Apis **. c. 2.γ.f.11.a,d.
[877]Ibid.f.13.a.
[878]See above,Vol.II.395.
[879]PlateXXIX.Fig.13. Stoll.Spectres, &c.t.xxv.f.99.
[880]Sparrman.Voyage, i. 312—.
[881]Coleopt. Micropt.16.
[882]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.viii.f.25. De Geer iii. 255.t.xiv.f.8.
[883]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.viii.f.24.
[884]Ibid.t.ix. Apis xx. c. 2. γ.f.12.
[885]Ibid.Apis **. c. 2. β.f.11.
[886]Ibid.t.vii. Apis **. c. 1. α.f.11, 12. ♀. 13, 14. ♂.
[887]PlateXV.Fig.12. De Geer ii.t.xxiv.f.9, 10. ♀.t.xxv.f.2, 3. ♂.
[888]Reaum. vi. 494.t.xliv.f.3-11.
[889]De Geer ii.t.xvii.f.5-7.
[890]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxxii. 443.
[891]See above,Vol.II.110,118.
[892]Vol.I.283.
[893]II. i. 6.
[894]ClairvilleEnt. Helvet.ii. 214—. I have seen it asserted in some popular work onNatural History, (the title of which I do not recollect,) thatMantis religiosahas been known to live ten years; and aflea, when fed and taken care of, six. But this is so contrary to experience in other cases, that the statement seems quite incredible.
[895]Rösel III. 379.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 285.
[896]DumerilTraité Elément.ii. 87. n. 683.
[897]De Geer ii. 288.
[898]Huber i. 106.
[899]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ix. 553.
[900]Vol.II.173—.
[901]Morier'sSecond Journey through Persia, 100.
[902]Vol.II.175.
[903]LamarckHist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vertèbr.i. 311, 214.
[904]Ibid.162. Compare theSystême des Anim. sans Vertèbr.of the same author, p. 12—.
[905]The doctrine of Epicurus—that the Deity concerns not himself with the affairs of the world or its inhabitants, which, as Cicero has judiciously observed (De Nat. Deor.1. 1. ad calcem), while it acknowledges a God inwords, denies him inreality; has furnished the original stock upon which most of these bitter fruits of modern infidelity are grafted. Nature, in the eyes of a large proportion of the enemies of Revelation, occupies the place and does the work of its Great Author. Thus Hume, when he writes against miracles, appears to think that the Deity has delegated some or all of his powers to nature, and will not interfere with that trust.Essays, ii. 75—. And to name no more, Lamarck, treading in some measure in the steps of Robinet (who supposes that all the links of the animal kingdom, in which nature gradually ascends from low to high, were experiments in her progress towards her great and ultimate aim—the formation of man. BarclayOn Organization, &c. 263), thus states his opinion: "La nature, dans toutes ses opérations, ne pouvant procéder que graduellement, n'a pu produire tous les animaux à-la-fois: elle n'a d'abord formé que les plus simples; et passant de ceux-ci jusques aux plus composés, elle a établi successivement en eux différens systêmes d'organes particuliers, les a multipliés, en a augmenté de plus en plus l'énergie, et, les cumulant dans les plus parfaits, elle a fait exister tous les animaux connus avec l'organisation et les facultés que nous leur observons." (Anim. sans Vertèbr.i. 123.) Thus denying to the Creator the glory of forming those works of creation, the animal and vegetable kingdom (for he assigns to both the same origin,Ibid.83), in which his glorious attributes are most conspicuously manifested; and ascribing them to nature, ora certain order of things, as he defines it (214)—a blind power, that operates necessarily (311); which he admits, however, to be the product of the will of the Supreme Being (216). It is remarkable, that in his earlier works, in which he broaches a similar opinion, we find no mention of a Supreme Being. (See hisSystême des Animaux sans Vertèbres, Discours d'Ouverture.) Thus we may say that, like his forerunner Epicurus,Re tollit, dumoratione relinquit Deum.But though he ascribes all tonature; yet as theimmediatecause of all the animal forms, he refers to the local circumstances, wants, and habits of individual animals themselves; these he regards as the modifiers of their organization and structure (162). To show the absurd nonplus to which this his favourite theory has reduced him, it will only be necessary to mention the individual instances which in different works he adduces to exemplify it. In hisSystême, he supposes that the web-footed birds (Anseres) acquired their natatory feet by frequently separating their toes as far as possible from each other in their efforts to swim. Thus the skin that unites these toes at their base contracted a habit of stretching itself; and thus in time the web-foot of the duck and the goose were produced. The waders (Grallæ), which, in order to procure their food, muststandin the water, but do not love toswim, from their constant efforts to keep their bodies from submersion, were in the habit of always stretching their legs with this view, till they grew long enough to save them the trouble!!! (13—). How the poor birds escaped drowning before they had got their web feet and long legs, the author does not inform us. In another work, which I have not now by me, I recollect he attributes the long neck of the camelopard to its efforts to reach the boughs of the mimosa, which, after the lapse of a few thousand years, it at length accomplished!!! In his last work, he selects as an example one of theMolluscæ, which, as it moved along, felt an inclination to explore by means oftouchthe bodies in its path: for this purpose it caused the nervous and other fluids to move in masses successively to certain points of its head, and thus in process of time it acquired its horns or tentacula!!Anim. sans Vertèbr.i. 188. It is grievous that this eminent zoologist, who in other respects stands at the head of his science, should patronize notions so confessedly absurd and childish.
[906]LyonnetTraité, &c. Pref. xxii. Want of due encouragement, it is to be feared, caused the abortion of these valuable treatises. The MSS. are, I believe, still in existence. It would probably answer now to publish them.
[907]See above, p.52—.
[908]See above, p.43—.
[909]There are certain processes which are a continuation of the internal surface of the crust; and serve, as well as the rest of it, for points of attachment to the muscles: these, though completely internal, must be considered as parts of the external skeleton.
[910]See above, p.28—.
[911]The crust which covers the body of insects is lined internally with a kind of fibrous cuticle.Query, Whether in any degree analogous to thePeriosteumof Vertebrate animals?
[912]We employ this term instead ofInstrumenta CibariaF., to avoid circumlocution.
[913]PlatesVI.VII.&c. a´, andXXVI.Fig.30-33.
[914]Ibid.Fig.30.Mon. Ap. Angl.i. 139.Melitta**. b.t.ii.f.4, 5.
[915]PlatesVI.VII.&c. andXXVI.Fig.23-29. b´.
[916]PlatesVI.andVII.a´´, andXXVI.Fig.34, 35.
The part in this work regarded as thementum, does not in all cases accord with what MM. Latreille, Savigny, &c. have regarded as entitled to that denomination. Thus inHymenoptera, theirMentumis what we term theLabium, while ourMentumis the small piece upon which that part sits (PlateVII.Fig.3. a´´). This is called theFulcruminMon. Ap. Angl.(See i. Explan. of the Plates.) Our Mentum may generally be known by its situation between the hinges and base of theMaxillæ.
[917]PlatesVI.,VII., andXXVI.b´´.
[918]Ibid.
[919]PlateXIII.Fig.7. c´´.
[920]Marcel de SerresComparaison des Organes de la Mastication des Orthoptères.7.Ann. du Mus.11.
[921]PlateVI.Fig.6. c´, a´´´. andXIII.Fig.5. a´´´.
[922]PlateVI.Fig.12. b´´´. andXIII.Fig.5. b´´´.
[923]PlateXXVI.Fig.16. c´´´.
[924]Ibid.Fig.20. d´´´.
[925]Cuv.Anat. Comp.iii. 322—.
[926]PlatesVI.VII.d´. andXXVI.Fig.9-15.
[927]Ibid.c´´.
[928]Ibid.f´´.
[929]Ibid.andXXVI.Fig.13-15.
[930]PlateVI.Fig.3. d´´´.
[931]PlateXXVI.Fig.11. d´´´.
[932]PlateVI.Fig.6, 12. d´´´.
[933]Ibid.Fig.3, 6, 12. andXXVI.Fig.9, 10. e´´´.
[934]Ibid.VI.Fig.3, 12. f´´´.
[935]PlatesVI.VII.h´´.XIII.Fig.1-4, 8. h´´. andXXVI.Fig.1-8.
[936]PlateVI.Fig.6, 12. e´.
[937]PlateXXVI.Fig.26, 29. e´.
[938]PlateVII.Fig.2, 3, e´.—What is here called theLinguainHymenopterahas been usually regarded as theLabium; but surely that organ which collects, and as it werelapsthe honey, and passes it down to thePharynx, is properly to be considered as the tongue. TheLabiumitself appears to be represented by what has been called theMentum, and the trueMentum, as was lately observed, is at the base of the part last mentioned, in the usual situation of that piece. This, though long since noticed (KirbyMon. Ap. Angl.i. 103—), has not been much attended to by modern entomologists.
[939]HuberFourmis, 4—.
[940]PlateVII.Fig.2, 3. andXXVI.Fig.28. i´´.
[941]PlateVII.Fig.14. f´.
[942]Ibid.Fig.2. k´´. This is M. Savigny's name for this part. It has also been calledEpiglossa. LatreilleOrganisation Extérieure des Insectes, 185.
[943]Vide SavignyMém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr.I. i. 12—.
[944]The majority of Hymenopterous insects, though they have the ordinaryTrophi, are notmasticators, using theirmandibulæonly for purposes connected with their economy.
[945]See hisMémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, I. i.
[946]I have used this word here and on a former occasion (see above, p.29), perhaps not with strict propriety, in the sense of the French wordremplacer, for which we seem to have no single corresponding word in our language.
[947]PlateVI.Fig.7-9.
[948]PlateVI.Fig.7, 9. b´.
[949]Ibid.c´.
[950]Ibid.d´.
[951]Ibid.VII.Fig.5, 6.
[952]Ibid.b´.
[953]Ibid.Fig.6. b´.
[954]Ibid.a.TheLabellahave been usually thought confined, or nearly so, to the genusMuscaL.; but they may be traced in all genuineDiptera, i. e. excludingHippoboscaL.
[955]PlateVII.Fig.5. a´, c´, d´.
[956]PlateVII.Fig.5, 6. a´.
[957]Ibid.c´.
[958]Ibid.d´. It has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained, whetherallthe ordinary Trophi are represented in every Dipterous mouth, the number of the lancets seeming in some cases to vary.
[959]PlateVI.Fig.13.
[960]Ibid.a.
[961]Ibid.b.
[962]Ibid.Labrum a´; Mandibulæ c´; Maxillary Palpus h´´.
[963]PlateVII.Fig.8.
[964]Ibid.c´.
[965]Ibid.d´. Maxillary Palpi h´´.
[966]Ibid.e´.
[967]PlateVII.Fig.11, 13.f´.
[968]Ibid.Fig.11.d´.