[2054]Ibid.Fig.33.v´´´.[2055]Linn. Trans.iv. 200. Notea.[2056]PlateXXVII.Fig.32.v´´´.[2057]Ibid.Fig.36.a..[2058]PlatesXIV.XV.XXVI.XXVII.a´´,t´´.[2059]PlateXXVI.Fig.44, 46, 47. a.[2060]By Geoffroy—Hist. Ins.i. 58.[2061]TheCleridæ, which M. Latreille has placed in thepentameroussection, vary considerably in the number of their tarsal joints. Thus in general inThanasimusthetarsiarepentamerous; but inT. formicariusthey appear to beheteromerous; and inEnoplium,Opilo,ClerusandNecrobiathey aretetramerous. M. Latreille's expression, (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vii. 172.) "le premier article etant fort court et caché sous le second," seems to indicate that there is afifthjoint in some of these, the first being concealed under the second; but I have never been able to discover it. Perhaps he reckoned thepulvillusas a joint?[2062]The termheteromerousproperly belongs toallinsects in which the different pairs of tarsi varyinter sein the number of their joints, and it is here used in that large sense.[2063]These three genera appearreallyto have onlysixlegs, since the pedipalps or maxillary legs are not armed with claws, while the real representatives of the legs, or three last pair, are so distinguished. InPhrynusandThelyphonathe anterior pair are chelate; but inGaleodesthey are pediform, as in theAraneidæ, and the great chelæ are the mandibles.[2064]PlateXXVI.Fig.47, 48.d*.[2065]PlateXXVI.Fig.49.s..a.[2066]Vol.II. p.330.[2067]Dr. Leach says there arethreejoints in this tribe.Nat. Misc.iii. 80.[2068]From De Geer's description this insect seems related toAgathidium(iv. 221—.t.viii.f.21-23). M. Leclerck de Laval discovered it to bemonomerous.Règne Animal, iii. 365.[2069]PlateXXVII.Fig.22.[2070]See above, p. 311. Note738.[2071]Melolontha sericeaandaurulenta.Linn. Trans.xii. 463. 400. belong to this subgenus.[2072]See above, p.335—.[2073]PlateXXVII.Fig.25.[2074]PlateXIV.Fig.7.t´´.[2075]Ibid.Fig.6.t´´.[2076]PlateXXVI.Fig.47.[2077]PlateXXVII.Fig.41.[2078]PlateXV.Fig.9.[2079]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xii.neut.f.20.[2080]PlateXXVII.Fig.44.s..[2081]PlateXXVII.Fig.26.w´´´.[2082]See above, p.396.[2083]L. DufourDescr. de six Arachnides. Annales, &c. 1820. 19.[2084]PlateXXVII.Fig.51. is the posterior claw ofHoplia.[2085]PlateXXIII.Fig.14.[2086]PlateXXVII.Fig.52.[2087]Ibid.Fig.46.[2088]Ibid.Fig.53, 54.[2089]Ibid.Fig.49.[2090]Ibid.Fig.38.[2091]Ibid.Fig.39.[2092]This structure is not general in this genus.[2093]PlateXXVII.Fig.40.[2094]PlateXXIII.Fig.14.[2095]PlateXXVII.Fig.43.[2096]Ibid.Fig.47.[2097]Ibid.Fig.48.[2098]PlateXXVII.Fig.53.[2099]Ibid.Fig.51.[2100]Ibid.Fig.47.[2101]Ibid.Fig.56.aψ,f*.[2102]Ibid.Fig.49.aψ,f*.[2103]Vol.II. p.326—.[2104]Linn. Trans.xii.t.xxii.f.1.[2105]For other instances of this structure, see above, p.336.[2106]De Geer, iii. 7.[2107]Ibid. vii. 84.PlateXXVII.Fig.60, 63.[2108]Ibid.Fig.61.[2109]Vol.II. p.327—.[2110]PlateXXVII.Fig.59.[2111]Linn. Trans.xii.t.xxi.f.3.[2112]PlateXXVII.Fig.53.[2113]PlateXXVII.Fig.54.Philos. Trans.1816.t.xviii.f.9-11.[2114]PlateXXVII.Fig.55.t.[2115]PlateXV.Fig.9. a.[2116]Ibid.b.[2117]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xx.f.9, 12-15.[2118]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xx.f.4, 11.[2119]See above, p.305—.[2120]PlateXXVII.Fig.50.[2121]AmourouxInsectes Venimeux, 44.[2122]Observations Nouvelles, &c. Mém. du Mus. viii. 177.[2123]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xii. 370.[2124]Descr. de six Arachnides, &c. Annales Gen. des Scienc. Phys. 1820. 19.t.lxix.f.7.d.[2125]Anatom. Compar.i. 450.[2126]Anatom. Compar.i. 451.[2127]De Geer notices something of the kind inCimbex femorata. ii. 947.[2128]It was omitted to be observed, when the supposed pneumatic pouches in the genusVespawere mentioned (see above, p.585), that they have also a very conspicuous metaphragm, as probably have mostHymenoptera, to which the muscles that move the wings are attached.[2129]PlateIX.Fig.13.F´is the tendon, G´ the aperture in the abdomen C, and a, the aperture in the trunk B.[2130]PlateXV.Fig.11.Linn. Trans.xii.t.xxii.f.16.[2131]Surely theseEpeiræ, of so different a habit from the rest, form a distinct genus?[2132]See above, p.339.[2133]There is reason to suppose that inChelonusand theChrysidæseveral segments are retracted within the abdomen, and if the cavity of its under side in the latter be examined, it will be discovered that theepigastriumis divided in the middle into two pieces, and that both the sides of this and the following segments are covered by three narrow accessory plates, one to each, the last being the shortest. De Geer (ii. 833.) describesChrysis ignitaas havingfourabdominal rings; but this is only inappearance, there being really onlythree. This appearance is produced by the apex of the last dorsal segment being more depressed and marked with several deep little excavations that look like holes. In some species ofStilbumthis segment consists as it were of three ridges or steps.[2134]In this genus the ventral segments are replaced by a long narrow central plate, succeeded by a minute one.[2135]In this genus the bed of the posterior coxæ appears to consist of two segments, which are beautifully fringed with parallel short bristles.[2136]Anatom. Compar.i. 451.[2137]PlateVIII.Fig.9.A´´,B´.[2138]Ibid.Fig.5.A´´.[2139]PlateXV.Fig.10.[2140]Reaum. v.t.xvii.f.14.a. a.[2141]Linn. Trans.v.t.xii.f.15.[2142]Daldorf (Asiatic Society's Trans.vii.) has dividedGeotrupesinto two families, one with the podexcovered(G. vernalis, &c.) which he callsmodesti, the other with ituncovered(G. stercorarius, &c.) which he callsobscæni.[2143]PlateVIII.E´.[2144]Ibid.D´.[2145]Sur le Vol des Ins.c. i. Addend. 299.[2146]InDytiscus marginalisthe upper side of the margin of theHypochondriais curiously cut into transverse corrugations.[2147]PlateVIII.Fig.6.C´.[2148]Ibid.B´´.[2149]PlateVIII.L´.[2150]Linn. Trans.xi.t.ix.f.15.b.[2151]PlateIX.Fig.18.I´.[2152]Ibid.Fig.17.H´.[2153]Rœmer.Genera, &c.t.xxiv.f.4.[2154]StollSpectr.t.vii.[2155]PlateXV.Fig.10-23.[2156]See above, p.339—.[2157]This tubercle I find only in a specimen from Sweden, sent to me by Major Gyllenhal, but not in any British one I possess. In this specimen the declivity before mentioned (see above, p.709.) is observable in thefirstsegment, but in the others it is formed by thesecond.[2158]See above, p.617.[2159]Punaises,t.xiii.f.84.[2160]StollPunaises,t.xiii.f.101.[2161]Ibid.t.xvii.f.117.[2162]Ibid.t.xxxvi.f.253.[2163]See above, p.339—.[2164]De Geer, vi. 260.t.xv.f.8.d.[2165]PlateXXIX.[2166]PlateXXIX.Fig.22. is part of the back of the abdomen of the pupa of aPentatoma.athe pseudo-spiracle,bthe connecting corrugations.[2167]Ibid.Fig.24.a.[2168]Ibid.Fig.27.a.[2169]Treviranus.Arachnid.23—.[2170]See above, p.702,706.[2171]PlateXXIX.Fig.26. represents one of them.[2172]Vol.II. p.319—.[2173]PlateXV.Fig.14.M´´.De Geer, vii.t.ii.f.5, 10, 21.[2174]Ibid.t.iii.f.4, 14.[2175]See above, p.154.[2176]PlateXVIII.Fig.5.a.[2177]PlateXXIX.Fig.3, 4. De Geer, ii.t.xvii.f.12. andt.xviii.f.2.[2178]Ibid.t.xvi.f.8-13.[2179]PlateXV.Fig.16.S´´.[2180]Ibid.Fig.12.L´´.[2181]Philos. Trans.1818.t.xxii.[2182]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 275—. Hoole'sLeeuwenh.i.t.ii.f.19. I.[2183]Leeuwenh.Epist.17. Octobr. 1687.f.10. C.[2184]Hoole'sLeeuwenh. i.t.v.f.12, 13.[2185]Treviranus,Arach.4.[2186]Treviranus,ubi supr.14.[2187]In my specimen including the first joint there aretwenty, and some seem to have been broken off. In Rœmer's figure (Genera,t.xxix.f.11.) there are onlyten. Perhaps they vary in number according to the age of the animal.[2188]PlateXV.Fig.13, 16, 17.[2189]See above, p.391—.[2190]I have heard it stated upon good authority that 40,000 species of insects are already known, as preserved in collections. How great, then, must be the number existing in this whole globe![2191]2 Cor. ii. 16.[2192]Recourse must be had to the synoptical table of the nomenclature of the parts of the external crust of Insects (Vol.III. p.354) for the explanation of the reference letters not here given.[2193]Vol.I. p.394—. III. p.355—,394—. IV. p.305—.[2194]Ibid.[2195]Probably e´ is resolvable into two pieces.[2196]Vol.III. p.367—,529—. IV. p.326—.[2197]Vol.III. p.367—,529—. IV. p.326—.[2198]Vol.II. p.347—. III. p.372—,595—.[2199]Vol.III. p.366,510—. IV. p.316—.[2200]Vol.IV. p.307. iii, iv.309. b.310. d.313. viii.328,334.[2201]Vol.IV. p.286—,338,345—.[2202]Ibid. p.345—,350—.[2203]Vol.IV. p.351. ii. III.LetterXXXII.Vol.I. p.65—.[2204]Ubi supr.[2205]Vol.III.LetterXXXI.[2206]Vol.III.LetterXXXI.[2207]Ubi supr.andLetterXXX.
[2054]Ibid.Fig.33.v´´´.
[2055]Linn. Trans.iv. 200. Notea.
[2056]PlateXXVII.Fig.32.v´´´.
[2057]Ibid.Fig.36.a..
[2058]PlatesXIV.XV.XXVI.XXVII.a´´,t´´.
[2059]PlateXXVI.Fig.44, 46, 47. a.
[2060]By Geoffroy—Hist. Ins.i. 58.
[2061]TheCleridæ, which M. Latreille has placed in thepentameroussection, vary considerably in the number of their tarsal joints. Thus in general inThanasimusthetarsiarepentamerous; but inT. formicariusthey appear to beheteromerous; and inEnoplium,Opilo,ClerusandNecrobiathey aretetramerous. M. Latreille's expression, (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vii. 172.) "le premier article etant fort court et caché sous le second," seems to indicate that there is afifthjoint in some of these, the first being concealed under the second; but I have never been able to discover it. Perhaps he reckoned thepulvillusas a joint?
[2062]The termheteromerousproperly belongs toallinsects in which the different pairs of tarsi varyinter sein the number of their joints, and it is here used in that large sense.
[2063]These three genera appearreallyto have onlysixlegs, since the pedipalps or maxillary legs are not armed with claws, while the real representatives of the legs, or three last pair, are so distinguished. InPhrynusandThelyphonathe anterior pair are chelate; but inGaleodesthey are pediform, as in theAraneidæ, and the great chelæ are the mandibles.
[2064]PlateXXVI.Fig.47, 48.d*.
[2065]PlateXXVI.Fig.49.s..a.
[2066]Vol.II. p.330.
[2067]Dr. Leach says there arethreejoints in this tribe.Nat. Misc.iii. 80.
[2068]From De Geer's description this insect seems related toAgathidium(iv. 221—.t.viii.f.21-23). M. Leclerck de Laval discovered it to bemonomerous.Règne Animal, iii. 365.
[2069]PlateXXVII.Fig.22.
[2070]See above, p. 311. Note738.
[2071]Melolontha sericeaandaurulenta.Linn. Trans.xii. 463. 400. belong to this subgenus.
[2072]See above, p.335—.
[2073]PlateXXVII.Fig.25.
[2074]PlateXIV.Fig.7.t´´.
[2075]Ibid.Fig.6.t´´.
[2076]PlateXXVI.Fig.47.
[2077]PlateXXVII.Fig.41.
[2078]PlateXV.Fig.9.
[2079]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xii.neut.f.20.
[2080]PlateXXVII.Fig.44.s..
[2081]PlateXXVII.Fig.26.w´´´.
[2082]See above, p.396.
[2083]L. DufourDescr. de six Arachnides. Annales, &c. 1820. 19.
[2084]PlateXXVII.Fig.51. is the posterior claw ofHoplia.
[2085]PlateXXIII.Fig.14.
[2086]PlateXXVII.Fig.52.
[2087]Ibid.Fig.46.
[2088]Ibid.Fig.53, 54.
[2089]Ibid.Fig.49.
[2090]Ibid.Fig.38.
[2091]Ibid.Fig.39.
[2092]This structure is not general in this genus.
[2093]PlateXXVII.Fig.40.
[2094]PlateXXIII.Fig.14.
[2095]PlateXXVII.Fig.43.
[2096]Ibid.Fig.47.
[2097]Ibid.Fig.48.
[2098]PlateXXVII.Fig.53.
[2099]Ibid.Fig.51.
[2100]Ibid.Fig.47.
[2101]Ibid.Fig.56.aψ,f*.
[2102]Ibid.Fig.49.aψ,f*.
[2103]Vol.II. p.326—.
[2104]Linn. Trans.xii.t.xxii.f.1.
[2105]For other instances of this structure, see above, p.336.
[2106]De Geer, iii. 7.
[2107]Ibid. vii. 84.PlateXXVII.Fig.60, 63.
[2108]Ibid.Fig.61.
[2109]Vol.II. p.327—.
[2110]PlateXXVII.Fig.59.
[2111]Linn. Trans.xii.t.xxi.f.3.
[2112]PlateXXVII.Fig.53.
[2113]PlateXXVII.Fig.54.Philos. Trans.1816.t.xviii.f.9-11.
[2114]PlateXXVII.Fig.55.t.
[2115]PlateXV.Fig.9. a.
[2116]Ibid.b.
[2117]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xx.f.9, 12-15.
[2118]Philos. Trans.1816.t.xx.f.4, 11.
[2119]See above, p.305—.
[2120]PlateXXVII.Fig.50.
[2121]AmourouxInsectes Venimeux, 44.
[2122]Observations Nouvelles, &c. Mém. du Mus. viii. 177.
[2123]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xii. 370.
[2124]Descr. de six Arachnides, &c. Annales Gen. des Scienc. Phys. 1820. 19.t.lxix.f.7.d.
[2125]Anatom. Compar.i. 450.
[2126]Anatom. Compar.i. 451.
[2127]De Geer notices something of the kind inCimbex femorata. ii. 947.
[2128]It was omitted to be observed, when the supposed pneumatic pouches in the genusVespawere mentioned (see above, p.585), that they have also a very conspicuous metaphragm, as probably have mostHymenoptera, to which the muscles that move the wings are attached.
[2129]PlateIX.Fig.13.F´is the tendon, G´ the aperture in the abdomen C, and a, the aperture in the trunk B.
[2130]PlateXV.Fig.11.Linn. Trans.xii.t.xxii.f.16.
[2131]Surely theseEpeiræ, of so different a habit from the rest, form a distinct genus?
[2132]See above, p.339.
[2133]There is reason to suppose that inChelonusand theChrysidæseveral segments are retracted within the abdomen, and if the cavity of its under side in the latter be examined, it will be discovered that theepigastriumis divided in the middle into two pieces, and that both the sides of this and the following segments are covered by three narrow accessory plates, one to each, the last being the shortest. De Geer (ii. 833.) describesChrysis ignitaas havingfourabdominal rings; but this is only inappearance, there being really onlythree. This appearance is produced by the apex of the last dorsal segment being more depressed and marked with several deep little excavations that look like holes. In some species ofStilbumthis segment consists as it were of three ridges or steps.
[2134]In this genus the ventral segments are replaced by a long narrow central plate, succeeded by a minute one.
[2135]In this genus the bed of the posterior coxæ appears to consist of two segments, which are beautifully fringed with parallel short bristles.
[2136]Anatom. Compar.i. 451.
[2137]PlateVIII.Fig.9.A´´,B´.
[2138]Ibid.Fig.5.A´´.
[2139]PlateXV.Fig.10.
[2140]Reaum. v.t.xvii.f.14.a. a.
[2141]Linn. Trans.v.t.xii.f.15.
[2142]Daldorf (Asiatic Society's Trans.vii.) has dividedGeotrupesinto two families, one with the podexcovered(G. vernalis, &c.) which he callsmodesti, the other with ituncovered(G. stercorarius, &c.) which he callsobscæni.
[2143]PlateVIII.E´.
[2144]Ibid.D´.
[2145]Sur le Vol des Ins.c. i. Addend. 299.
[2146]InDytiscus marginalisthe upper side of the margin of theHypochondriais curiously cut into transverse corrugations.
[2147]PlateVIII.Fig.6.C´.
[2148]Ibid.B´´.
[2149]PlateVIII.L´.
[2150]Linn. Trans.xi.t.ix.f.15.b.
[2151]PlateIX.Fig.18.I´.
[2152]Ibid.Fig.17.H´.
[2153]Rœmer.Genera, &c.t.xxiv.f.4.
[2154]StollSpectr.t.vii.
[2155]PlateXV.Fig.10-23.
[2156]See above, p.339—.
[2157]This tubercle I find only in a specimen from Sweden, sent to me by Major Gyllenhal, but not in any British one I possess. In this specimen the declivity before mentioned (see above, p.709.) is observable in thefirstsegment, but in the others it is formed by thesecond.
[2158]See above, p.617.
[2159]Punaises,t.xiii.f.84.
[2160]StollPunaises,t.xiii.f.101.
[2161]Ibid.t.xvii.f.117.
[2162]Ibid.t.xxxvi.f.253.
[2163]See above, p.339—.
[2164]De Geer, vi. 260.t.xv.f.8.d.
[2165]PlateXXIX.
[2166]PlateXXIX.Fig.22. is part of the back of the abdomen of the pupa of aPentatoma.athe pseudo-spiracle,bthe connecting corrugations.
[2167]Ibid.Fig.24.a.
[2168]Ibid.Fig.27.a.
[2169]Treviranus.Arachnid.23—.
[2170]See above, p.702,706.
[2171]PlateXXIX.Fig.26. represents one of them.
[2172]Vol.II. p.319—.
[2173]PlateXV.Fig.14.M´´.De Geer, vii.t.ii.f.5, 10, 21.
[2174]Ibid.t.iii.f.4, 14.
[2175]See above, p.154.
[2176]PlateXVIII.Fig.5.a.
[2177]PlateXXIX.Fig.3, 4. De Geer, ii.t.xvii.f.12. andt.xviii.f.2.
[2178]Ibid.t.xvi.f.8-13.
[2179]PlateXV.Fig.16.S´´.
[2180]Ibid.Fig.12.L´´.
[2181]Philos. Trans.1818.t.xxii.
[2182]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 275—. Hoole'sLeeuwenh.i.t.ii.f.19. I.
[2183]Leeuwenh.Epist.17. Octobr. 1687.f.10. C.
[2184]Hoole'sLeeuwenh. i.t.v.f.12, 13.
[2185]Treviranus,Arach.4.
[2186]Treviranus,ubi supr.14.
[2187]In my specimen including the first joint there aretwenty, and some seem to have been broken off. In Rœmer's figure (Genera,t.xxix.f.11.) there are onlyten. Perhaps they vary in number according to the age of the animal.
[2188]PlateXV.Fig.13, 16, 17.
[2189]See above, p.391—.
[2190]I have heard it stated upon good authority that 40,000 species of insects are already known, as preserved in collections. How great, then, must be the number existing in this whole globe!
[2191]2 Cor. ii. 16.
[2192]Recourse must be had to the synoptical table of the nomenclature of the parts of the external crust of Insects (Vol.III. p.354) for the explanation of the reference letters not here given.
[2193]Vol.I. p.394—. III. p.355—,394—. IV. p.305—.
[2194]Ibid.
[2195]Probably e´ is resolvable into two pieces.
[2196]Vol.III. p.367—,529—. IV. p.326—.
[2197]Vol.III. p.367—,529—. IV. p.326—.
[2198]Vol.II. p.347—. III. p.372—,595—.
[2199]Vol.III. p.366,510—. IV. p.316—.
[2200]Vol.IV. p.307. iii, iv.309. b.310. d.313. viii.328,334.
[2201]Vol.IV. p.286—,338,345—.
[2202]Ibid. p.345—,350—.
[2203]Vol.IV. p.351. ii. III.LetterXXXII.Vol.I. p.65—.
[2204]Ubi supr.
[2205]Vol.III.LetterXXXI.
[2206]Vol.III.LetterXXXI.
[2207]Ubi supr.andLetterXXX.