β.inversatile antennæ.
1.Setigerous(Setigeræ). Antennæ furnished with a terminal bristle.PlateXII.Fig.14-16, 21, 22.PlateXXV.Fig.29.a.Globiferous(Globiferæ). When the setigerous joint is larger than the preceding one, and globose.PlateXII.Fig.12.b.Angustate(Angustatæ). When the setigerous joint is not conspicuously larger than the preceding one.PlateXII.Fig.14, 15.2.Aristate(Aristatæ). Antennæ terminated by a variously shaped flat joint longer and usually larger than the preceding one, laterally setigerous.PlateXII.Fig.21, 22.a.Setarious(Setariæ). When the awn or bristle isnaked.PlateXII.Fig.21.a.b.Plumate(Plumatæ). When the awn isfeathered.PlateXII.Fig.22.a.3.Filate(Filatæ). When inversatile antennæ have neither a terminal nor a lateral bristle.PlateXII.Fig.17-20.a.Simple(Simplices). When the last joint isexarticulate.PlateXII.Fig.17, 18, 20.b.Compound(Compositæ). When the last joint is itself obsoletelyjointed.PlateXII.Fig.19.a.
1.Setigerous(Setigeræ). Antennæ furnished with a terminal bristle.PlateXII.Fig.14-16, 21, 22.PlateXXV.Fig.29.
a.Globiferous(Globiferæ). When the setigerous joint is larger than the preceding one, and globose.PlateXII.Fig.12.
b.Angustate(Angustatæ). When the setigerous joint is not conspicuously larger than the preceding one.PlateXII.Fig.14, 15.
2.Aristate(Aristatæ). Antennæ terminated by a variously shaped flat joint longer and usually larger than the preceding one, laterally setigerous.PlateXII.Fig.21, 22.
a.Setarious(Setariæ). When the awn or bristle isnaked.PlateXII.Fig.21.a.
b.Plumate(Plumatæ). When the awn isfeathered.PlateXII.Fig.22.a.
3.Filate(Filatæ). When inversatile antennæ have neither a terminal nor a lateral bristle.PlateXII.Fig.17-20.
a.Simple(Simplices). When the last joint isexarticulate.PlateXII.Fig.17, 18, 20.
b.Compound(Compositæ). When the last joint is itself obsoletelyjointed.PlateXII.Fig.19.a.
i.pubescence.
1.Verticillate(Verticillatæ). Antennæ beset with hair in whorls.PlateXII.Fig.27.2.Plumose(Plumosæ). Antennæ feathered on all sides with fine long hair.PlateXII.Fig.24.3.Ciliate(Ciliatæ). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs oneachside.PlateXI.Fig.16.4.Fimbriate(Fimbriatæ). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs ononeside.5.Barbate(Barbatæ). Antennæ hairy ononeside.PlateXII.Fig.26.6.Fasciculate(Fasciculatæ). Antennæ having several bundles of hair.PlateXXV.Fig.32.7.Scopiferous(Scopiferæ). When they are furnished with one or more dense brushes of hair.PlateXII.Fig.25.a.PlateXXV.Fig.17.
1.Verticillate(Verticillatæ). Antennæ beset with hair in whorls.PlateXII.Fig.27.
2.Plumose(Plumosæ). Antennæ feathered on all sides with fine long hair.PlateXII.Fig.24.
3.Ciliate(Ciliatæ). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs oneachside.PlateXI.Fig.16.
4.Fimbriate(Fimbriatæ). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs ononeside.
5.Barbate(Barbatæ). Antennæ hairy ononeside.PlateXII.Fig.26.
6.Fasciculate(Fasciculatæ). Antennæ having several bundles of hair.PlateXXV.Fig.32.
7.Scopiferous(Scopiferæ). When they are furnished with one or more dense brushes of hair.PlateXII.Fig.25.a.PlateXXV.Fig.17.
k.articulation.
1.Exarticulate(Exarticulatæ). Without visible articulations.2.Biarticulate(Biarticulatæ). Consisting oftwojoints.3.Triarticulate(Triarticulatæ). Consisting ofthreejoints.4.Quadriarticulate(Quadriarticulatæ). Consisting offourjoints.5.Multiarticulate(Multiarticulatæ). Consisting ofmanyjoints.
1.Exarticulate(Exarticulatæ). Without visible articulations.
2.Biarticulate(Biarticulatæ). Consisting oftwojoints.
3.Triarticulate(Triarticulatæ). Consisting ofthreejoints.
4.Quadriarticulate(Quadriarticulatæ). Consisting offourjoints.
5.Multiarticulate(Multiarticulatæ). Consisting ofmanyjoints.
l.joints.
1.Campanulate(Campanulatæ). Bell-shaped. When the joints are obconical, with the vertex of the cone rounded.2.Pateriform(Pateriformes). When the joints are somewhat dilated and very short, shaped something like a shallowbowl.3.Patellate(Patellatæ). When the whole joint is dilated and shaped something like apatellaor platter.—Ex.Prosopis dilatata(Melitta*. b. K.)PlateXXV.Fig.12.a.4.Lobate(Lobatæ). When they are expanded at the tip into a lobe.—Ex.Belostoma,Cerocoma.PlateXI.Fig.21, 22.5.Torulose(Torulosæ). When they are a little tumid.
1.Campanulate(Campanulatæ). Bell-shaped. When the joints are obconical, with the vertex of the cone rounded.
2.Pateriform(Pateriformes). When the joints are somewhat dilated and very short, shaped something like a shallowbowl.
3.Patellate(Patellatæ). When the whole joint is dilated and shaped something like apatellaor platter.—Ex.Prosopis dilatata(Melitta*. b. K.)PlateXXV.Fig.12.a.
4.Lobate(Lobatæ). When they are expanded at the tip into a lobe.—Ex.Belostoma,Cerocoma.PlateXI.Fig.21, 22.
5.Torulose(Torulosæ). When they are a little tumid.
m.appendages.
1.Auriculate(Auriculatæ). When they have an ear-like process at their base.—Ex.Gyrinus,Parnus.PlateXII.Fig.29. a.PlateXXV.Fig.28.a.2.Appendiculate(Appendiculatæ). When they have one or two antenniform processes at their base.—Ex.Otiocerus.PlateXXV.Fig.29.b.
1.Auriculate(Auriculatæ). When they have an ear-like process at their base.—Ex.Gyrinus,Parnus.PlateXII.Fig.29. a.PlateXXV.Fig.28.a.
2.Appendiculate(Appendiculatæ). When they have one or two antenniform processes at their base.—Ex.Otiocerus.PlateXXV.Fig.29.b.
III. TRUNK (truncus).
1.Monomerous(Monomerus). When the trunk hasnosuture or segment.—Ex.Araneidea.2.Dimerous(Dimerus). When the trunk consists oftwogreater segments.—Ex.Coleoptera, &c.3.Trimerous(Trimerus). When the trunk consists ofthreegreater segments.—Ex.Neuroptera, &c.4.Isthmiate(Isthmiatus). When an isthmus is formed between theProthoraxandElytra, either in consequence of the former being constricted behind so as to form a neck, or the scutellum not being interposed between the elytra at their base, or the chief part of the mesothorax not being covered by the prothorax.—Ex.Clerus,Passalus, andSpondylis.
1.Monomerous(Monomerus). When the trunk hasnosuture or segment.—Ex.Araneidea.
2.Dimerous(Dimerus). When the trunk consists oftwogreater segments.—Ex.Coleoptera, &c.
3.Trimerous(Trimerus). When the trunk consists ofthreegreater segments.—Ex.Neuroptera, &c.
4.Isthmiate(Isthmiatus). When an isthmus is formed between theProthoraxandElytra, either in consequence of the former being constricted behind so as to form a neck, or the scutellum not being interposed between the elytra at their base, or the chief part of the mesothorax not being covered by the prothorax.—Ex.Clerus,Passalus, andSpondylis.
i. MANITRUNK (manitruncus).
a.prothorax.
1.Clypeiform(Clypeiformis). When the prothorax by its magnitude and distinct separation forms one of the most conspicuous pieces of the upper side of the trunk, so as nearly to represent the wholethorax; the mesothorax and metathorax being mostly hidden by the elytra and other organs for flight.—Ex.Coleoptera,Orthoptera, &c.PlateVIII.Fig.1, 10.2.Colliform(Colliformis). When the prothorax is short and narrow, and not so conspicuous as the other pieces of the trunk.—Ex.Libellulina.PlateIX.Fig.6.3.Cerviculate(Cerviculatus). When the prothorax is elongate, attenuate, and distinguished from theAntepectusby no suture; so as to form a distinct and usually longneck.PlateIII.Fig.6.4.Evanescent(Evanescens). When no distinct prothorax is discoverable or it is only represented bymembrane.—Ex. MostHymenoptera,Diptera, &c.5.Marginate(Marginatus). When an impressed line or channel separates the edge of the prothorax from the rest of its surface, and so forms amargin.—Ex.Harpalus, &c.6.Immarginate(Immarginatus). When it hasnosuch margin.—Ex. TheRhyncophorous beetles.7.Explanate(Explanatus). When its sides are so depressed and dilated as to form abroadmargin.—Ex.Necrophorus,Silpha.8.Emarginate(Emarginatus). When a segment of a circle is taken out of its anterior part for the reception of the head.9.Ambient(Ambiens). When this sinus is so large as to receive thewholehead.—Ex.Chilocorus.10.Circumambient(Circumambiens). When its sides are elongated anteriorly and curve inwards, their ends lapping over each other and the head, so as to form a circle round the posterior part of the latter, and leave a space open for the eyes to see objects above them.—Ex.Heleus.11.Clypeate(Clypeatus). When it quite covers and overshadows the head.—Ex.Lampyris,Cassida,Cossyphus.12.Cucullate(Cucullatus). When it is elevated into a kind of ventricosecowlor hood which receivesthe head.—Ex.Dictyonota crassicornis.PlateXIII.Fig.18.a[1100].13.Alate(Alatus). When its sides are expanded into a kind ofwing.—Ex.Dictyonota crassicornis.14.Auriculate(Auriculatus). When it expands on each side into two processes resemblingears.—Ex.Ledra aurita.15.Angulate(Angulatus). When its sides or base jut out into one or moreangles.—Ex.Copris.16.Cruciate(Cruciatus). When it has two elevated longitudinal obtusangular lines, the angles of which approach each other in its middle, so as nearly to form a St. Andrew'scross.—Ex.Locusta.PlateXIII.Fig.17.17.Obvolving(Obvolvens). When there are neither ora nor suture to separate it from the antepectus.—Ex.Stenus,CurculioL.18.Pulvinate(Pulvinatus). When in consequence of being depressed in one place, it seems to puff out in another.—Ex.Aleochara canaliculata,picea, &c.19.Producted(Productus). When behind it terminates in a long scutelliform process which covers theMesothorax,Metathorax, and great part of theAbdomen.—Ex.Acrydium,Centrotus.
1.Clypeiform(Clypeiformis). When the prothorax by its magnitude and distinct separation forms one of the most conspicuous pieces of the upper side of the trunk, so as nearly to represent the wholethorax; the mesothorax and metathorax being mostly hidden by the elytra and other organs for flight.—Ex.Coleoptera,Orthoptera, &c.PlateVIII.Fig.1, 10.
2.Colliform(Colliformis). When the prothorax is short and narrow, and not so conspicuous as the other pieces of the trunk.—Ex.Libellulina.PlateIX.Fig.6.
3.Cerviculate(Cerviculatus). When the prothorax is elongate, attenuate, and distinguished from theAntepectusby no suture; so as to form a distinct and usually longneck.PlateIII.Fig.6.
4.Evanescent(Evanescens). When no distinct prothorax is discoverable or it is only represented bymembrane.—Ex. MostHymenoptera,Diptera, &c.
5.Marginate(Marginatus). When an impressed line or channel separates the edge of the prothorax from the rest of its surface, and so forms amargin.—Ex.Harpalus, &c.
6.Immarginate(Immarginatus). When it hasnosuch margin.—Ex. TheRhyncophorous beetles.
7.Explanate(Explanatus). When its sides are so depressed and dilated as to form abroadmargin.—Ex.Necrophorus,Silpha.
8.Emarginate(Emarginatus). When a segment of a circle is taken out of its anterior part for the reception of the head.
9.Ambient(Ambiens). When this sinus is so large as to receive thewholehead.—Ex.Chilocorus.
10.Circumambient(Circumambiens). When its sides are elongated anteriorly and curve inwards, their ends lapping over each other and the head, so as to form a circle round the posterior part of the latter, and leave a space open for the eyes to see objects above them.—Ex.Heleus.
11.Clypeate(Clypeatus). When it quite covers and overshadows the head.—Ex.Lampyris,Cassida,Cossyphus.
12.Cucullate(Cucullatus). When it is elevated into a kind of ventricosecowlor hood which receivesthe head.—Ex.Dictyonota crassicornis.PlateXIII.Fig.18.a[1100].
13.Alate(Alatus). When its sides are expanded into a kind ofwing.—Ex.Dictyonota crassicornis.
14.Auriculate(Auriculatus). When it expands on each side into two processes resemblingears.—Ex.Ledra aurita.
15.Angulate(Angulatus). When its sides or base jut out into one or moreangles.—Ex.Copris.
16.Cruciate(Cruciatus). When it has two elevated longitudinal obtusangular lines, the angles of which approach each other in its middle, so as nearly to form a St. Andrew'scross.—Ex.Locusta.PlateXIII.Fig.17.
17.Obvolving(Obvolvens). When there are neither ora nor suture to separate it from the antepectus.—Ex.Stenus,CurculioL.
18.Pulvinate(Pulvinatus). When in consequence of being depressed in one place, it seems to puff out in another.—Ex.Aleochara canaliculata,picea, &c.
19.Producted(Productus). When behind it terminates in a long scutelliform process which covers theMesothorax,Metathorax, and great part of theAbdomen.—Ex.Acrydium,Centrotus.
b.antepectus.
1.Trachelate(Trachelatum). When of itself it forms a neck, the prothorax being represented only by membrane.—Ex.Xiphydria.2.Unarmed(Inerme). When it hasnoprosternum.—Ex. TheRhyncophorous beetles.3.Armed(Armatum). When ithasa prosternum. N.B.These two last terms may be extended also to theMedipectusandPostpectus.And also to the whole together. Thus, if there was noSternumat all, it should be calledPectus inerme;and if one existed in all these divisions of the breast, it would bePectus armatum.
1.Trachelate(Trachelatum). When of itself it forms a neck, the prothorax being represented only by membrane.—Ex.Xiphydria.
2.Unarmed(Inerme). When it hasnoprosternum.—Ex. TheRhyncophorous beetles.3.Armed(Armatum). When ithasa prosternum. N.B.These two last terms may be extended also to theMedipectusandPostpectus.And also to the whole together. Thus, if there was noSternumat all, it should be calledPectus inerme;and if one existed in all these divisions of the breast, it would bePectus armatum.
c.arm(Brachium).
α.cubit(Cubitus).
1.Clypeate(Clypeatus). When a concavo-convex plate is affixed to the outside of the cubit.—Ex.Crabro clypeatus,scutatus, &c. ♂.PlateXV.Fig.3.a.2.Palmate(Palmatus). When towards the apex the cubit is armed laterally with several divaricate spiniform teeth.—Ex.Scarites,Clivina.PlateXV.Fig.5.3.Digitate(Digitatus). When the apex of the cubit is divided into several long teeth or fingers.—Ex.Gryllotalpa.PlateXV.Fig.6.4.Dolabrate(Dolabratus). When the apex of the cubit is dilated and shaped something like the head of a hatchet.PlateXV.Fig.4.
1.Clypeate(Clypeatus). When a concavo-convex plate is affixed to the outside of the cubit.—Ex.Crabro clypeatus,scutatus, &c. ♂.PlateXV.Fig.3.a.
2.Palmate(Palmatus). When towards the apex the cubit is armed laterally with several divaricate spiniform teeth.—Ex.Scarites,Clivina.PlateXV.Fig.5.
3.Digitate(Digitatus). When the apex of the cubit is divided into several long teeth or fingers.—Ex.Gryllotalpa.PlateXV.Fig.6.
4.Dolabrate(Dolabratus). When the apex of the cubit is dilated and shaped something like the head of a hatchet.PlateXV.Fig.4.
β.hand(Manus).
1.Patellate(Patellata). When several joints of the hand are dilated so as to form an orbicular patella furnished underneath either with suckers, or a dense brush of hairs.—Ex.Dytiscus♂,Staphylinus.PlateXV.Fig.9.2.Scutate(Scutata). When a single joint of thehand is dilated into a broad scutiform plate.—Ex.Hydrophilus piceus♂.PlateXV.Fig.8.3.Strigilate(Strigilata). When on the inner side of the first joint of the hand or palm the segment of a circle is taken out at the base opposite to the spur, the sinus being often pectinated with spines.—Ex.Apis[1101].PlateXXVII.Fig.36.a.4.Auriculate(Auriculata). When any of the joints are externally dilated into an auriform process.—Ex.Gryllotalpa.PlateXV.Fig.6.t´´.
1.Patellate(Patellata). When several joints of the hand are dilated so as to form an orbicular patella furnished underneath either with suckers, or a dense brush of hairs.—Ex.Dytiscus♂,Staphylinus.PlateXV.Fig.9.
2.Scutate(Scutata). When a single joint of thehand is dilated into a broad scutiform plate.—Ex.Hydrophilus piceus♂.PlateXV.Fig.8.
3.Strigilate(Strigilata). When on the inner side of the first joint of the hand or palm the segment of a circle is taken out at the base opposite to the spur, the sinus being often pectinated with spines.—Ex.Apis[1101].PlateXXVII.Fig.36.a.
4.Auriculate(Auriculata). When any of the joints are externally dilated into an auriform process.—Ex.Gryllotalpa.PlateXV.Fig.6.t´´.
ii. ALITRUNK (alitruncus).
1.Buried(Sepultus). When its upper surface is wholly or nearly covered and hidden by the thorax, elytra or other organs of flight[1102].—Ex.Coleoptera,Orthoptera.2.Revealed(Revelatus). When it is not so covered, but is equally conspicuous with theProthorax, or even more so.—Ex.Neuroptera,Hymenoptera,Diptera.AtractocerusinColeoptera.3.Coalite(Coalitus). When it is not separable into two segments, theMedipectusand thePostpectusforming one piece.—Ex.CimexL.4.Bisected(Bisectus). When it is separable into two segments.—Ex.Lamellicorn beetles.
1.Buried(Sepultus). When its upper surface is wholly or nearly covered and hidden by the thorax, elytra or other organs of flight[1102].—Ex.Coleoptera,Orthoptera.
2.Revealed(Revelatus). When it is not so covered, but is equally conspicuous with theProthorax, or even more so.—Ex.Neuroptera,Hymenoptera,Diptera.AtractocerusinColeoptera.
3.Coalite(Coalitus). When it is not separable into two segments, theMedipectusand thePostpectusforming one piece.—Ex.CimexL.
4.Bisected(Bisectus). When it is separable into two segments.—Ex.Lamellicorn beetles.
a.mesothorax.
α.collar(Collare).
1.Uncovered(Apertum). When it isnotconcealedby the shield of the prothorax.—Ex.Hymenoptera.2.Covered(Tectum). When it is quite concealed by the prothorax.3.Areate(Areatum). When it is larger than the prothorax, and terminates towards the wings in two oblique areas, inclosed by a ridge often crowned anteriorly with little teeth.—Ex.Libellulina.PlateIX.Fig.7.g., a.N.B.The space between theseareasis fitted with a membrane capable of tension and relaxation, which in flight causes them to approach to and recede from each other.4.Amplectent(Amplectens). When posteriorly it is so curved as to form a large sinus which embraces the dorsolum.—Ex.VespaL.PlateIX.Fig.11.g..5.Phonetic(Phoneticum). When its posterior angles, approaching the wings, cover thevocalspiracles[1103].—Ex.Hymenoptera.
1.Uncovered(Apertum). When it isnotconcealedby the shield of the prothorax.—Ex.Hymenoptera.
2.Covered(Tectum). When it is quite concealed by the prothorax.
3.Areate(Areatum). When it is larger than the prothorax, and terminates towards the wings in two oblique areas, inclosed by a ridge often crowned anteriorly with little teeth.—Ex.Libellulina.PlateIX.Fig.7.g., a.N.B.The space between theseareasis fitted with a membrane capable of tension and relaxation, which in flight causes them to approach to and recede from each other.
4.Amplectent(Amplectens). When posteriorly it is so curved as to form a large sinus which embraces the dorsolum.—Ex.VespaL.PlateIX.Fig.11.g..
5.Phonetic(Phoneticum). When its posterior angles, approaching the wings, cover thevocalspiracles[1103].—Ex.Hymenoptera.
β.dorsolum.
1.Thoraciform(Thoraciforme). When it forms the principal part of the upper surface of the trunk.—Ex.Bombus,Apis,Vespa&c.PlateIX.Fig.11.i..
1.Thoraciform(Thoraciforme). When it forms the principal part of the upper surface of the trunk.—Ex.Bombus,Apis,Vespa&c.PlateIX.Fig.11.i..
γ.scutellum.
1.Distinct(Distinctum). When it is separated from the dorsolum by a suture.—Ex.Hymenoptera,Diptera.PlateIX.Fig.11, 19, &c.k´.2.Coalite(Coalitum). When it isnotseparatedfrom the dorsolum by a suture.—Ex.Coleoptera, &c.PlateVIII.Fig.3.k´.3.Scutellate(Insectum scutellatum). An insect having a visiblescutellum.—Ex.Melolontha.a.Rejected(Rejectum). When, though visible, it does not intervene between the elytra at their base.—Ex.Passalus.b.Received(Receptum). When it intervenes between the elytra at their base.—Ex. Most scutellateColeoptera.4.Exscutellate(Insectum exscutellatum). When an insect has no visible scutellum, it being wholly covered by theProthorax.—Ex.Copris.5.Ascending(Ascendens). When it curves upwards from the dorsolum.—Ex.Sagra.6.Tabular(Tabulare). When it is elevated on a footstalk above the dorsolum, and forms a tabular or flat surface.—Ex.Elater.7.Obumbrant(Obumbrans). When it overhangs the metathorax.—Ex.Musca.PlateIX.Fig.19.k´.
1.Distinct(Distinctum). When it is separated from the dorsolum by a suture.—Ex.Hymenoptera,Diptera.PlateIX.Fig.11, 19, &c.k´.
2.Coalite(Coalitum). When it isnotseparatedfrom the dorsolum by a suture.—Ex.Coleoptera, &c.PlateVIII.Fig.3.k´.
3.Scutellate(Insectum scutellatum). An insect having a visiblescutellum.—Ex.Melolontha.
a.Rejected(Rejectum). When, though visible, it does not intervene between the elytra at their base.—Ex.Passalus.
b.Received(Receptum). When it intervenes between the elytra at their base.—Ex. Most scutellateColeoptera.
4.Exscutellate(Insectum exscutellatum). When an insect has no visible scutellum, it being wholly covered by theProthorax.—Ex.Copris.
5.Ascending(Ascendens). When it curves upwards from the dorsolum.—Ex.Sagra.
6.Tabular(Tabulare). When it is elevated on a footstalk above the dorsolum, and forms a tabular or flat surface.—Ex.Elater.
7.Obumbrant(Obumbrans). When it overhangs the metathorax.—Ex.Musca.PlateIX.Fig.19.k´.
δ.base-covers(Tegulæ).
1.Conchiform(Conchiformes). When they are a semicircular concavo-convex scale something resembling the valve of a bivalve shell.—Ex.Hymenoptera.PlateIX.Fig.11, 12.g´´.2.Laciniform(Laciniformes). When they are long, of an irregular shape, and appear like lappets on each side of the trunk.—Ex.Lithosia, &c.PlateIX.Fig.5.[1104]
1.Conchiform(Conchiformes). When they are a semicircular concavo-convex scale something resembling the valve of a bivalve shell.—Ex.Hymenoptera.PlateIX.Fig.11, 12.g´´.
2.Laciniform(Laciniformes). When they are long, of an irregular shape, and appear like lappets on each side of the trunk.—Ex.Lithosia, &c.PlateIX.Fig.5.[1104]
ε.elytra.
1.Base(Basis). The part next theProthorax.2.Apex(Apex). The part next theAnus.3.Humeral Angle(Angulus Humeralis). Theexteriorbasal angle.4.Scutellar Angle(Angulus Scutellaris). Theinteriorbasal angle.5.Coleoptra(Coleoptra). The two elytra spoken of together.6.Spinigerous(Spinigera). When theColeoptrahave a spine common to them both.—Ex.Cassida bidens.7.Auriculate(Auriculata). When theElytrahave an elongate process at the shoulders.—Ex.Cassida bicornis,Taurus, &c.8.Intire(Integra). When they have neither abbreviations nor incisions.9.Fastigiate(Fastigiata). When of equal or greater length than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.10.Truncate(Truncata). When they are shorter than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.11.Abbreviate(Abbreviata). When they are shorter than the abdomen, but covermorethanhalfits length.PlateI.Fig.4.12.Dimidiate(Dimidiata). When they are abouthalfthe length of the abdomen.PlateI.Fig.5.13.Very Short(Brevissima). When they arenothalf the length of the abdomen.PlateI.Fig.2, 3, 7.14.Mutilate(Mutilata). When they appearunnaturallyshort or curtailed as if mutilated.—Ex.Acrydium.15.Subulate(Subulata). When they are attenuated towards the end.—Ex.Sitaris humeralis.16.Elongate(Elongata). When they extend beyond the anus.—Ex.Trox.17.Obvolving(Obvolventia). When theirEpipleuræcover a considerable portion of the sides of the alitrunk.PlateXXVIII.Fig.7.18.Complicant(Complicantia). When they lie a little over each other.—Ex.Meloe.PlateI.Fig.6.19.Dehiscent(Dehiscentia). When they diverge a little at the apex.—Ex.Pyrochroa.20.Ampliate(Ampliata). When they are disproportionably wide at the end.—Ex.Lycus fasciatus.PlateXIII.Fig.20.21.Plicate(Plicata). When they have two or three contiguous abbreviated furrows which exhibit the appearance of folds.—Ex.Pselaphidæ.22.Perforate(Perforata). When a little hole appears drilled through them.—Ex.Cassida perforata.
1.Base(Basis). The part next theProthorax.
2.Apex(Apex). The part next theAnus.
3.Humeral Angle(Angulus Humeralis). Theexteriorbasal angle.
4.Scutellar Angle(Angulus Scutellaris). Theinteriorbasal angle.
5.Coleoptra(Coleoptra). The two elytra spoken of together.
6.Spinigerous(Spinigera). When theColeoptrahave a spine common to them both.—Ex.Cassida bidens.
7.Auriculate(Auriculata). When theElytrahave an elongate process at the shoulders.—Ex.Cassida bicornis,Taurus, &c.
8.Intire(Integra). When they have neither abbreviations nor incisions.
9.Fastigiate(Fastigiata). When of equal or greater length than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.
10.Truncate(Truncata). When they are shorter than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.
11.Abbreviate(Abbreviata). When they are shorter than the abdomen, but covermorethanhalfits length.PlateI.Fig.4.
12.Dimidiate(Dimidiata). When they are abouthalfthe length of the abdomen.PlateI.Fig.5.
13.Very Short(Brevissima). When they arenothalf the length of the abdomen.PlateI.Fig.2, 3, 7.
14.Mutilate(Mutilata). When they appearunnaturallyshort or curtailed as if mutilated.—Ex.Acrydium.
15.Subulate(Subulata). When they are attenuated towards the end.—Ex.Sitaris humeralis.
16.Elongate(Elongata). When they extend beyond the anus.—Ex.Trox.
17.Obvolving(Obvolventia). When theirEpipleuræcover a considerable portion of the sides of the alitrunk.PlateXXVIII.Fig.7.
18.Complicant(Complicantia). When they lie a little over each other.—Ex.Meloe.PlateI.Fig.6.
19.Dehiscent(Dehiscentia). When they diverge a little at the apex.—Ex.Pyrochroa.
20.Ampliate(Ampliata). When they are disproportionably wide at the end.—Ex.Lycus fasciatus.PlateXIII.Fig.20.
21.Plicate(Plicata). When they have two or three contiguous abbreviated furrows which exhibit the appearance of folds.—Ex.Pselaphidæ.
22.Perforate(Perforata). When a little hole appears drilled through them.—Ex.Cassida perforata.
N.B.Many of the above terms will apply toTegmina, Hemelytra, Wings, &c.
A.Side-covers (Epipleuræ).
1.Marginal(Marginales). When they are only an inflexed continuation of the margin.—Ex.Buprestis.2.Discoidal(Discoidales). When they are a process from the disk of the under surface of the elytra.—Ex.Lampyris,Cossyphus,Cassida,Notoclea[1105].
1.Marginal(Marginales). When they are only an inflexed continuation of the margin.—Ex.Buprestis.
2.Discoidal(Discoidales). When they are a process from the disk of the under surface of the elytra.—Ex.Lampyris,Cossyphus,Cassida,Notoclea[1105].
ζ.tegmina.
1.Fenestrella(Fenestrella). A transparent eye-like spot in theAnal Areaof the Tegmina ofAcrida♂[1106].2.Convolvent(Convolventia). When theAnal Areais horizontal, incumbent on the back of the insect, and forms a right angle with the rest of the tegmen, which is vertical and covers the sides.—Ex.Locusta. N.B.In this case theAnal Areaof oneTegmencovers that of the other.3.Aliform(Aliformia). When their substance approaches to membrane, and they nearly resembleWings.—Ex. MostHomopterous Hemiptera.
1.Fenestrella(Fenestrella). A transparent eye-like spot in theAnal Areaof the Tegmina ofAcrida♂[1106].
2.Convolvent(Convolventia). When theAnal Areais horizontal, incumbent on the back of the insect, and forms a right angle with the rest of the tegmen, which is vertical and covers the sides.—Ex.Locusta. N.B.In this case theAnal Areaof oneTegmencovers that of the other.
3.Aliform(Aliformia). When their substance approaches to membrane, and they nearly resembleWings.—Ex. MostHomopterous Hemiptera.
η.hemelytra.
1.Obtected(Obtecta). When the Hemelytra are covered by a scutelliform mesothorax.—Ex.Scutellera.2.Detected(Detecta). When they are not so covered.—Ex. MostHeteropterous Hemiptera.
1.Obtected(Obtecta). When the Hemelytra are covered by a scutelliform mesothorax.—Ex.Scutellera.
2.Detected(Detecta). When they are not so covered.—Ex. MostHeteropterous Hemiptera.
θ.wings(Alæ).
A.Denomination.
1.Anterior(Anticæ). The fore or upper wings.a.Superior(Superiores). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are placed upon the posterior wings.—Ex.Hymenoptera.b.Primary(Primores). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they arenotplacedupon the posterior.—Ex.Lepidoptera diurna,Libellulina.2.Posterior(Posticæ). The hind or lower wings.a.Inferior(Inferiores). The posterior wings are so denominated if the anterior wings, when at rest, are placed upon them.b.Secondary(Secundariæ). The posterior wings are so denominated if the superior wings, when at rest, arenotplaced upon them.—Ex.Lepidoptera diurna,Libellulina.
1.Anterior(Anticæ). The fore or upper wings.
a.Superior(Superiores). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are placed upon the posterior wings.—Ex.Hymenoptera.
b.Primary(Primores). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they arenotplacedupon the posterior.—Ex.Lepidoptera diurna,Libellulina.
2.Posterior(Posticæ). The hind or lower wings.
a.Inferior(Inferiores). The posterior wings are so denominated if the anterior wings, when at rest, are placed upon them.
b.Secondary(Secundariæ). The posterior wings are so denominated if the superior wings, when at rest, arenotplaced upon them.—Ex.Lepidoptera diurna,Libellulina.
B.Magnitude.
3.Equal(Æquales). When the four wings are ofequallength.—Ex.Libellulina.4.Unequal(Inæquales). When they arenotof equal length.—Ex.Hymenoptera.
3.Equal(Æquales). When the four wings are ofequallength.—Ex.Libellulina.
4.Unequal(Inæquales). When they arenotof equal length.—Ex.Hymenoptera.
C.Complication.
5.Plane(Planæ). Flat wings that are neither plicatile nor tumid.—Ex.Apis.6.Tumid(Tumidæ). When the membrane between the nervures that form an areolet is bigger than the areolet, which gives it convexity.—Ex.The Serriferaorsaw-flies. N.B.The object of this structure is to expose a larger surface to the action of the air.7.Plicatile(Plicatiles). When the wings at rest are folded in one or more longitudinal plaits.—Ex.VespaL.8.Duplicatile(Duplicatæ). When they are folded transversely.—Ex.Coleoptera.9.Convolute(Convolutæ). When the wings so envelope the body as to give it a cylindrical form.—Ex.Crambus.10.Incumbent(Incumbentes). Wings which when at rest cover the back of the insect.—Ex. TheNoctuidæ,Geometra.11.Cruciato-complicate(Cruciato-complicatæ). Wings crossed and folded.—Ex.Pentatoma, &c.12.Cruciato-incumbent(Cruciato-incumbentes). Wings crossed but not folded, and covering the back.—Ex.Apis.13.Extended(Extensæ). Wings that when at rest do not lie upon the body.—Ex.Libellula,Æshna, &c.a.Expanded(Patentes). Wings that when at rest are horizontally extended and do not cover each other.—Ex.Libellula, &c.b.Horizontal(Horizontales). Very narrow wings which when at rest are extendedhorizontallyforming a right angle with the body, and covering the posterior wings.—Ex.Pterophorus[1107].c.Erect(Erectæ). Wings which when at rest are extended vertically.—Ex.Vanessa,Agrion.d.Erecto-patent(Erecto-patentes). When the primary wings at rest are erect and the secondary horizontal.—Ex.Hesperia.e.Connivent(Conniventes). When erect wings are so closely applied to each other that the corresponding margins touch.—Ex.Vanessa.f.Divaricate(Divaricatæ). When wings at rest are somewhat erect but diverge from each other.14.Patulous(Patulæ). When wings at rest partly cover each other.15.Applicant(Applicantes). When wings at rest are parallel with the abdomen.—Ex.Tipula.16.Divergent(Divergentes). When wings at rest recede from the abdomen.17.Deflexed(Deflexæ). When wings at rest covering each other are so bent downwards as to imitate a roof, of which their interior margin forms the ridge.—Ex.Homopterous Hemiptera.18.Reversed(Reversæ). When wings at rest are deflexed, but so that the anterior margin of the inferior projects beyond the anterior margin of the superior.—Ex.Gatropacha quercifolia.PlateXIV.Fig.2.19.Broad(Latæ). When the interior margin is shorter than the posterior.—Ex.Papilio.20.Narrow(Angustæ). When the posterior margin is shorter than the interior.—Ex.Heliconius.
5.Plane(Planæ). Flat wings that are neither plicatile nor tumid.—Ex.Apis.
6.Tumid(Tumidæ). When the membrane between the nervures that form an areolet is bigger than the areolet, which gives it convexity.—Ex.The Serriferaorsaw-flies. N.B.The object of this structure is to expose a larger surface to the action of the air.
7.Plicatile(Plicatiles). When the wings at rest are folded in one or more longitudinal plaits.—Ex.VespaL.
8.Duplicatile(Duplicatæ). When they are folded transversely.—Ex.Coleoptera.
9.Convolute(Convolutæ). When the wings so envelope the body as to give it a cylindrical form.—Ex.Crambus.
10.Incumbent(Incumbentes). Wings which when at rest cover the back of the insect.—Ex. TheNoctuidæ,Geometra.
11.Cruciato-complicate(Cruciato-complicatæ). Wings crossed and folded.—Ex.Pentatoma, &c.
12.Cruciato-incumbent(Cruciato-incumbentes). Wings crossed but not folded, and covering the back.—Ex.Apis.
13.Extended(Extensæ). Wings that when at rest do not lie upon the body.—Ex.Libellula,Æshna, &c.
a.Expanded(Patentes). Wings that when at rest are horizontally extended and do not cover each other.—Ex.Libellula, &c.
b.Horizontal(Horizontales). Very narrow wings which when at rest are extendedhorizontallyforming a right angle with the body, and covering the posterior wings.—Ex.Pterophorus[1107].
c.Erect(Erectæ). Wings which when at rest are extended vertically.—Ex.Vanessa,Agrion.
d.Erecto-patent(Erecto-patentes). When the primary wings at rest are erect and the secondary horizontal.—Ex.Hesperia.
e.Connivent(Conniventes). When erect wings are so closely applied to each other that the corresponding margins touch.—Ex.Vanessa.
f.Divaricate(Divaricatæ). When wings at rest are somewhat erect but diverge from each other.
14.Patulous(Patulæ). When wings at rest partly cover each other.
15.Applicant(Applicantes). When wings at rest are parallel with the abdomen.—Ex.Tipula.
16.Divergent(Divergentes). When wings at rest recede from the abdomen.
17.Deflexed(Deflexæ). When wings at rest covering each other are so bent downwards as to imitate a roof, of which their interior margin forms the ridge.—Ex.Homopterous Hemiptera.
18.Reversed(Reversæ). When wings at rest are deflexed, but so that the anterior margin of the inferior projects beyond the anterior margin of the superior.—Ex.Gatropacha quercifolia.PlateXIV.Fig.2.
19.Broad(Latæ). When the interior margin is shorter than the posterior.—Ex.Papilio.
20.Narrow(Angustæ). When the posterior margin is shorter than the interior.—Ex.Heliconius.
D.Shape.
1.Falcate(Falcatæ). Wings having their posterior margin concave, and the posterior angle acute and curved.—Ex.Attacus Atlas.PlateXIV.Fig.4.2.Digitate(Digitatæ). Wings cleft to the base into several subdivisions.—Ex.Pterophorus.PlateXIV.Fig.3.a.Radius(Radius). A single subdivision of a digitate wing.3.Caudate(Caudatæ). When wings terminate in a tail-like process.—Ex.Papilio Machaon.PlateXIV.Fig.1.s.a.Bicaudate(Bicaudatæ). Havingtwosuch tails.Tricaudatæhavingthree, &c.
1.Falcate(Falcatæ). Wings having their posterior margin concave, and the posterior angle acute and curved.—Ex.Attacus Atlas.PlateXIV.Fig.4.
2.Digitate(Digitatæ). Wings cleft to the base into several subdivisions.—Ex.Pterophorus.PlateXIV.Fig.3.
a.Radius(Radius). A single subdivision of a digitate wing.
3.Caudate(Caudatæ). When wings terminate in a tail-like process.—Ex.Papilio Machaon.PlateXIV.Fig.1.s.
a.Bicaudate(Bicaudatæ). Havingtwosuch tails.Tricaudatæhavingthree, &c.
E.Surface.
1.Squamate(Squamatæ). Wings covered with minutescales.—Ex.Lepidoptera.PlateXXII.Fig.16.a, b, c, d, &c.2.Denudate(Denudatæ). When the wings ofLepidopteraappear more or less as if the scales had been rubbed off, either partially or generally.—Ex.Heliconius,Sesia,Zygæna,Nudaria.3.Fenestrate(Fenestratæ). When one or two definite spaces in a Lepidopterous wing are denuded of scales.—Ex.Attacus Atlas, &c.4.Bare(Nudæ). When wings have neither perceptible hairs nor scales.—Ex.Coleoptera.
1.Squamate(Squamatæ). Wings covered with minutescales.—Ex.Lepidoptera.PlateXXII.Fig.16.a, b, c, d, &c.
2.Denudate(Denudatæ). When the wings ofLepidopteraappear more or less as if the scales had been rubbed off, either partially or generally.—Ex.Heliconius,Sesia,Zygæna,Nudaria.
3.Fenestrate(Fenestratæ). When one or two definite spaces in a Lepidopterous wing are denuded of scales.—Ex.Attacus Atlas, &c.
4.Bare(Nudæ). When wings have neither perceptible hairs nor scales.—Ex.Coleoptera.
F.Margin.
1.AnteriororExterior(AnteriororExterior). Theoutermargin of the wing, or thatfromthe body.PlateXIV.Fig.1. a.2.Interior(Interior). Theinnermargin of the wing, or thatnextthe body.PlateXIV.Fig.1. b.3.Posterior(Posterior). Theterminalmargin of the wing, or apex.PlateXIV.Fig.1. c.4.Plectrum(Plectrum). A marginal bristle stronger than the rest, observable about the middle of the costa and standing out from it.—Ex. ManyMuscidæ.
1.AnteriororExterior(AnteriororExterior). Theoutermargin of the wing, or thatfromthe body.PlateXIV.Fig.1. a.
2.Interior(Interior). Theinnermargin of the wing, or thatnextthe body.PlateXIV.Fig.1. b.
3.Posterior(Posterior). Theterminalmargin of the wing, or apex.PlateXIV.Fig.1. c.
4.Plectrum(Plectrum). A marginal bristle stronger than the rest, observable about the middle of the costa and standing out from it.—Ex. ManyMuscidæ.
G.Angles.
1.Humeral(Humeralis). Basal angle next thehead.PlateXIV.Fig.1. d.2.Scutellar(Scutellaris). Basal angle next thescutellumor its region.PlateXIV.Fig.1. e.3.Posterior(Posterior).Outerapical angle.PlateXIV.Fig.1. f.4.Anal(Analis).Innerapical angle.PlateXIV.Fig.1. g.
1.Humeral(Humeralis). Basal angle next thehead.PlateXIV.Fig.1. d.
2.Scutellar(Scutellaris). Basal angle next thescutellumor its region.PlateXIV.Fig.1. e.
3.Posterior(Posterior).Outerapical angle.PlateXIV.Fig.1. f.
4.Anal(Analis).Innerapical angle.PlateXIV.Fig.1. g.
H.Nervures.
1.Nervulet(Nervulus). A little nervure diverging obliquely from the costal into the disk of the wing towards the apex.a.Simple(Simplex). When the nervulet doesnotterminate in a round punctum.—Ex.Eulophus.b.Coronate(Coronatum). When it terminates in a round punctum.—Ex.Ichneumon penetrans[1108].2.Neurose(Neurosæ). Wings that have nervures besides the marginal ones.3.Aneurose(Aneurosæ). Wings that have no nervures besides the marginal ones.—Ex.Psilus.4.Circumsepted(Circumseptæ). Wings whose margin is every where strengthened by a nervure.—Ex.Tabanus.5.Varicose(Varicosæ). When the nervures are disproportionably swelled in any part.—Ex.Forficula auricularia.PlateX.Fig.5.6.Serpentine(Serpentinæ). Nervures that run in a serpentine direction.—Ex.Strategus AloeusK. M.S[1109].PlateX.Fig.4.7.Insulate(Insulatæ). Discoidal nervures that are entirely unconnected with any others, or with the base of the wing.—Ex.Strategus Aloeus.PlateX.Fig.4. a, b.8.Uncinate(Unicinatæ). Nervures, that after running from the base towards the apex, turn back, and running a little towards the base, form a hook.—Ex.Strategus Aloeus.PlateX.Fig.4.i..9.Recurrent(Recurrentes). When a nervure, or a branch of it, after running towards the apex of the wing, turns back and runs towards the base.—Ex.Strategus Aloeus, &c.PlateX. Fig 4.l..10.Connecting(Connectentes). Nervures that running transversely or obliquely connect the longitudinal ones, and so form the areolets.
1.Nervulet(Nervulus). A little nervure diverging obliquely from the costal into the disk of the wing towards the apex.
a.Simple(Simplex). When the nervulet doesnotterminate in a round punctum.—Ex.Eulophus.
b.Coronate(Coronatum). When it terminates in a round punctum.—Ex.Ichneumon penetrans[1108].
2.Neurose(Neurosæ). Wings that have nervures besides the marginal ones.
3.Aneurose(Aneurosæ). Wings that have no nervures besides the marginal ones.—Ex.Psilus.
4.Circumsepted(Circumseptæ). Wings whose margin is every where strengthened by a nervure.—Ex.Tabanus.
5.Varicose(Varicosæ). When the nervures are disproportionably swelled in any part.—Ex.Forficula auricularia.PlateX.Fig.5.
6.Serpentine(Serpentinæ). Nervures that run in a serpentine direction.—Ex.Strategus AloeusK. M.S[1109].PlateX.Fig.4.
7.Insulate(Insulatæ). Discoidal nervures that are entirely unconnected with any others, or with the base of the wing.—Ex.Strategus Aloeus.PlateX.Fig.4. a, b.
8.Uncinate(Unicinatæ). Nervures, that after running from the base towards the apex, turn back, and running a little towards the base, form a hook.—Ex.Strategus Aloeus.PlateX.Fig.4.i..
9.Recurrent(Recurrentes). When a nervure, or a branch of it, after running towards the apex of the wing, turns back and runs towards the base.—Ex.Strategus Aloeus, &c.PlateX. Fig 4.l..
10.Connecting(Connectentes). Nervures that running transversely or obliquely connect the longitudinal ones, and so form the areolets.
I.Areolets.
1.Radiated(Radiatæ). When the areolets are chiefly formed by radiating longitudinal nervures.—Ex.Forficula,Psychoda.PlateX.Fig.5, 13.2.Areate(Areatæ). Radiated with a large basal area.—Ex.Papilioand many otherLepidoptera[1110].PlateX.Fig.6.3.Areolate(Areolatæ). When the surface of the wing is divided into various areolets.—Ex.Diptera,Hymenoptera, and mostNeuroptera.PlateX.Fig.7-14.4.Reticulate(Reticulatæ). When the areolets are extremely small and infinitely numerous.—Ex.Libellulina.PlateIII.Fig.5.5.Open(Apertæ). Areolets that terminate in the margin of the wing, or that are not surrounded on all sides by nervures.a.Marginal(Marginales). Open areolets thatterminate in the margin.—Ex.Tenthredo.PlateX.Fig.8.b.Incomplete(Incompletæ). Open areolets that terminate short of the margin.—Ex.Apis.6.Radiant(Radiantes). When a small roundish areolet is a centre from which several long ones diverge.—Ex.Stratyomis.PlateX.Fig.15.7.Petiolate(Petiolatæ). When an areolet is connected with another by a stem like a footstalk[1111].PlateX.Fig.8.8.Ramulose(Ramulosæ). When an areolet sends forth a little unconnected branch.—Ex.Pompilus,Sphex, &c.[1112]9.Angular(Angulatæ). When an areolet juts out on one side into an angle from which no nervure proceeds, to form another areolet.—Ex.Eristalis,Cerceris.[1113]PlateX.Fig.14.10.Didymous(Didymæ). When areolets are nearly divided into two by a nervure.—Ex.Gyrostoma.11.Sesquialterous(Sesquialteræ). When a minute areolet is appended to a large one.—Ex.Postcostal areoletofHylotoma[1114].
1.Radiated(Radiatæ). When the areolets are chiefly formed by radiating longitudinal nervures.—Ex.Forficula,Psychoda.PlateX.Fig.5, 13.
2.Areate(Areatæ). Radiated with a large basal area.—Ex.Papilioand many otherLepidoptera[1110].PlateX.Fig.6.
3.Areolate(Areolatæ). When the surface of the wing is divided into various areolets.—Ex.Diptera,Hymenoptera, and mostNeuroptera.PlateX.Fig.7-14.
4.Reticulate(Reticulatæ). When the areolets are extremely small and infinitely numerous.—Ex.Libellulina.PlateIII.Fig.5.
5.Open(Apertæ). Areolets that terminate in the margin of the wing, or that are not surrounded on all sides by nervures.
a.Marginal(Marginales). Open areolets thatterminate in the margin.—Ex.Tenthredo.PlateX.Fig.8.
b.Incomplete(Incompletæ). Open areolets that terminate short of the margin.—Ex.Apis.
6.Radiant(Radiantes). When a small roundish areolet is a centre from which several long ones diverge.—Ex.Stratyomis.PlateX.Fig.15.
7.Petiolate(Petiolatæ). When an areolet is connected with another by a stem like a footstalk[1111].PlateX.Fig.8.
8.Ramulose(Ramulosæ). When an areolet sends forth a little unconnected branch.—Ex.Pompilus,Sphex, &c.[1112]
9.Angular(Angulatæ). When an areolet juts out on one side into an angle from which no nervure proceeds, to form another areolet.—Ex.Eristalis,Cerceris.[1113]PlateX.Fig.14.
10.Didymous(Didymæ). When areolets are nearly divided into two by a nervure.—Ex.Gyrostoma.
11.Sesquialterous(Sesquialteræ). When a minute areolet is appended to a large one.—Ex.Postcostal areoletofHylotoma[1114].
* Areolets of the Costal Area.
1.Costal(Costales). Areolets, one or more,belowthestigma.PlateX.Fig.14. 15. a, b.2.Postcostal(Postcostales). Areolets, one or more,abovethestigma.PlateX.Fig.8, 9. a, b.
1.Costal(Costales). Areolets, one or more,belowthestigma.PlateX.Fig.14. 15. a, b.
2.Postcostal(Postcostales). Areolets, one or more,abovethestigma.PlateX.Fig.8, 9. a, b.
* * Areolets of the Intermediate Area.
1.Protomesal(Protomesæ). First series of the middle areolets (Areolæ mediæ), often consisting ofthree, and then divided intoupper,middle, andlower, areolets.PlateX.Fig.8, 9. a.2.Deuteromesal(Deuteromesæ). Second series of the same, often consisting of two, and then divided intoupperandlower.Ibid.b.3.Tritomesal(Tritomesæ). Third series of the same.Ibid.c.
1.Protomesal(Protomesæ). First series of the middle areolets (Areolæ mediæ), often consisting ofthree, and then divided intoupper,middle, andlower, areolets.PlateX.Fig.8, 9. a.
2.Deuteromesal(Deuteromesæ). Second series of the same, often consisting of two, and then divided intoupperandlower.Ibid.b.
3.Tritomesal(Tritomesæ). Third series of the same.Ibid.c.
K.Stigma.
1.Blind(Cœcum). When thestigmais wholly opaque, and neither begins nor terminates in a minute areolet.—Ex. MostHymenoptera.2.Fenestrate(Fenestratum). When the stigma begins or terminates in a minute areolet.PlateX.Fig.11.m´´´.
1.Blind(Cœcum). When thestigmais wholly opaque, and neither begins nor terminates in a minute areolet.—Ex. MostHymenoptera.
2.Fenestrate(Fenestratum). When the stigma begins or terminates in a minute areolet.PlateX.Fig.11.m´´´.
L.Number.
1.Apterous(Aptera). Havingnowings.2.Dipterous(Diptera). Havingtwowings.3.Tetrapterous(Tetraptera). Havingfourwings.
1.Apterous(Aptera). Havingnowings.
2.Dipterous(Diptera). Havingtwowings.
3.Tetrapterous(Tetraptera). Havingfourwings.
ι.legs(Pedes).
A.Number.
1.Tetrapod(Tetrapus). An insect having onlyfourperfect legs.—Ex.Vanessa.2.Hexapod(Hexapus). An insect havingsixlegs.—Ex.Insects Properin general.3.Octopod(Octopus). Havingeightlegs.—Ex.Araneidea.4.Polypod(Polypus). Having more thaneightlegs but underfifty.—Ex.Glomeris,Cermatia.5.Centipede(Centipes). Havingmorethanfiftylegs but undertwo hundred.—Ex.Scolopendra.6.Myriapod(Myriapus). Having two hundred legs or more.—Ex.Iulus.
1.Tetrapod(Tetrapus). An insect having onlyfourperfect legs.—Ex.Vanessa.
2.Hexapod(Hexapus). An insect havingsixlegs.—Ex.Insects Properin general.
3.Octopod(Octopus). Havingeightlegs.—Ex.Araneidea.
4.Polypod(Polypus). Having more thaneightlegs but underfifty.—Ex.Glomeris,Cermatia.
5.Centipede(Centipes). Havingmorethanfiftylegs but undertwo hundred.—Ex.Scolopendra.
6.Myriapod(Myriapus). Having two hundred legs or more.—Ex.Iulus.
B.Situation.
1.Antepectoral(Antepectorales). The fore-legs or arms, affixed to theAntepectus.2.Medipectoral(Medipectorales). The mid-legs, affixed to theMedipectus.3.Postpectoral(Postpectorales). The hind-legs, affixed to thePostpectus.4.Distant(Distantes). When the pairs of legs are remote from each other at their base.—Ex.Intermediatelegs ofCopris.5.Approximate(Approximati). When they are near each other at the base.—Ex.Posteriorlegs ofCopris.6.Equidistant(Æquidistantes). When all the three pair are equally distant at the base.—Ex.Cassida.
1.Antepectoral(Antepectorales). The fore-legs or arms, affixed to theAntepectus.
2.Medipectoral(Medipectorales). The mid-legs, affixed to theMedipectus.
3.Postpectoral(Postpectorales). The hind-legs, affixed to thePostpectus.
4.Distant(Distantes). When the pairs of legs are remote from each other at their base.—Ex.Intermediatelegs ofCopris.
5.Approximate(Approximati). When they are near each other at the base.—Ex.Posteriorlegs ofCopris.
6.Equidistant(Æquidistantes). When all the three pair are equally distant at the base.—Ex.Cassida.
C.Duration.
1.Persistent(Persistentes). Legs which the insect has in all its states.—Ex.The legs attached to the trunk.N.B.These are calledLegs (Pedes).PlateXVIII.Fig.11.a.2.Deciduous(Decidui). Legs which the insect hasnotin all its states.—Ex.Membranous legs of Caterpillars.PlateXVIII.Fig.11.b.N.B.These are calledProlegs (Propedes).3.Acquired(Acquisiti). Legs which the insect has not in itsfirststate, but which it acquires subsequently.—Ex.Abdominal legsinScolopendra,Iulus, &c.
1.Persistent(Persistentes). Legs which the insect has in all its states.—Ex.The legs attached to the trunk.N.B.These are calledLegs (Pedes).PlateXVIII.Fig.11.a.
2.Deciduous(Decidui). Legs which the insect hasnotin all its states.—Ex.Membranous legs of Caterpillars.PlateXVIII.Fig.11.b.N.B.These are calledProlegs (Propedes).
3.Acquired(Acquisiti). Legs which the insect has not in itsfirststate, but which it acquires subsequently.—Ex.Abdominal legsinScolopendra,Iulus, &c.
D.Denomination.
1.Fore-Legs(Antici). Thefirstpair. Taken by themselves calledArms(Brachia).2.Anterior(Anteriores). Thetwo firstpair of legs.3.Mid-legs(Intermedii). Themiddlepair of legs.4.Hind-legs(Postici). Thelastpair of legs.5.Posterior(Posteriores). Thetwolast pair of legs.6.Abbreviate(Abbreviati). Legs with an imperfect tarsus.—Ex.Vanessa.7.Ambulatory(Ambulatorii). When the tarsi have a spongy sole.—Ex.Chrysomela.8.Cursorious(Cursorii). When, the fore tarsi of some males excepted, they havenota spongy sole.—Ex.Carabus,Cicindela.PlateXIV.Fig.7.9.Saltatorious(Saltatorii). When the hind-legs have strong incrassated thighs formed forleaping.—Ex.Haltica,Orchestes, theLocustina.PlateXIV.Fig.5.10.Natatorious(Natatorii). When the legs are compressed or ciliated, and formed forswimming.—Ex.Dytiscus,Gyrinus,Notonecta.PlateXIV.Fig.6.11.Motatorious(Motatorii). Legs, which when the insect is at rest, are in a perpetual vibratory motion.—Ex.Tipula.12.Fossorious(Fossorii). Leg with either palmate or digitate tibiæ.—Ex.Scarites,Clivinia,Gryllotalpa.PlateXV.Fig.5, 6.13.Raptorious(Raptorii). When the strong porrectedthighs, usually of the fore-leg, have a channel for the reception of the tibiæ, which are inflexed, and both armed with a double series of spurs.—Ex.Mantis,Nepa.14.Prehensorious(Prehensorii). When the thighs of the hind-legs converge and the tibiæ diverge so as to form an angle which is armed with spines.—Ex.Gonyleptes.PlateXIV. Fig 8[1115].
1.Fore-Legs(Antici). Thefirstpair. Taken by themselves calledArms(Brachia).
2.Anterior(Anteriores). Thetwo firstpair of legs.
3.Mid-legs(Intermedii). Themiddlepair of legs.
4.Hind-legs(Postici). Thelastpair of legs.
5.Posterior(Posteriores). Thetwolast pair of legs.
6.Abbreviate(Abbreviati). Legs with an imperfect tarsus.—Ex.Vanessa.
7.Ambulatory(Ambulatorii). When the tarsi have a spongy sole.—Ex.Chrysomela.
8.Cursorious(Cursorii). When, the fore tarsi of some males excepted, they havenota spongy sole.—Ex.Carabus,Cicindela.PlateXIV.Fig.7.
9.Saltatorious(Saltatorii). When the hind-legs have strong incrassated thighs formed forleaping.—Ex.Haltica,Orchestes, theLocustina.PlateXIV.Fig.5.
10.Natatorious(Natatorii). When the legs are compressed or ciliated, and formed forswimming.—Ex.Dytiscus,Gyrinus,Notonecta.PlateXIV.Fig.6.
11.Motatorious(Motatorii). Legs, which when the insect is at rest, are in a perpetual vibratory motion.—Ex.Tipula.
12.Fossorious(Fossorii). Leg with either palmate or digitate tibiæ.—Ex.Scarites,Clivinia,Gryllotalpa.PlateXV.Fig.5, 6.
13.Raptorious(Raptorii). When the strong porrectedthighs, usually of the fore-leg, have a channel for the reception of the tibiæ, which are inflexed, and both armed with a double series of spurs.—Ex.Mantis,Nepa.
14.Prehensorious(Prehensorii). When the thighs of the hind-legs converge and the tibiæ diverge so as to form an angle which is armed with spines.—Ex.Gonyleptes.PlateXIV. Fig 8[1115].
E.Hip (Coxa).
1.Fixed(Fixæ). When they arenotmoveable.—Ex.Dytiscus,Gonyleptes.2.Free(Liberæ). When they are moveable.—Ex.Hymenoptera, mostColeoptera.3.Laminate(Laminatæ). When the posterior coxæ form a broad thin plate which covers the trochanter and the base of the thighs.—Ex.Haliplus.PlateXV.Fig.1.p´´.4.Flocculate(Flocculatæ). When the posterior coxæ are distinguished by a curling lock of hair (Flocculus).—Ex.Andrena[1116].
1.Fixed(Fixæ). When they arenotmoveable.—Ex.Dytiscus,Gonyleptes.
2.Free(Liberæ). When they are moveable.—Ex.Hymenoptera, mostColeoptera.
3.Laminate(Laminatæ). When the posterior coxæ form a broad thin plate which covers the trochanter and the base of the thighs.—Ex.Haliplus.PlateXV.Fig.1.p´´.
4.Flocculate(Flocculatæ). When the posterior coxæ are distinguished by a curling lock of hair (Flocculus).—Ex.Andrena[1116].
F.Trochanter (Trochanter).
1.Fulcrant(Fulcrans). When the trochanter merely props the thigh below at the base, but does not at all intervene between it and the coxa.—Ex.Carabus.2.Intercepting(Intercipiens). When the trochanter intervenes between the thigh and the coxa, so asintirely to separate them.—Ex. ThePetalocerous beetles,Hymenoptera, &c.3.Monomerous(Monomerus). When it consists of onlyonejoint.—Ex.Coleoptera, &c.4.Dimerous(Dimerus). When it consists oftwojoints.—Ex.Ichneumon.
1.Fulcrant(Fulcrans). When the trochanter merely props the thigh below at the base, but does not at all intervene between it and the coxa.—Ex.Carabus.
2.Intercepting(Intercipiens). When the trochanter intervenes between the thigh and the coxa, so asintirely to separate them.—Ex. ThePetalocerous beetles,Hymenoptera, &c.
3.Monomerous(Monomerus). When it consists of onlyonejoint.—Ex.Coleoptera, &c.
4.Dimerous(Dimerus). When it consists oftwojoints.—Ex.Ichneumon.
G.Thigh (Femur).
1.Simple(Simplex). When it is no where particularly thick.2.Incrassate(Incrassatum). When it is very thick, either partially or generally, and formed for leaping.—Ex.Haltica, &c.3.Loricate(Loricatum). When the disk of the thigh appears covered with a double series of oblique scales like a coat of mail.—Ex.Locusta.PlateXIV.Fig.5.
1.Simple(Simplex). When it is no where particularly thick.
2.Incrassate(Incrassatum). When it is very thick, either partially or generally, and formed for leaping.—Ex.Haltica, &c.
3.Loricate(Loricatum). When the disk of the thigh appears covered with a double series of oblique scales like a coat of mail.—Ex.Locusta.PlateXIV.Fig.5.
H.Shank (Tibia).
1.Alate(Alata). When the posterior tibia on each side is furnished with a dilated process which probably assists it in flight.—Ex.Petalopus phyllopus, &c.PlateXV.Fig.2.a.2.Foliaceous(Foliacea). When the tibia is laterally dilated into a thin plate for carrying pollen.—Ex.Euglossa cordata, &c.3.Corbiculate(Corbiculata). When it is fringed with incurved hairs calculated for carrying kneaded pollen.—Ex.Apis,Bombus[1117].4.Scopate(Scopata). When it is quite covered with a brush of hairs with which it brushes off thegross pollen, and in which it carries it.—Ex.Andrena[1118].5.Calcarate(Calcarata). When it is armed with one or more spurs (Calcaria).—Ex.The majority of insects.6.Excalcarate(Excalcarata). When it has no such spurs.—Ex.Apion.
1.Alate(Alata). When the posterior tibia on each side is furnished with a dilated process which probably assists it in flight.—Ex.Petalopus phyllopus, &c.PlateXV.Fig.2.a.
2.Foliaceous(Foliacea). When the tibia is laterally dilated into a thin plate for carrying pollen.—Ex.Euglossa cordata, &c.
3.Corbiculate(Corbiculata). When it is fringed with incurved hairs calculated for carrying kneaded pollen.—Ex.Apis,Bombus[1117].
4.Scopate(Scopata). When it is quite covered with a brush of hairs with which it brushes off thegross pollen, and in which it carries it.—Ex.Andrena[1118].
5.Calcarate(Calcarata). When it is armed with one or more spurs (Calcaria).—Ex.The majority of insects.
6.Excalcarate(Excalcarata). When it has no such spurs.—Ex.Apion.
I.Foot (Tarsus).
1.Scopulate(Scopulatus). When the first joint on the under side is covered with a dense brush of rigid hairs.—Ex.Apis,Andrena, &c.[1119]
1.Scopulate(Scopulatus). When the first joint on the under side is covered with a dense brush of rigid hairs.—Ex.Apis,Andrena, &c.[1119]
b.metathorax.
1.Simulant(Simulans). When the mesothorax is covered by the prothorax, and theMetathoraxonly is visible, under the form of an elongated or enlarged scutellum.—Ex. TheGeocorisæ.PlateXXVIII.Fig.12.
1.Simulant(Simulans). When the mesothorax is covered by the prothorax, and theMetathoraxonly is visible, under the form of an elongated or enlarged scutellum.—Ex. TheGeocorisæ.PlateXXVIII.Fig.12.
α.postdorsolum.
1.Latent(Latens). When it is covered by the mesothorax; it is then usually a mere membrane.—Ex. MostColeoptera.2.Exposed(Apertus). When it isnotso covered.—Ex.Atractocerus,Hymenoptera, &c.
1.Latent(Latens). When it is covered by the mesothorax; it is then usually a mere membrane.—Ex. MostColeoptera.
2.Exposed(Apertus). When it isnotso covered.—Ex.Atractocerus,Hymenoptera, &c.
β.postscutellum.
1.Distinct(Distinctum). When the postscutellum is distinct from the postdorsolum.—Ex.Locusta.PlateVIII.Fig.12u´.2.Coalite(Coalitum). When it is not distinct.—Ex.Blatta.3.Scutelliform(Scutelliforme). When it is a triangular elevated prominence resembling ascutellum.—Ex.Locusta.4.Canaliform(Canaliforme). When it is a deepish elongate channel running from the postdorsolum to the abdomen.—Ex.Coleoptera.PlateVIII.Fig.3.u´. XXVIII.Fig.10.u´.5.Obliterate(Obliteratum). When this channel is nearly or altogether obliterated.—Ex.Hymenoptera.
1.Distinct(Distinctum). When the postscutellum is distinct from the postdorsolum.—Ex.Locusta.PlateVIII.Fig.12u´.
2.Coalite(Coalitum). When it is not distinct.—Ex.Blatta.
3.Scutelliform(Scutelliforme). When it is a triangular elevated prominence resembling ascutellum.—Ex.Locusta.
4.Canaliform(Canaliforme). When it is a deepish elongate channel running from the postdorsolum to the abdomen.—Ex.Coleoptera.PlateVIII.Fig.3.u´. XXVIII.Fig.10.u´.
5.Obliterate(Obliteratum). When this channel is nearly or altogether obliterated.—Ex.Hymenoptera.
γ.postfrænum.
1.Tabulate(Tabulatum). When it forms a broad pannel or table on each side the postscutellum.—Ex. MostColeoptera.2.Funiculate(Funiculatum). When it forms a narrow ridge.—Ex.Pentatoma,Fulgora,Libellulina.PlateXXVIII.Fig.11, 12.v´.3.Cruciate(Cruciatum). When there are two funicular ridges diverging on each side, which inclosing a pannel form together a St. Andrew's cross, and are connected with the base of the wings.—Ex.Libellulina[1120].PlateIX.Fig.7.v´.4.Adnate(Adnatum). When a funicularPostfrænumis closely adjacent to the sides of the metathorax till it nearly reaches the wings.—Ex.Pentatoma.5.Transcurrent(Transcurrens). When a postfrænumis at first adnate to the sides of the postscutellum, and then diverges across the pannel to the base of the wings.—Ex.Belostoma grandis.
1.Tabulate(Tabulatum). When it forms a broad pannel or table on each side the postscutellum.—Ex. MostColeoptera.
2.Funiculate(Funiculatum). When it forms a narrow ridge.—Ex.Pentatoma,Fulgora,Libellulina.PlateXXVIII.Fig.11, 12.v´.
3.Cruciate(Cruciatum). When there are two funicular ridges diverging on each side, which inclosing a pannel form together a St. Andrew's cross, and are connected with the base of the wings.—Ex.Libellulina[1120].PlateIX.Fig.7.v´.
4.Adnate(Adnatum). When a funicularPostfrænumis closely adjacent to the sides of the metathorax till it nearly reaches the wings.—Ex.Pentatoma.
5.Transcurrent(Transcurrens). When a postfrænumis at first adnate to the sides of the postscutellum, and then diverges across the pannel to the base of the wings.—Ex.Belostoma grandis.
IV. ABDOMEN.
1.Coalite(Coalitum). When the abdomen is not divided into segments.—Ex.Araneidea,Chelonus.a.Plicate(Plicatum). When it consists of transverse folds.—Ex.Gonyleptes,Carkinodes[1121].PlateXV.Fig.11.b.Tense(Tensum). When it is not folded.—Ex. MostAraneidea.2.Insected(Sectum). When it is divided into segments.—Ex. Mostinsects.3.Sessile(Sessile). When it has no footstalk, but is closely united to the trunk.—Ex.Coleoptera.4.Petiolate(Petiolatum). When the first segment, or more, is longer and much narrower than the subsequent ones, so as to form a footstalk.—Ex. TheSphecidæ,Ichneumon.5.Adjoined(Adjunctum). When it is connected with the trunk by a very short petiole.—Ex.Vespa,Apis.6.Superimposited(Superimpositum). When the footstalk of the abdomen is inserted in the upper part of the postscutellum, so as to leave a considerable space between it and the postpectus.—Ex.Evania.PlateIV.Fig.2.7.Retracted(Retractum). When it is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex.Gonyleptes.PlateXV.Fig.11.8.Obumbrate(Obumbratum). When it is overshadowed by the trunk and concealed under it.—Ex.Carkinodes.PlateXV.Fig.10.9.Saltatorious(Saltatorium). When the ventral segments or the anus are furnished with elastic processes which enable the animal toleap.—Ex.Machilis,Podura.PlateXV.Fig.14.10.Natatorious(Natatorium). When the abdomen is terminated by flat foliaceous appendages, or the tail is ciliated on each side with dense parallel hairs, which assist the insect inswimming.—Ex.LarvaofAgrion, andDytiscus.
1.Coalite(Coalitum). When the abdomen is not divided into segments.—Ex.Araneidea,Chelonus.
a.Plicate(Plicatum). When it consists of transverse folds.—Ex.Gonyleptes,Carkinodes[1121].PlateXV.Fig.11.
b.Tense(Tensum). When it is not folded.—Ex. MostAraneidea.
2.Insected(Sectum). When it is divided into segments.—Ex. Mostinsects.
3.Sessile(Sessile). When it has no footstalk, but is closely united to the trunk.—Ex.Coleoptera.
4.Petiolate(Petiolatum). When the first segment, or more, is longer and much narrower than the subsequent ones, so as to form a footstalk.—Ex. TheSphecidæ,Ichneumon.
5.Adjoined(Adjunctum). When it is connected with the trunk by a very short petiole.—Ex.Vespa,Apis.
6.Superimposited(Superimpositum). When the footstalk of the abdomen is inserted in the upper part of the postscutellum, so as to leave a considerable space between it and the postpectus.—Ex.Evania.PlateIV.Fig.2.
7.Retracted(Retractum). When it is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex.Gonyleptes.PlateXV.Fig.11.8.Obumbrate(Obumbratum). When it is overshadowed by the trunk and concealed under it.—Ex.Carkinodes.PlateXV.Fig.10.
9.Saltatorious(Saltatorium). When the ventral segments or the anus are furnished with elastic processes which enable the animal toleap.—Ex.Machilis,Podura.PlateXV.Fig.14.
10.Natatorious(Natatorium). When the abdomen is terminated by flat foliaceous appendages, or the tail is ciliated on each side with dense parallel hairs, which assist the insect inswimming.—Ex.LarvaofAgrion, andDytiscus.
i. CAUDA.
1.Uncinate(Uncinata). When the tail is inflected so as to form a kind of hook.—Ex.Dolichopus♂.2.Aduncous(Adunca). When it is crooked.—Ex.Chelostoma maxillosa♂. (Apis** c. 2. γ. K.)3.Distinct(Distincta). When it is distinct from the abdomen.—Ex.Scorpio.4.Cheliferous(Chelifera). When it is terminated by a very thick forceps somewhat resembling a lobster's claw.—Ex.Panorpa♂.PlateXV.Fig.12.5.Papilliferous(Papillifera). When at the last segment but one the tail exerts two soft fleshy organs, which secrete a milky fluid and yield a powerful scent.—Ex.Staphylinus.
1.Uncinate(Uncinata). When the tail is inflected so as to form a kind of hook.—Ex.Dolichopus♂.
2.Aduncous(Adunca). When it is crooked.—Ex.Chelostoma maxillosa♂. (Apis** c. 2. γ. K.)
3.Distinct(Distincta). When it is distinct from the abdomen.—Ex.Scorpio.
4.Cheliferous(Chelifera). When it is terminated by a very thick forceps somewhat resembling a lobster's claw.—Ex.Panorpa♂.PlateXV.Fig.12.
5.Papilliferous(Papillifera). When at the last segment but one the tail exerts two soft fleshy organs, which secrete a milky fluid and yield a powerful scent.—Ex.Staphylinus.
ii. OVIPOSITOR.
1.Ensate(Ensatus). When it is long, compressed, and shaped like asword.—Ex.Acrida.2.Navicular(Navicularis). When it is shaped like aboat.—Ex.Cicada,Scaphura.3.Telescopiform(Telescopiformis). When it consists of several tubes retractile within each other like the pieces of atelescope.PlateXVI.Fig.2, 3.4.Aculeiform(Aculeiformis). The ovipositors of Hymenopterous insects, which consist of the same parts, with the exception of the poison-bag (Ioterium), whether used as weapons or merely in oviposition.a.Exerted(Exertus). When the vagina unemployed ispartlyout of the body.—Ex.Cleptes.b.Extricated(Extricatus). When the valves and vagina unemployed arewhollyout of the body.—Ex.Pimpla.PlateXVI.Fig.1.c.Reflexed(Reflexus). When the ovipositor is turned up and lies upon the back of the abdomen.—Ex.Leucospis.
1.Ensate(Ensatus). When it is long, compressed, and shaped like asword.—Ex.Acrida.
2.Navicular(Navicularis). When it is shaped like aboat.—Ex.Cicada,Scaphura.
3.Telescopiform(Telescopiformis). When it consists of several tubes retractile within each other like the pieces of atelescope.PlateXVI.Fig.2, 3.
4.Aculeiform(Aculeiformis). The ovipositors of Hymenopterous insects, which consist of the same parts, with the exception of the poison-bag (Ioterium), whether used as weapons or merely in oviposition.
a.Exerted(Exertus). When the vagina unemployed ispartlyout of the body.—Ex.Cleptes.
b.Extricated(Extricatus). When the valves and vagina unemployed arewhollyout of the body.—Ex.Pimpla.PlateXVI.Fig.1.
c.Reflexed(Reflexus). When the ovipositor is turned up and lies upon the back of the abdomen.—Ex.Leucospis.
APPENDIX.
Termsparticularly applicable toLarvæandPupæ.
LARVÆ.
1.Spinneret(Fusulus). The organ which spins the silk.PlateXXI.Fig.9.2.Forcipate Lip(Labium Forcipatum). Mask of larvæ and pupæ ofLibellulina[1122].PlateXVI.Fig.5.a.3.Unguiform Mandibles(Mandibulæ unguiformes). The parallel claw-shaped mandibles of manyDiptera.PlateXX.Fig.1, 2.c´.4.Prop(Ereisma). A bipartite retractile glutinous organ exerted from between the legs of the genusSminthurus, and employed by the animal to support itself when its legs fail it[1123].5.Fecifork(Fæcifurca). The anal fork on which the larva ofCassidæ, &c. carry their feces.PlateXVIII.Fig.2.a.6.Mastigia(Mastigia). Two anal organs in the larvæ ofCerura Vinula, exerting from their apex a retractile flexible thread, with which they endeavour, by lashing their sides, to drive away theIchneumons.PlateXIX.Fig.2.a.7.Syringes(Syringia). Organs situated in various parts of larvæ, from which they ejaculate a watery fluid to annoy or drive away their enemies[1124].8.Rumules(Rumulæ). Teat-like fleshy protuberances observable on the bodies of various larvæ[1125].9.Aeriducts(Aëriductus). Respiratory organs often foliaceous, with which the sides of the abdomen, the tail, and sometimes the trunk of aquatic larvæ and pupæ are often furnished.PlateXXIX.Fig.3-7.10.Prolegs(Propedes). Fleshy exarticulate pediform often retractile organs, which assist various larvæ in walking and other motions, but which disappear in the perfect insect.PlateXVIII.Fig.11, 12.b.a.Coronate Prolegs(Propedes coronati). Prolegs that have anintire coronetof crotchets.PlateXXIII.Fig.1.b.Semicoronate Prolegs(Propedes semicoronati). Prolegs that have asemicoronetof crotchets.c.Unarmed(Inermes). Prolegs that havenocrotchets.d.Stilt Prolegs(Propedes grabati). Prolegs that are unnaturally long, and elevate the animal.PlateXXIII.Fig.7.a.α.Coalite Stilt Prolegs(Propedes grabati coaliti). When stilt prolegs unite so as to form only one leg bifid at its apex.PlateXXIII.Fig.7.b.
1.Spinneret(Fusulus). The organ which spins the silk.PlateXXI.Fig.9.
2.Forcipate Lip(Labium Forcipatum). Mask of larvæ and pupæ ofLibellulina[1122].PlateXVI.Fig.5.a.3.Unguiform Mandibles(Mandibulæ unguiformes). The parallel claw-shaped mandibles of manyDiptera.PlateXX.Fig.1, 2.c´.
4.Prop(Ereisma). A bipartite retractile glutinous organ exerted from between the legs of the genusSminthurus, and employed by the animal to support itself when its legs fail it[1123].
5.Fecifork(Fæcifurca). The anal fork on which the larva ofCassidæ, &c. carry their feces.PlateXVIII.Fig.2.a.
6.Mastigia(Mastigia). Two anal organs in the larvæ ofCerura Vinula, exerting from their apex a retractile flexible thread, with which they endeavour, by lashing their sides, to drive away theIchneumons.PlateXIX.Fig.2.a.
7.Syringes(Syringia). Organs situated in various parts of larvæ, from which they ejaculate a watery fluid to annoy or drive away their enemies[1124].
8.Rumules(Rumulæ). Teat-like fleshy protuberances observable on the bodies of various larvæ[1125].
9.Aeriducts(Aëriductus). Respiratory organs often foliaceous, with which the sides of the abdomen, the tail, and sometimes the trunk of aquatic larvæ and pupæ are often furnished.PlateXXIX.Fig.3-7.
10.Prolegs(Propedes). Fleshy exarticulate pediform often retractile organs, which assist various larvæ in walking and other motions, but which disappear in the perfect insect.PlateXVIII.Fig.11, 12.b.
a.Coronate Prolegs(Propedes coronati). Prolegs that have anintire coronetof crotchets.PlateXXIII.Fig.1.
b.Semicoronate Prolegs(Propedes semicoronati). Prolegs that have asemicoronetof crotchets.
c.Unarmed(Inermes). Prolegs that havenocrotchets.
d.Stilt Prolegs(Propedes grabati). Prolegs that are unnaturally long, and elevate the animal.PlateXXIII.Fig.7.a.
α.Coalite Stilt Prolegs(Propedes grabati coaliti). When stilt prolegs unite so as to form only one leg bifid at its apex.PlateXXIII.Fig.7.b.