FOOTNOTES:[1]Το Ἡγεμονικον.[2]See Hooper'sMedical Dictionary, underNervous Fluid, and Mr. Sandwith's usefulIntroduction to Anatomy and Physiology, 83.[3]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvi. 305—.[4]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 362. Compare MacLeayHor. Entomolog.215—.[5]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ubi. supr.[6]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 360. MacLeayHor. Ent.201.[7]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvi. 306. MacLeayHor. Ent.200—.[8]Ibid.307. The great sympathetic nerves infishesare said to have no ganglions. Cuv.ubi. supr.297.[9]They are calledtrisplanchnicbecause they render to thethreecavities of theviscera:—viz. the thoracic, the abdominal and the pelvic.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxii. 524. 527.[10]InHemiplegia, &c.[11]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvi. 307.[12]Thus in theMolluscæthere must be a great difference in this respect, since in some of these the brain or cerebral ganglion has been cut off with the head, and another reproduced.Ibid.xvi. 306. Comp. v. 391.[13]Vol.III. p.29.[14]Comp.PlateXXX.Fig.1. and 6. and Carus.Introd. to Comp. Anat.i. 64.[15]LyonetAnatom.100.[16]Ibid.101.[17]LyonetAnatom.100. In man and the vertebrate animals, the medullary pulp is every where homogeneous; under the microscope it appears to consist of a number of minute conglomerated globules. M. Vauquelin has analysed it, and found it to contain, of water 80 parts; of albumen in a state of demicoagulation 7·0; of phosphorus 1·50; of osmazone 1·12; of a white and transparent oily matter 4·53; of a similar red do. 0·75; of a little sulphur and some salts 5·15.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxii. 531—.[18]Anat.99.[19]Malpigh.de Bombyc.20. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.i. 224. a.[20]Anat. Comp.ii. 348.[21]LyonetAnat.100.t.iv.f.6. SandwithIntrod.59—.[22]PlateXXI.Fig.1. 7. 8.a.[23]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxii. 527.[24]Ibid.v. 591.[25]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 318. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xxix.f.7. HeroldSchmetterl.t.ii.f.1-10.a.[26]Cuv.Ibid.322. 337.[27]Cuv.Anat. Comp.324.[28]Arachnid.t.i.f.13.m.m.[29]Cuv.ubi supr.343. 346. TreviranusArachnid.t.v.f.45.a.PlateXXI.Fig.8.a.[30]Ibid.Fig.1.b.b.[31]Cuv.ubi supr.337.[32]PlateXXI.Fig.8. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.i. 36. b.[33]Arachnid.t.v.f.45.[34]Swamm.ubi supr.t.xliii.f.7.[35]Ibid.112. a.[36]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 337. 343—.[37]Ibid.336.[38]HeroldSchmetterl.t.ii.f.1.[39]LyonetAnat.98.[40]Cuv.ubi supr.342. Gaede N.Act. Acad. Cæs.XL. ii. 323. Cuv.Ibid.351.[41]Cuv.ubi. supr.348.[42]TreviranusArachnid.t.v.f.45.[43]PlateXXI.Fig.7. 8. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xliii.f.7.[44]PlateXXI.Fig.7. 8.c.[45]LyonetAnat.100.[46]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxii. 522—.[47]Lyonetubi supr.t.ix.f.1-4.[48]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 339. 343.[49]PlateXXI.Fig.7.[50]Swamm.ubi supr.t.xl.f.5. Cuvier (ii. 332.) accuses Swammerdam of representing the spinal marrow in this grub as producing nerves only ononeside; whereas he expressly states (ii. 50. b.) that a considerable number spring on each side from the eleven ganglions, but that to avoid confusion he had omitted some.[51]Cuv.ubi supr.325.[52]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xv.f.6.[53]Treviran.Arachnid.t.l.f.13. 1-4.[54]Swamm.ubi supr.t.xxii.f.7.[55]Treviran.ubi supr.t.v.f.45.[56]PlateXXI.Fig.7.[57]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 346.[58]PlateXXI.Fig.8.[59]Cuv.ubi supr.337.[60]Ibid.335—.[61]Cuv.ubi supr.348.[62]Ibid.320—.[63]Ibid.340—.[64]Ibid.338—.[65]Gaedeubi supr.[66]Cuv.ubi supr.323—. 327—. Mr. Bauer (Phil. Trans.1824.t.ii.f.1.) has figured onlyseven, excluding the brain, in that of the silk-worm, and Malpighi (De Bombyc.t.vi.f.2.)ten,—Swammerdam (Bibl.Nat.t.xxviii.f.3.) however hastwelve.[67]Ibid.326.[68]Ibid.352.[69]Ibid.343—.[70]Ibid.345.[71]Ibid.325—.[72]Ibid.351.[73]Cuv.ubi supr.339.[74]Ibid.335—.[75]LyonetAnat.190.[76]Cuv.ubi supr.ii. 340. Malpigh.de Bombyc.t.vi.f.2.[77]Cuv.Ibid.348.[78]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xlviii.f.7.[79]Cuv.Ibid.319.[80]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxx. 420.[81]Treviran,Arachnid.t.v.f.45.m.[82]PlateXXI.Fig.1. 7. 8.d.[83]Lyonetubi supr.t.x.f.5. 6.[84]Ibid.192.[85]Cuv.ubi supr.323. 335.[86]Ibid.ii. 339.[87]Ibid.342.[88]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xxii.f.6.m.m.[89]Cuv.ubi supr.350.[90]Ibid.335.[91]Vol.III. p.495—. Lyonet.Anat.581.[92]Cuv.ubi supr.337.[93]Cuv.ubi supr.351.[94]Ibid.352.[95]Cuvier (Ibid.319.) seems not to have been aware that Swammerdam was the first discoverer of these nerves, since he attributes their name to Lyonet.[96]Bibl. Nat.i. 138. b.t.xxviii.f.2.a,b,c.f.3.g.[97]Ubi supr.578.[98]Ubi supr.320. 339, &c.[99]Cuv.ubi supr.349.[100]LyonetAnat.t.ix. x.[101]PlateXXI.Fig.8. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xxii.f.6.[102]Ibid.t.xv.f.6.[103]PlateXXI.Fig.7.[104]Swamm.ubi supr.t.xliii.f.7.h,h.[105]PlateXXI.Fig.8.[106]In Mr. Bauer's figure (Philos. Trans.1824.t.ii.f.1.) no less thaneighteenpairs of nerves are represented as issuing from the internodes; but it should seem as if in the specimen from which his figure was taken, several of the ganglions, perhaps from some injury received in the dissection, had become obliterated, while their nerves remained: yet still, even making allowance for these, many pairs will appear to take their origin from the spinal chord.[107]Comp. Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 102-123.; with Swamm. Expl. ofPlatesXXXII.t.xxviii.f.3.k.[108]Malpighi seems, however, to agree with him.De Bombyc.t.vi.f.1.[109]Lyonetubi supr.201.t.ix.f.1, 2. n. 1, 2. &c.[110]Swamm.ubi supr.1. 139. a.t.xxviii.f.3.s,s.[111]In LesserInsecto-theol.ii. 84. note *.[112]Linn. Trans.ii. 8. Aristotle had observed this vitality of insects, and that that of the myriapods is greatest.Hist. Animal.l.iv.c.7.De Respiratione,c.3.Reptileshave also this faculty.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxix. 161.[113]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 283—. These are named "the upper and lower cervical ganglions."[114]LyonetAnat.t.ix. x.PlateXXI.Fig.1.a.b.[115]Vol.III. p.663.670.[116]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 47—. v. 592. xvi. 308—.[117]Vol.II. p.519—.507—.[118]HuberFourmis, 260—. Reaum. vi. 172—.[119]Vol.II. p.204.[120]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 279—.[121]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 319. 337.[122]Ibid. ii. 322, 323—; 338. 339—.[123]PlateXXX.Fig.1.[124]Ibid.Fig.2.[125]PlateXXX.Fig.3.[126]HeroldSchmett.t.ii.f.6.[127]Ibid.t.ii.f.7.[128]PlateXXX.Fig.4.[129]Ibid.Fig.5.[130]Ibid.Fig.6.[131]Anat. Comp.ii. 348.[132]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvi. 313. Comp. i. 420.[133]See above, p.23.[134]Vol.I. p.217—.[135]Vol.II. p.461.[136]Vol.II. p.493.[137]Ibid. p.503.[138]See above, p.21.[139]Antommarchi'sLast Days of Napoleon.[140]Linn. Trans.xi. 393.[141]Vol.II. p.493.[142]Vol.II. p.463,5.[143]Zoological Journal, no. i. 5.[144]Anat. Compar.iv. 296.[145]Plin.Hist. Nat.l.xi.c.3. Even Aristotle seems to have given into the common opinion.De Respirat.c.3, 9. &c.[146]Philos. Trans.v. 2011. Works, 4to. i. 79, 112.[147]Aristot.Hist. Animal.l.viii.c.27.[148]On Air and Fire, 148, 155.[149]Tracts, 208.[150]Mem. on Respirat.75.[151]Ann. de Chimie, xii. 273.[152]F. L. A. Sorg,Respirat. Insect. et Verm.Ellis,Inquiry into Chang. prod. on Atmosph. Air by Respirat.&c. 69.[153]Ann. de Chimie, xii. 273.[154]Sprengel,Commentar.&c. 27—.[155]PlateXXIII.Fig.2. andPlatesVIII. IX. XVI. XXIX.c´,h´´,m´´,A´´,D´´.[156]Moldenhawers (Anat. der Pflanz.314—.) affirms that the spiracles of most insects are quite closed: but Sprengel (Commentar.§ 8.) has satisfactorily refuted that opinion.[157]PlateXXIII.Fig.2.[158]Sprengel,Commentar.§ 7.[159]Ibid.t.iii.f.30.[160]PlateXXIX.Fig.23.[161]Ibid. 8.[162]Sprengel, 7.t.iii.f.30.[163]Ibid.t.ii.f.22.t.iii.f.29.[164]PlateXXIX.Fig.29.[165]Ibid.Fig.16. Sprengel,Ibid.9.t.1.f.4-6.[166]Ibid.9.t.i.f.9.[167]PlateXXIX.Fig.16.a.[168]Sprengel,Ibid.t.iii.f.27.[169]Sprengel,Commentar.7—.[170]Sprengel, from whom I have borrowed this quotation, expresses the time by "scripulo horæ." This word is of uncertain meaning, being scarcely ever applied totime; but as it means the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, Faber conjectures it may mean the same portion of anhour.[171]Sorg,Disquisit. circa respirat. insect.27, 46, 66. Sprengelubi supr.11—.[172]Chabriersur le Vol des Ins.c.l. 454.[173]PlateXXIX.Fig.28.A´´.[174]Ibid.Fig.23.[175]Sepp. I. iv.t.ii.f.3.[176]Ibid.t.xiv.f.3.[177]Ibid.t.v.f.6, 7.[178]Ibid.t.i.f.7, 8.[179]Ibid.t.x.f.6, 7.[180]Ibid.v.t.i.f.3.[181]Sphinx LabruscæMerianSurinam.34.[182]PlateXXIX.Fig.28.A´´.[183]Swammerd.Bibl. Nat.t.xxvii.f.5. Compare SturmDeutsch. Fu.i.t.v.f.r.[184]PlateXXIX.Fig.12.c´.[185]De Geer, i. 81.t.v.f.10.f.[186]Sur le Vol des Ins.c.i. 459.[187]Reaum. iv. 246.t.xix.f.8.s.[188]In this tribe, which I forgot to remark before, (seeVol.III. p.549—.) there seems bothprothoraxandcollar.[189]Vol.III. p.550,559. &c.[190]PlateVIII.Fig.14. h´´.[191]PlateXXIX.Fig.14, 15. m´´.[192]Ibid.Fig.15. a.[193]Ibid.Fig.14, 15. b.[194]Ibid.Fig.25.k´´.[195]Chabriersur le Vol des Ins.c.iii.t.vi.f.4.Sa, Sp.[196]PlateIX.Fig.21.m´´.[197]PlateVIII.Fig.9.[198]Vol.III. p.705—.[199]Vol.III. p.708.[200]Sprengel,Comment.3.[201]Ibid.[202]vi. 398.[203]De Geer, ii. 635.[204]Fourmis, 22.[205]Osservaz. &c. sullo Iulus fœtid.14—.[206]They are particularly visible in an undescribed East Indian species, (S. alternataK. M. S.) with scuta alternately black and yellow.[207]PlateXXIX.Fig.20.A´´.[208]De Geer, vii.t.vi.f.3.[209]Vol.I. p.254—.[210]De Geer vi. 67.t.iii.f.10.ss.14. Mr. W. S. MacLeay (Philos. Mag. N. Ser.No. 9. 178.) says that in this grub the longitudinal trunks of the Tracheæ send off at equal distances lateral branches just as if there were spiracula to correspond with them. This is evidently a preparatory step to the formation of those that ultimately appear in the perfect insect.[211]De Geer 66.t.iii.f.13.[212]PlateXIX.Fig.11.a.[213]Reaum. iv. 375—.t.xxvi.f.7, 8.[214]Ibid.555.t.xxxv.f.10.ss.[215]Ibid.519—.t.xxxvii.f.3, 4.[216]PlatesXVI.Fig.9.a b.XIX.Fig.9, 10, 12, 13.a.XXIX.Fig.3-7.[217]PlateXIX.Fig.9.a.[218]PlateXIX.Fig.9.b.[219]Compare Swamm.Bibl. Nat.i. 154.t.xxxi.f.5. Reaum. iv. 601—.t.xliii. De Geer vi. 317—.t.xvii.f.2-8.[220]Swamm.Ibid.t.xxxi.f.7, 8.[221]Reaum. iv. 607.[222]PlateXIX.Fig.12.a.[223]Reaum. iv.t.xxxii.f.2.e.[224]Mr. W. S. MacLeay (Philos. Mag. N. Ser.n. 9. 179.) asserts that what Reaumur (iv. 487.t.xxx.f.6.ll) calls the first pair of legs of this grub, are the usual palmated stigmata which occur on the humerus of the larvæ ofMuscidæ. It does not appear whether he has himself examined this grub, but Reaumur (443) states that it hasseven pairs of legs all armed with claws. If this is correct, it is not properly a palmated organ.[225]Reaum. iv.t.xxx.f.10.[226]Reaum. iv.t.xxx.f.447—.[227]Ibid.456.t.xxxi.f.1-7.[228]PlateXIX.Fig.13.a.[229]Bibl. Nat.ii. 44.[230]PlateXIX.Fig.10.a.[231]Reaum. v.t.iv.f.6.s, u.[232]Vol.II. p.275—.[233]De Geer vi. 395—.t.xxiv.f.16. 18.d.[234]v.t.vi.f.1, 2.[235]De Geer iii. 367.t.xviii.f.1, 2, 9.[236]Ibid.vi. 36. 194—.t.ii.f.2, 3.s.[237]PlateXVI.Fig.9.a. b.[238]De Geer ii. 539—.t.xi.f.12, 16, &c.[239]De Geer i. 526—.t.xxxvii.f.2-6.[240]Ibid.iv. 362—.t.xiii.f.16-19.[241]Vol.I. p.282—. II.365—.[242]See Reaum. vi.t.xlii.—xlvi. andPlateXXIX.Fig.3-5.[243]Reaum.Ibid.t.xlv.f.2.[244]PlateXXIX.Fig.5. De Geer ii. 624—.[245]Ibid.Fig.4. De GeerIbid.647—.[246]Ibid.Fig.3. De GeerIbid.653—.[247]Ibid.Fig.6. De GeerIbid.727—.[248]Reaum. vi. 465.[249]Ibid.t.xlii.f.4, 5. De Geer ii. 623.[250]Ibid.648.t.xvii.f.11, 12.[251]Vol.III. p.154. De Geer ii. 697—.t.xxi.f.4, 5, 12.[252]De GeerIbid.666—.t.xix.f.6.[253]Reaum. vi. 393.t.xxxvi.f.8, 9.t.t.[254]Reaum. vi. 395.t.xxxvi.f.8-9.c. c.[255]PlateXXIX.Fig.21.[256]Marcel de Serres (Mem. du Mus.1819. 137, &c.) calls thetubular tracheæthatreceivethe air,arterial tracheæ, and thevesicularones which act asreservoirs,pulmonary tracheæ.[257]PlateXXIX.Fig.1. 2.
[1]Το Ἡγεμονικον.
[2]See Hooper'sMedical Dictionary, underNervous Fluid, and Mr. Sandwith's usefulIntroduction to Anatomy and Physiology, 83.
[3]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvi. 305—.
[4]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 362. Compare MacLeayHor. Entomolog.215—.
[5]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ubi. supr.
[6]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 360. MacLeayHor. Ent.201.
[7]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvi. 306. MacLeayHor. Ent.200—.
[8]Ibid.307. The great sympathetic nerves infishesare said to have no ganglions. Cuv.ubi. supr.297.
[9]They are calledtrisplanchnicbecause they render to thethreecavities of theviscera:—viz. the thoracic, the abdominal and the pelvic.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxii. 524. 527.
[10]InHemiplegia, &c.
[11]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvi. 307.
[12]Thus in theMolluscæthere must be a great difference in this respect, since in some of these the brain or cerebral ganglion has been cut off with the head, and another reproduced.Ibid.xvi. 306. Comp. v. 391.
[13]Vol.III. p.29.
[14]Comp.PlateXXX.Fig.1. and 6. and Carus.Introd. to Comp. Anat.i. 64.
[15]LyonetAnatom.100.
[16]Ibid.101.
[17]LyonetAnatom.100. In man and the vertebrate animals, the medullary pulp is every where homogeneous; under the microscope it appears to consist of a number of minute conglomerated globules. M. Vauquelin has analysed it, and found it to contain, of water 80 parts; of albumen in a state of demicoagulation 7·0; of phosphorus 1·50; of osmazone 1·12; of a white and transparent oily matter 4·53; of a similar red do. 0·75; of a little sulphur and some salts 5·15.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxii. 531—.
[18]Anat.99.
[19]Malpigh.de Bombyc.20. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.i. 224. a.
[20]Anat. Comp.ii. 348.
[21]LyonetAnat.100.t.iv.f.6. SandwithIntrod.59—.
[22]PlateXXI.Fig.1. 7. 8.a.
[23]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxii. 527.
[24]Ibid.v. 591.
[25]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 318. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xxix.f.7. HeroldSchmetterl.t.ii.f.1-10.a.
[26]Cuv.Ibid.322. 337.
[27]Cuv.Anat. Comp.324.
[28]Arachnid.t.i.f.13.m.m.
[29]Cuv.ubi supr.343. 346. TreviranusArachnid.t.v.f.45.a.PlateXXI.Fig.8.a.
[30]Ibid.Fig.1.b.b.
[31]Cuv.ubi supr.337.
[32]PlateXXI.Fig.8. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.i. 36. b.
[33]Arachnid.t.v.f.45.
[34]Swamm.ubi supr.t.xliii.f.7.
[35]Ibid.112. a.
[36]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 337. 343—.
[37]Ibid.336.
[38]HeroldSchmetterl.t.ii.f.1.
[39]LyonetAnat.98.
[40]Cuv.ubi supr.342. Gaede N.Act. Acad. Cæs.XL. ii. 323. Cuv.Ibid.351.
[41]Cuv.ubi. supr.348.
[42]TreviranusArachnid.t.v.f.45.
[43]PlateXXI.Fig.7. 8. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xliii.f.7.
[44]PlateXXI.Fig.7. 8.c.
[45]LyonetAnat.100.
[46]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxii. 522—.
[47]Lyonetubi supr.t.ix.f.1-4.
[48]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 339. 343.
[49]PlateXXI.Fig.7.
[50]Swamm.ubi supr.t.xl.f.5. Cuvier (ii. 332.) accuses Swammerdam of representing the spinal marrow in this grub as producing nerves only ononeside; whereas he expressly states (ii. 50. b.) that a considerable number spring on each side from the eleven ganglions, but that to avoid confusion he had omitted some.
[51]Cuv.ubi supr.325.
[52]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xv.f.6.
[53]Treviran.Arachnid.t.l.f.13. 1-4.
[54]Swamm.ubi supr.t.xxii.f.7.
[55]Treviran.ubi supr.t.v.f.45.
[56]PlateXXI.Fig.7.
[57]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 346.
[58]PlateXXI.Fig.8.
[59]Cuv.ubi supr.337.
[60]Ibid.335—.
[61]Cuv.ubi supr.348.
[62]Ibid.320—.
[63]Ibid.340—.
[64]Ibid.338—.
[65]Gaedeubi supr.
[66]Cuv.ubi supr.323—. 327—. Mr. Bauer (Phil. Trans.1824.t.ii.f.1.) has figured onlyseven, excluding the brain, in that of the silk-worm, and Malpighi (De Bombyc.t.vi.f.2.)ten,—Swammerdam (Bibl.Nat.t.xxviii.f.3.) however hastwelve.
[67]Ibid.326.
[68]Ibid.352.
[69]Ibid.343—.
[70]Ibid.345.
[71]Ibid.325—.
[72]Ibid.351.
[73]Cuv.ubi supr.339.
[74]Ibid.335—.
[75]LyonetAnat.190.
[76]Cuv.ubi supr.ii. 340. Malpigh.de Bombyc.t.vi.f.2.
[77]Cuv.Ibid.348.
[78]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xlviii.f.7.
[79]Cuv.Ibid.319.
[80]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxx. 420.
[81]Treviran,Arachnid.t.v.f.45.m.
[82]PlateXXI.Fig.1. 7. 8.d.
[83]Lyonetubi supr.t.x.f.5. 6.
[84]Ibid.192.
[85]Cuv.ubi supr.323. 335.
[86]Ibid.ii. 339.
[87]Ibid.342.
[88]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xxii.f.6.m.m.
[89]Cuv.ubi supr.350.
[90]Ibid.335.
[91]Vol.III. p.495—. Lyonet.Anat.581.
[92]Cuv.ubi supr.337.
[93]Cuv.ubi supr.351.
[94]Ibid.352.
[95]Cuvier (Ibid.319.) seems not to have been aware that Swammerdam was the first discoverer of these nerves, since he attributes their name to Lyonet.
[96]Bibl. Nat.i. 138. b.t.xxviii.f.2.a,b,c.f.3.g.
[97]Ubi supr.578.
[98]Ubi supr.320. 339, &c.
[99]Cuv.ubi supr.349.
[100]LyonetAnat.t.ix. x.
[101]PlateXXI.Fig.8. Swamm.Bibl. Nat.t.xxii.f.6.
[102]Ibid.t.xv.f.6.
[103]PlateXXI.Fig.7.
[104]Swamm.ubi supr.t.xliii.f.7.h,h.
[105]PlateXXI.Fig.8.
[106]In Mr. Bauer's figure (Philos. Trans.1824.t.ii.f.1.) no less thaneighteenpairs of nerves are represented as issuing from the internodes; but it should seem as if in the specimen from which his figure was taken, several of the ganglions, perhaps from some injury received in the dissection, had become obliterated, while their nerves remained: yet still, even making allowance for these, many pairs will appear to take their origin from the spinal chord.
[107]Comp. Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 102-123.; with Swamm. Expl. ofPlatesXXXII.t.xxviii.f.3.k.
[108]Malpighi seems, however, to agree with him.De Bombyc.t.vi.f.1.
[109]Lyonetubi supr.201.t.ix.f.1, 2. n. 1, 2. &c.
[110]Swamm.ubi supr.1. 139. a.t.xxviii.f.3.s,s.
[111]In LesserInsecto-theol.ii. 84. note *.
[112]Linn. Trans.ii. 8. Aristotle had observed this vitality of insects, and that that of the myriapods is greatest.Hist. Animal.l.iv.c.7.De Respiratione,c.3.Reptileshave also this faculty.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxix. 161.
[113]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 283—. These are named "the upper and lower cervical ganglions."
[114]LyonetAnat.t.ix. x.PlateXXI.Fig.1.a.b.
[115]Vol.III. p.663.670.
[116]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 47—. v. 592. xvi. 308—.
[117]Vol.II. p.519—.507—.
[118]HuberFourmis, 260—. Reaum. vi. 172—.
[119]Vol.II. p.204.
[120]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 279—.
[121]Cuv.Anat. Comp.ii. 319. 337.
[122]Ibid. ii. 322, 323—; 338. 339—.
[123]PlateXXX.Fig.1.
[124]Ibid.Fig.2.
[125]PlateXXX.Fig.3.
[126]HeroldSchmett.t.ii.f.6.
[127]Ibid.t.ii.f.7.
[128]PlateXXX.Fig.4.
[129]Ibid.Fig.5.
[130]Ibid.Fig.6.
[131]Anat. Comp.ii. 348.
[132]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvi. 313. Comp. i. 420.
[133]See above, p.23.
[134]Vol.I. p.217—.
[135]Vol.II. p.461.
[136]Vol.II. p.493.
[137]Ibid. p.503.
[138]See above, p.21.
[139]Antommarchi'sLast Days of Napoleon.
[140]Linn. Trans.xi. 393.
[141]Vol.II. p.493.
[142]Vol.II. p.463,5.
[143]Zoological Journal, no. i. 5.
[144]Anat. Compar.iv. 296.
[145]Plin.Hist. Nat.l.xi.c.3. Even Aristotle seems to have given into the common opinion.De Respirat.c.3, 9. &c.
[146]Philos. Trans.v. 2011. Works, 4to. i. 79, 112.
[147]Aristot.Hist. Animal.l.viii.c.27.
[148]On Air and Fire, 148, 155.
[149]Tracts, 208.
[150]Mem. on Respirat.75.
[151]Ann. de Chimie, xii. 273.
[152]F. L. A. Sorg,Respirat. Insect. et Verm.Ellis,Inquiry into Chang. prod. on Atmosph. Air by Respirat.&c. 69.
[153]Ann. de Chimie, xii. 273.
[154]Sprengel,Commentar.&c. 27—.
[155]PlateXXIII.Fig.2. andPlatesVIII. IX. XVI. XXIX.c´,h´´,m´´,A´´,D´´.
[156]Moldenhawers (Anat. der Pflanz.314—.) affirms that the spiracles of most insects are quite closed: but Sprengel (Commentar.§ 8.) has satisfactorily refuted that opinion.
[157]PlateXXIII.Fig.2.
[158]Sprengel,Commentar.§ 7.
[159]Ibid.t.iii.f.30.
[160]PlateXXIX.Fig.23.
[161]Ibid. 8.
[162]Sprengel, 7.t.iii.f.30.
[163]Ibid.t.ii.f.22.t.iii.f.29.
[164]PlateXXIX.Fig.29.
[165]Ibid.Fig.16. Sprengel,Ibid.9.t.1.f.4-6.
[166]Ibid.9.t.i.f.9.
[167]PlateXXIX.Fig.16.a.
[168]Sprengel,Ibid.t.iii.f.27.
[169]Sprengel,Commentar.7—.
[170]Sprengel, from whom I have borrowed this quotation, expresses the time by "scripulo horæ." This word is of uncertain meaning, being scarcely ever applied totime; but as it means the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, Faber conjectures it may mean the same portion of anhour.
[171]Sorg,Disquisit. circa respirat. insect.27, 46, 66. Sprengelubi supr.11—.
[172]Chabriersur le Vol des Ins.c.l. 454.
[173]PlateXXIX.Fig.28.A´´.
[174]Ibid.Fig.23.
[175]Sepp. I. iv.t.ii.f.3.
[176]Ibid.t.xiv.f.3.
[177]Ibid.t.v.f.6, 7.
[178]Ibid.t.i.f.7, 8.
[179]Ibid.t.x.f.6, 7.
[180]Ibid.v.t.i.f.3.
[181]Sphinx LabruscæMerianSurinam.34.
[182]PlateXXIX.Fig.28.A´´.
[183]Swammerd.Bibl. Nat.t.xxvii.f.5. Compare SturmDeutsch. Fu.i.t.v.f.r.
[184]PlateXXIX.Fig.12.c´.
[185]De Geer, i. 81.t.v.f.10.f.
[186]Sur le Vol des Ins.c.i. 459.
[187]Reaum. iv. 246.t.xix.f.8.s.
[188]In this tribe, which I forgot to remark before, (seeVol.III. p.549—.) there seems bothprothoraxandcollar.
[189]Vol.III. p.550,559. &c.
[190]PlateVIII.Fig.14. h´´.
[191]PlateXXIX.Fig.14, 15. m´´.
[192]Ibid.Fig.15. a.
[193]Ibid.Fig.14, 15. b.
[194]Ibid.Fig.25.k´´.
[195]Chabriersur le Vol des Ins.c.iii.t.vi.f.4.Sa, Sp.
[196]PlateIX.Fig.21.m´´.
[197]PlateVIII.Fig.9.
[198]Vol.III. p.705—.
[199]Vol.III. p.708.
[200]Sprengel,Comment.3.
[201]Ibid.
[202]vi. 398.
[203]De Geer, ii. 635.
[204]Fourmis, 22.
[205]Osservaz. &c. sullo Iulus fœtid.14—.
[206]They are particularly visible in an undescribed East Indian species, (S. alternataK. M. S.) with scuta alternately black and yellow.
[207]PlateXXIX.Fig.20.A´´.
[208]De Geer, vii.t.vi.f.3.
[209]Vol.I. p.254—.
[210]De Geer vi. 67.t.iii.f.10.ss.14. Mr. W. S. MacLeay (Philos. Mag. N. Ser.No. 9. 178.) says that in this grub the longitudinal trunks of the Tracheæ send off at equal distances lateral branches just as if there were spiracula to correspond with them. This is evidently a preparatory step to the formation of those that ultimately appear in the perfect insect.
[211]De Geer 66.t.iii.f.13.
[212]PlateXIX.Fig.11.a.
[213]Reaum. iv. 375—.t.xxvi.f.7, 8.
[214]Ibid.555.t.xxxv.f.10.ss.
[215]Ibid.519—.t.xxxvii.f.3, 4.
[216]PlatesXVI.Fig.9.a b.XIX.Fig.9, 10, 12, 13.a.XXIX.Fig.3-7.
[217]PlateXIX.Fig.9.a.
[218]PlateXIX.Fig.9.b.
[219]Compare Swamm.Bibl. Nat.i. 154.t.xxxi.f.5. Reaum. iv. 601—.t.xliii. De Geer vi. 317—.t.xvii.f.2-8.
[220]Swamm.Ibid.t.xxxi.f.7, 8.
[221]Reaum. iv. 607.
[222]PlateXIX.Fig.12.a.
[223]Reaum. iv.t.xxxii.f.2.e.
[224]Mr. W. S. MacLeay (Philos. Mag. N. Ser.n. 9. 179.) asserts that what Reaumur (iv. 487.t.xxx.f.6.ll) calls the first pair of legs of this grub, are the usual palmated stigmata which occur on the humerus of the larvæ ofMuscidæ. It does not appear whether he has himself examined this grub, but Reaumur (443) states that it hasseven pairs of legs all armed with claws. If this is correct, it is not properly a palmated organ.
[225]Reaum. iv.t.xxx.f.10.
[226]Reaum. iv.t.xxx.f.447—.
[227]Ibid.456.t.xxxi.f.1-7.
[228]PlateXIX.Fig.13.a.
[229]Bibl. Nat.ii. 44.
[230]PlateXIX.Fig.10.a.
[231]Reaum. v.t.iv.f.6.s, u.
[232]Vol.II. p.275—.
[233]De Geer vi. 395—.t.xxiv.f.16. 18.d.
[234]v.t.vi.f.1, 2.
[235]De Geer iii. 367.t.xviii.f.1, 2, 9.
[236]Ibid.vi. 36. 194—.t.ii.f.2, 3.s.
[237]PlateXVI.Fig.9.a. b.
[238]De Geer ii. 539—.t.xi.f.12, 16, &c.
[239]De Geer i. 526—.t.xxxvii.f.2-6.
[240]Ibid.iv. 362—.t.xiii.f.16-19.
[241]Vol.I. p.282—. II.365—.
[242]See Reaum. vi.t.xlii.—xlvi. andPlateXXIX.Fig.3-5.
[243]Reaum.Ibid.t.xlv.f.2.
[244]PlateXXIX.Fig.5. De Geer ii. 624—.
[245]Ibid.Fig.4. De GeerIbid.647—.
[246]Ibid.Fig.3. De GeerIbid.653—.
[247]Ibid.Fig.6. De GeerIbid.727—.
[248]Reaum. vi. 465.
[249]Ibid.t.xlii.f.4, 5. De Geer ii. 623.
[250]Ibid.648.t.xvii.f.11, 12.
[251]Vol.III. p.154. De Geer ii. 697—.t.xxi.f.4, 5, 12.
[252]De GeerIbid.666—.t.xix.f.6.
[253]Reaum. vi. 393.t.xxxvi.f.8, 9.t.t.
[254]Reaum. vi. 395.t.xxxvi.f.8-9.c. c.
[255]PlateXXIX.Fig.21.
[256]Marcel de Serres (Mem. du Mus.1819. 137, &c.) calls thetubular tracheæthatreceivethe air,arterial tracheæ, and thevesicularones which act asreservoirs,pulmonary tracheæ.
[257]PlateXXIX.Fig.1. 2.