Fig. 63.Fig. 63.
Exercise 66:Locomotive Coupling Rod Ends.—A form of knuckle joint used on locomotive coupling rods is shown in fig. 64.In this case two rods meet and work on the same pin, as shown at (a) fig. 64. Draw, in addition to the views shown in fig. 64, a plan and a vertical section through the axis of the pin. Scale 6 inches to a foot.Would it be practicable to replace the two rods A B and B C by a single rod working on the crank pins at A, B, and C? Give reasons for your answer.
Exercise 66:Locomotive Coupling Rod Ends.—A form of knuckle joint used on locomotive coupling rods is shown in fig. 64.
In this case two rods meet and work on the same pin, as shown at (a) fig. 64. Draw, in addition to the views shown in fig. 64, a plan and a vertical section through the axis of the pin. Scale 6 inches to a foot.
Would it be practicable to replace the two rods A B and B C by a single rod working on the crank pins at A, B, and C? Give reasons for your answer.
Fig. 64.Fig. 64.
Exercise 67:Bell Crank Lever.—Draw the plan and elevation of the lever shown in fig. 65. Scale 6 inches to a foot.
Exercise 67:Bell Crank Lever.—Draw the plan and elevation of the lever shown in fig. 65. Scale 6 inches to a foot.
Fig. 65.Fig. 65.
Exercise 68:Back Stay for Lathe.—Draw a plan and two elevations of the stay shown in fig. 66. Make all necessary corrections and show all the details in each view. Scale full size.
Exercise 68:Back Stay for Lathe.—Draw a plan and two elevations of the stay shown in fig. 66. Make all necessary corrections and show all the details in each view. Scale full size.
Fig. 66.Fig. 66.
Fig. 67.Fig. 67.
Exercise 69:Conical Disc Valve and Casing.—Draw, half size, the views shown in fig. 67 of the conical disc valve and casing, and also add an elevation looking in the direction of the arrow.Exercise 70:Connecting Rod End.—The student should carefully compare this connecting rod end (fig. 68) with those illustrated on pages 50 and 52. The lower part of fig. 68 is a half plan and half horizontal section, and the upper part is a half side elevation and half vertical section. Draw these views and also an end elevation. Scale 6 inches to a foot.
Exercise 69:Conical Disc Valve and Casing.—Draw, half size, the views shown in fig. 67 of the conical disc valve and casing, and also add an elevation looking in the direction of the arrow.
Exercise 70:Connecting Rod End.—The student should carefully compare this connecting rod end (fig. 68) with those illustrated on pages 50 and 52. The lower part of fig. 68 is a half plan and half horizontal section, and the upper part is a half side elevation and half vertical section. Draw these views and also an end elevation. Scale 6 inches to a foot.
Fig. 68.Fig. 68.
Fig. 69.Fig. 69.
Fig. 70.Fig. 70.
Fig. 71.Fig. 71.
Fig. 72.Fig. 72.
Fig. 73.Fig. 73.
Fig. 74.Fig. 74.
Exercise 71:Engine Cross-head.—The cross-head shown in fig. 69 is for an inverted cylinder marine engine. A is the piston rod, and B B are pins, forged in one piece with C, to which the forked end of the connecting rod is attached. Draw the upper view with the central part in section as shown. Make the right-hand half of the lower view a plan without any section, and makethe left-hand half a horizontal section through the axis of the pins B B. Scale 4 inches to a foot.Exercise 72:Ratchet Lever.—The lever shown in fig. 70 is used for turning the horizontal screw of a traversing screw jack. Draw the two views shown, and from one of them project a plan. Scale full size.Exercise 73:Steam Whistle.—Draw, full size, the elevation and section of the steam whistle shown in fig. 71. Draw also horizontal sections at A B, C D, and E F.
Exercise 71:Engine Cross-head.—The cross-head shown in fig. 69 is for an inverted cylinder marine engine. A is the piston rod, and B B are pins, forged in one piece with C, to which the forked end of the connecting rod is attached. Draw the upper view with the central part in section as shown. Make the right-hand half of the lower view a plan without any section, and makethe left-hand half a horizontal section through the axis of the pins B B. Scale 4 inches to a foot.
Exercise 72:Ratchet Lever.—The lever shown in fig. 70 is used for turning the horizontal screw of a traversing screw jack. Draw the two views shown, and from one of them project a plan. Scale full size.
Exercise 73:Steam Whistle.—Draw, full size, the elevation and section of the steam whistle shown in fig. 71. Draw also horizontal sections at A B, C D, and E F.
Fig. 75.Fig. 75.
Exercise 74:Screw Coupling for Railway Carriages.—Draw the three views of the screw coupling shown in fig. 72. Scale 6 inches to a foot.If the link A is fixed, through what distance will the link B move for two turns of the lever?Exercise 75:Loose Headstock for a 6-inch Lathe.—Two views of this headstock are shown in fig. 73. On one of these views a few of the chief dimensions are marked. The details, fully dimensioned, are shown separately in figs. 74, 75, and 76.
Exercise 74:Screw Coupling for Railway Carriages.—Draw the three views of the screw coupling shown in fig. 72. Scale 6 inches to a foot.
If the link A is fixed, through what distance will the link B move for two turns of the lever?
Exercise 75:Loose Headstock for a 6-inch Lathe.—Two views of this headstock are shown in fig. 73. On one of these views a few of the chief dimensions are marked. The details, fully dimensioned, are shown separately in figs. 74, 75, and 76.
Fig. 76.Fig. 76.
Explain clearly how the centre is moved backwards and forwards, and also how the spindle containing it is locked when it is not required to move.Draw, half-size, the views shown in fig. 73, and from the left-hand view project a plan. Draw also the detail of the locking arrangement shown in fig. 74.
Explain clearly how the centre is moved backwards and forwards, and also how the spindle containing it is locked when it is not required to move.
Draw, half-size, the views shown in fig. 73, and from the left-hand view project a plan. Draw also the detail of the locking arrangement shown in fig. 74.
It is assumed that the student has already learnt to draw to scale, and that he can draw two or more views of the same object in simple or orthographic projection. To pass in machine construction and drawing, he must be able to apply this knowledge to the representation of machinery. He must be acquainted with the form and purpose of the simpler parts of which machines are built up and must have had some practice in drawing them. To test his knowledge, rough dimensioned sketches, more or less incomplete, of simple machine details will be given him, and he will be required to produce a complete drawing in pencil to a given scale. Two or more views of at least one subject will be required, and these must be so drawn as to be properly projected one from the other,in order to show that the student appreciates that he is producing a representation of a solid piece of machinery, and not merely copying a sketch. No credit will be given unless some knowledge of projection is shown.The centre lines of the drawings should be shown, and parts cut by planes of section should be indicated by diagonal shading. Bolts and other fastenings should be carefully shown where required. Any indication that a candidate has merely copied the sketches given, without understanding the part represented, will invalidate his examination.
In the elementary stage, a knowledge is required of the simple parts only ofmachines in common use.Someof these are enumerated in the following list. The student should be practised in drawing them till he recognises their forms, and the object of the arrangement should be explained to him. He should also know the simple technical terms used in describing them.
A few very simple questions relating to the arrangement, proportions, and strength of the simplest machine details will be set in the examination paper.
In drawing the examples set to test a student's knowledge and skill in machine drawing, it must be remembered that only a limited time is available. It is only possible to set an example to be drawn in pencil, and the points which will receive attention are (1) accuracy of scale and projection; (2) power of reading a drawing, shown by the ability to transfer portions of the mechanism and dimensions from one view to another; (3) knowledge of machines, as shown by the ability to fill in small details, such as nuts, keys, etc., omitted in the sketches given. Bearing in mind the limited time available, the student should try to make his outline clear and decisive and complete. But the diagonal lines necessary for sectional parts may be done rapidly, though neatly, by freehand if necessary.
Riveted Joints.—Forms of rivets and arrangement of rivets in lap and butt joints with single and double riveting. Junction of plates by angle and T-irons.
Bolts, Studs, and Set Screws.—Forms of these fastenings. Forms and proportions of nuts and bolt-heads. Arrangement of flanges for bolting.
Pins, Keys, and Cotters.—Form of ordinary knuckle joint. Use of split pins. Connection of parts by a key. Connection of parts by a cotter. Gib and cotter.
Pipes and Cylinders.—Forms of ordinary pipes and cylinders and their flanges and covers.
Shafting.—Forms of shafts and axles and of journals and pivots. Use of collars and bosses. Half-lap coupling. Box coupling. Flange coupling.
Pedestals and Plummer Blocks.—Simplest forms of pedestals and hangers for shafts. Form and arrangement of brass steps.Arrangements for fixing pedestals and for neutralising the effects of wear.
Toothed Gearing.—Forms of ordinary spur and bevil wheels. Meaning of the terms pitch, breadth of face, thickness of tooth, pitch line, rim, nave, arm. Mode of drawing bevil wheels in section.
Belt Pulleys.—Forms of belt pulleys for flat and round belts. Stepped speed cones. Drawing of pulleys with curved arms.
Cranks and Levers.—Forms of ordinary cast-iron and wrought-iron cranks and levers. Modes of fixing crank pin. Modes of fixing crank shaft. Double cranks. Form of eccentrics.
Links.—Most simple forms of connecting rod ends, open or closed. Use of steps in connecting rods. Use of cotters to tighten the steps.
Pistons.—Simple forms of piston. Use of piston packing. Modes of attaching piston rod.
Stuffing-Boxes.—Simple form of stuffing-box and gland. Use of packing. Mode of tightening gland.
Valves.—Simple conical of puppet valve. Simple slide valve. Cock or conical sliding valve.
Examiners,Prof. T. A. Hearson, M.Inst.C.E., andJ. Harrison, Esq., M.Inst.M.E.
General Instructions.
If the rules are not attended to, the paper will be cancelled.
You may take the Elementary, or the Advanced, or the Honours paper, but you must confine yourself to one of them.
Put the number of the question before your answer.
You are expected to prove your knowledge of machinery as well as your power of drawing neatly to scale. You are therefore to supply details omitted in the sketches, to fill in parts left incomplete, and to indicate, by diagonal lines, parts cut by planes of section.
No credit will be given unless some knowledge of projection is shown, so that at least two views of one of the examples will be required properly projected one from the other. The centre lines should be clearly drawn. The figured dimensions need not be inserted.
Your answers should be clearly and cleanly drawn in pencil. No extra marks will be allowed for inking in.
All figures must be drawn on the single sheet of paper supplied, for no second sheet will be allowed.
The value attached to each question is shown in brackets after the question. But a full and correct answer to an easy question will in all cases secure a larger number of marks than an incomplete or inexact answer to a more difficult one.
Your name is not given to the Examiner, and you are forbidden to write to him about your answers.
You are to confine your answersstrictlyto the questions proposed.
A single accent (´) signifiesfeet; a double accent (´´)inches.
The examination in this subject lasts for four hours.
Instructions.
Read the General Instructions above.
Answer briefly any three, but not more than three, of the following questions, and draw two, but not more than two, of the examples.
Questions.
(a.) Show two methods by which a cotter may be prevented from slacking back.(6.)(b.) Sketch the brasses for a bearing, and show how they are prevented from turning in the pedestal.(6.)(c.) Explain the object of the construction of the connecting rod end shown in fig. 78. Describe how the adjustment must be made and how it is locked.(10.)(d.) Show the form of the Whitworth screw thread by drawing to scale a part section of two or three threads taking a pitch of 1½ inches. Figure the dimensions on the sketch. How many threads to the inch are used on an inch bolt?(10.)(e.) Make a sketch showing how the adjustment is made in the sliding parts of machine tools: as, for example, in the slide rest of a lathe.(10.)(f.) Describe with sketches two methods by which the joints are made in connecting lengths of cast-iron pipes.(6.)
(a.) Show two methods by which a cotter may be prevented from slacking back.(6.)
(b.) Sketch the brasses for a bearing, and show how they are prevented from turning in the pedestal.(6.)
(c.) Explain the object of the construction of the connecting rod end shown in fig. 78. Describe how the adjustment must be made and how it is locked.(10.)
(d.) Show the form of the Whitworth screw thread by drawing to scale a part section of two or three threads taking a pitch of 1½ inches. Figure the dimensions on the sketch. How many threads to the inch are used on an inch bolt?(10.)
(e.) Make a sketch showing how the adjustment is made in the sliding parts of machine tools: as, for example, in the slide rest of a lathe.(10.)
(f.) Describe with sketches two methods by which the joints are made in connecting lengths of cast-iron pipes.(6.)
Figs. 77 and 78.Figs. 77 and 78.
Examples to be drawn.
1. Jaw for four-screw dog chuck for 5´´ lathe. Draw the two views as shown (fig. 77). Scale full size.(Note.—The other three jaws of the chuck are not to be drawn.)(35.)
1. Jaw for four-screw dog chuck for 5´´ lathe. Draw the two views as shown (fig. 77). Scale full size.
(Note.—The other three jaws of the chuck are not to be drawn.)(35.)
Fig. 79.Fig. 79.
2. Connecting rod end. Draw the two views as shown, partly in section (fig. 78). Draw full size.(35.)3. Hooke's coupling. Draw the three views shown (fig. 79), adding any omitted lines where the views are incomplete. Draw to scale of1⁄4full size.(35.)
2. Connecting rod end. Draw the two views as shown, partly in section (fig. 78). Draw full size.(35.)
3. Hooke's coupling. Draw the three views shown (fig. 79), adding any omitted lines where the views are incomplete. Draw to scale of1⁄4full size.(35.)
Figs. 80 and 81.Figs. 80 and 81.
Instructions.
Read the General Instructions (page 102).
Answer briefly any three, but not more than three, of the following questions, and draw two, but not more than two, of the examples.
Questions.
(a.) Give sketches showing how the cutting tool of a lathe or other machine is secured in place.(6.)(b.) Make a sketch of a stud, describe how it is screwed into place, and state some circumstances under which it is used in preference to a bolt.(6.)(c.) Give sketches showing one method of attaching the valve rod to an ordinary slide valve.(6.)(d.) Sketch a connecting rod end, with strap, gib, and cotter. Explain the use of the gib.(10.)(e.) Explain the use of the quadrant for change wheels for a screw-cutting lathe shown in Example 1, fig. 80, by making a sketch showing it in place on a lathe with wheels in gear.(10.)(f.) Sketch one form of hanger suitable for supporting mill-shafting.(10.)
(a.) Give sketches showing how the cutting tool of a lathe or other machine is secured in place.(6.)
(b.) Make a sketch of a stud, describe how it is screwed into place, and state some circumstances under which it is used in preference to a bolt.(6.)
(c.) Give sketches showing one method of attaching the valve rod to an ordinary slide valve.(6.)
(d.) Sketch a connecting rod end, with strap, gib, and cotter. Explain the use of the gib.(10.)
(e.) Explain the use of the quadrant for change wheels for a screw-cutting lathe shown in Example 1, fig. 80, by making a sketch showing it in place on a lathe with wheels in gear.(10.)
(f.) Sketch one form of hanger suitable for supporting mill-shafting.(10.)
Fig. 82.Fig. 82.
Examples to be drawn.
1. Quadrant for change wheels for screw-cutting lathe. Draw the two views shown (fig. 80). Scale half-size.(35.)2. Crank-shaft. Draw the two views as shown, partly in section (fig 81). Scale1⁄8full size.(35.)3. Ball bearing for tricycle. Draw the two views as shown, partly in section (fig. 82). Draw full size.(35.)
1. Quadrant for change wheels for screw-cutting lathe. Draw the two views shown (fig. 80). Scale half-size.(35.)
2. Crank-shaft. Draw the two views as shown, partly in section (fig 81). Scale1⁄8full size.(35.)
3. Ball bearing for tricycle. Draw the two views as shown, partly in section (fig. 82). Draw full size.(35.)
Instructions.
Read the General Instructions (page 102).
Answer briefly any three, but not more than three, of the following questions, and draw two, but not more than two, of the examples.
Questions.
(a.) Explain how the piston rings in Example 1, fig. 84, are made so that the piston may work steam-tight in the cylinder. How are these rings got into place?(8.)(b.) Give two views of a double riveted lap joint for boiler-plates.(8.)(c.) Show by sketches how a wheel is fixed on a shaft by means of a sunk key. Explain how the key may be withdrawn when it cannot be driven from the point end.(8.)(d.) Give sketches showing the construction of a conical metal lift or puppet valve and seating.(10.)(e.) With the aid of sketches explain how a piston rod is made to work steam-tight through the end of the cylinder.(10.)(f.) Explain how the slotting machine ram of Example 8, fig. 85, may be made to move up and down when at work. How is the length of the stroke altered, and what is the object of the slotway in the upper part of the ram?(10.)
(a.) Explain how the piston rings in Example 1, fig. 84, are made so that the piston may work steam-tight in the cylinder. How are these rings got into place?(8.)
(b.) Give two views of a double riveted lap joint for boiler-plates.(8.)
(c.) Show by sketches how a wheel is fixed on a shaft by means of a sunk key. Explain how the key may be withdrawn when it cannot be driven from the point end.(8.)
(d.) Give sketches showing the construction of a conical metal lift or puppet valve and seating.(10.)
(e.) With the aid of sketches explain how a piston rod is made to work steam-tight through the end of the cylinder.(10.)
(f.) Explain how the slotting machine ram of Example 8, fig. 85, may be made to move up and down when at work. How is the length of the stroke altered, and what is the object of the slotway in the upper part of the ram?(10.)
Examples to be drawn.
1. Piston for steam-engine. Draw and complete the two views shown (fig. 84), the top half of the left-hand view to be in section. Scale1⁄2size.(30.)
1. Piston for steam-engine. Draw and complete the two views shown (fig. 84), the top half of the left-hand view to be in section. Scale1⁄2size.(30.)
Figs. 83 and 84.Figs. 83 and 84.
2. Plan and sectional elevation of a footstep bearing for an upright shaft (fig. 83). Draw and complete these views. Scale1⁄4size.(35.)
2. Plan and sectional elevation of a footstep bearing for an upright shaft (fig. 83). Draw and complete these views. Scale1⁄4size.(35.)
Fig. 85.Fig. 85.
3. Ram of slotting machine. Draw and complete the two elevations shown (fig. 85). The tool-holders must be drawn in their proper positions in the ram, and not separate as in the diagram. Scale1⁄4size.(35.)
3. Ram of slotting machine. Draw and complete the two elevations shown (fig. 85). The tool-holders must be drawn in their proper positions in the ram, and not separate as in the diagram. Scale1⁄4size.(35.)
Instructions.
Read the General Instructions on p. 102.
Answer briefly any three, but not more than three, of the following questions, and draw two, but not more than two, of the examples.
Questions.
(a.) Give sketches showing how the separate lengths of a line of shafting may be connected together.(8.)(b.) What is the object of using chipping or facing strips in fitting up machine parts? Give one or two examples.(8.)(c.) Give sketches showing how you would grip and drive a round iron bar for the purpose of turning it between the centres of a lathe.(10.)
(a.) Give sketches showing how the separate lengths of a line of shafting may be connected together.(8.)
(b.) What is the object of using chipping or facing strips in fitting up machine parts? Give one or two examples.(8.)
(c.) Give sketches showing how you would grip and drive a round iron bar for the purpose of turning it between the centres of a lathe.(10.)
Figs. 86 and 87.Figs. 86 and 87.
(d.) Explain the action of the governor shown in Example 1 (fig. 86).(10.)(e.) Describe in detail how the mud-hole door in Example 2 (fig. 88) is removed for the purpose of cleaning the boiler and how it is replaced and the joint made steam-tight.(10.)(f.) Describe how the parts of the spur wheel in Example 3 (fig. 87) are put together, and explain why the wheel is made in segments.(10.)
(d.) Explain the action of the governor shown in Example 1 (fig. 86).(10.)
(e.) Describe in detail how the mud-hole door in Example 2 (fig. 88) is removed for the purpose of cleaning the boiler and how it is replaced and the joint made steam-tight.(10.)
(f.) Describe how the parts of the spur wheel in Example 3 (fig. 87) are put together, and explain why the wheel is made in segments.(10.)
Fig. 88.Fig. 88.
Examples to be drawn.
1. Loaded governor for small gas engine. Draw and complete the two views, partly in section as shown (fig. 86). Scale full size.(35.)2. Mud-hole mouth-piece for Lancashire boiler. Draw and complete the two views shown (fig. 88). Scale3⁄8ths.(35.)3. Point for segments of large spur wheel. Draw and complete the views shown (fig. 87). Scale3⁄16ths.Note.—As the radius of the wheel is too large for your instruments, the circumference at the joint may be set out straight, as in a rack.(35.)
1. Loaded governor for small gas engine. Draw and complete the two views, partly in section as shown (fig. 86). Scale full size.(35.)
2. Mud-hole mouth-piece for Lancashire boiler. Draw and complete the two views shown (fig. 88). Scale3⁄8ths.(35.)
3. Point for segments of large spur wheel. Draw and complete the views shown (fig. 87). Scale3⁄16ths.
Note.—As the radius of the wheel is too large for your instruments, the circumference at the joint may be set out straight, as in a rack.(35.)
Air-pump bucket,58Alloys,80Angle irons,12Annealing,79,80Axles,24Back stay for lathe,86Bar stay,83Bearings for shafts,30Beech-wood,81Bell crank lever,86Bessemer steel,79Bevil wheels,43Blister steel,79Blooms,78Bolt-heads, proportions of,18Bolts, forms of,17Border lines,4Box couplings,25— end, connecting rod,51Box-wood,81Brackets,33Brake shaft carrier,30Brass,80Brasses,30Bucket,58Built-up cranks,46Bush,30,49,51,54,56,63Butt joints,10,11— strap,10Buttress screw thread,15Case-hardening,80Cast iron,76Cast iron flange coupling,28,29— steel,79Caulking,8Cementation process,79Centre lines,2,4Chilled castings,78Circulating pump piston,58Clearance, cylinder,74— of cotter,49Cocks,74Cogs,41— wood for,81Collared stud,18Collars,24Colouring,3Colours for different materials,3Compasses,1Cone keys,23,38Conical disc valve,70,71,89— head,7Connecting rod, locomotive,51— — marine,51— rods,49,89Construction for rivet heads,7Contraction of castings,77Copper,80Cotters,48,49Countersunk head,7,18Coupling rod ends,55,84— rods,54— screw,96Couplings, shaft,25Cover plate,10Cranked axle,45Cranks,43— built-up,46Cross-head pin,51Cross-heads,56,89Cross-key,28Cup-headed bolt,17Decimal equivalents,6Dimension lines,5Dimensions,5— of box couplings,26— cast-iron flange couplings,29— keys,24— stuffing-boxes and glands,67— Whitworth screws,15Distance lines,5Dividers,1Draught of cotter,49Drawing board,1— instruments,1— paper,2— pen,1— pins,2Eccentrics,47Exhaust port,71Eye-bolt,18Fairbairn's coupling,26Fast and loose pulleys,37Feather key,23Flange couplings,27Flap valves,68Flat key,22Forge irons,77Forging,79Form of wheel teeth,40Forms of nuts,16— rivet heads,7— screw threads,15Foundry irons,77Gasket,58Gas threads,15Gib,49— head,23Girder stay,81Gland,64Grey cast iron,77Gun-metal,80Gusset stay,12Half-lap coupling,26Hangers,34Hardening of steel,80Headstock lathe,96Hexagonal nut,16Hollow key,22Hook bolt,18Hornbeam,81India-rubber disc valves,58,68Inking drawings,2Inside lap of valve,72Joggles,33Joint, knuckle,84Journals,24— length of,32Junk ring,61Keys,22— proportions of,23Kinghorn's metallic valve,70Knuckle joint,84— screw thread,15Lancaster's piston packing,61Lap joints,8,9,10,12— of slide valve,72Lathe headstock,96Lead of valve,74Lever, bell crank,86— ratchet,96Lignum-vitæ,81Locking arrangements for nuts,21,62Lock nuts,19Locomotive connecting rod,51— cranked axle,45— cross-head,56Locomotive eccentric,47— piston,60Lubricator, needle,32Malleable cast iron,78— iron,78Marine connecting rod,51— coupling,28— crank-shaft,46— piston,61Merchant bars,78Mortise wheels,41Mottled cast iron,77Muff couplings,25Muntz metal,80Needle lubricator,32Nuts, forms of,16— lock,19— proportions of,18Oil-box,54,65Outside lap of slide valve,72Overhung crank,43— cranks, proportions of,45Packing,63Pan head,7Pedestal, shaft,30Pencils, drawing,1Phosphor bronze,80Pillar bracket,34Pillow block,30,32Pin, cross-head,51,54— split,21Piston rod,57Pistons,57Pitch circle,40— of wheel teeth,40— surfaces of wheels,39,43Pivots,24Plummer block,30Plunger,57Printing,4Proportions of bolt-heads,18— keys,23Proportions of lap joints,9,10— marine engine pistons,62— nuts,18— overhung cranks,45— pillow blocks,32— rivet heads,7— wheel teeth,40Puddled bars,78Puddling process,78Pulley, eccentric,47Pulleys,36Pump bucket,58Ramsbottom's packing,60Ratchet lever,96Riveted joints,8Rivet heads, forms of,7,8— — proportions of,7Riveting,7Rivets,6Rope pulley,39Round key,23Saddle key,22Scales,5Screw coupling,96Screwed gland and stuffing-box,65Screw threads,14,15Screws, representation of,16SellersVscrew thread,14Set screw,21,49— squares,1Shaft couplings,25— hanger,34Shafting,24Shear steel,79Sheave, eccentric,47Shingling,78Shrinking, process of,44Siemens-Martin steel,79Slide blocks,56— valves,68,71Sliding key,23Snap head,7Snug,17Spiegeleisen,80Spring bows,1Spur wheel,41Square nut,16— screw thread,14Stay, back, for lathe,86— bar,83— girder,81— gusset,12Steam ports,71— whistle,96Steel,79Steps,30Strap,49— eccentric,47— end of connecting rod,49Stud bolts,18Studs,18Stuffing-boxes,63Sunk key,22Taper bolt,18,27— pin,23Tee-headed bolt,18Tee-iron cover strap,81Tee square,1Teeth of wheels, form and proportions of,40Teeth, pitch of,40Tempering of steel,80Throw of crank,44— eccentric,47Toothed wheels,39Valve Kinghorn's metallic,70— slide,68,71Valves,68— conical disc,70— india-rubber,58,68Velocity ratio in belt gearing,36Wall boxes,34Washers,19Welding,79Whistle, steam,96White cast iron,77Whitworth screws, dimensions of,15—Vscrew thread,14Wood,81Working drawings,4Wrought iron,78Yellow pine,81
Air-pump bucket,58Alloys,80Angle irons,12Annealing,79,80Axles,24Back stay for lathe,86Bar stay,83Bearings for shafts,30Beech-wood,81Bell crank lever,86Bessemer steel,79Bevil wheels,43Blister steel,79Blooms,78Bolt-heads, proportions of,18Bolts, forms of,17Border lines,4Box couplings,25— end, connecting rod,51Box-wood,81Brackets,33Brake shaft carrier,30Brass,80Brasses,30Bucket,58Built-up cranks,46Bush,30,49,51,54,56,63Butt joints,10,11— strap,10Buttress screw thread,15Case-hardening,80Cast iron,76Cast iron flange coupling,28,29— steel,79Caulking,8Cementation process,79Centre lines,2,4Chilled castings,78Circulating pump piston,58Clearance, cylinder,74— of cotter,49Cocks,74Cogs,41— wood for,81Collared stud,18Collars,24Colouring,3Colours for different materials,3Compasses,1Cone keys,23,38Conical disc valve,70,71,89— head,7Connecting rod, locomotive,51— — marine,51— rods,49,89Construction for rivet heads,7Contraction of castings,77Copper,80Cotters,48,49Countersunk head,7,18Coupling rod ends,55,84— rods,54— screw,96Couplings, shaft,25Cover plate,10Cranked axle,45Cranks,43— built-up,46Cross-head pin,51Cross-heads,56,89Cross-key,28Cup-headed bolt,17Decimal equivalents,6Dimension lines,5Dimensions,5— of box couplings,26— cast-iron flange couplings,29— keys,24— stuffing-boxes and glands,67— Whitworth screws,15Distance lines,5Dividers,1Draught of cotter,49Drawing board,1— instruments,1— paper,2— pen,1— pins,2Eccentrics,47Exhaust port,71Eye-bolt,18Fairbairn's coupling,26Fast and loose pulleys,37Feather key,23Flange couplings,27Flap valves,68Flat key,22Forge irons,77Forging,79Form of wheel teeth,40Forms of nuts,16— rivet heads,7— screw threads,15Foundry irons,77Gasket,58Gas threads,15Gib,49— head,23Girder stay,81Gland,64Grey cast iron,77Gun-metal,80Gusset stay,12Half-lap coupling,26Hangers,34Hardening of steel,80Headstock lathe,96Hexagonal nut,16Hollow key,22Hook bolt,18Hornbeam,81India-rubber disc valves,58,68Inking drawings,2Inside lap of valve,72Joggles,33Joint, knuckle,84Journals,24— length of,32Junk ring,61Keys,22— proportions of,23Kinghorn's metallic valve,70Knuckle joint,84— screw thread,15Lancaster's piston packing,61Lap joints,8,9,10,12— of slide valve,72Lathe headstock,96Lead of valve,74Lever, bell crank,86— ratchet,96Lignum-vitæ,81Locking arrangements for nuts,21,62Lock nuts,19Locomotive connecting rod,51— cranked axle,45— cross-head,56Locomotive eccentric,47— piston,60Lubricator, needle,32Malleable cast iron,78— iron,78Marine connecting rod,51— coupling,28— crank-shaft,46— piston,61Merchant bars,78Mortise wheels,41Mottled cast iron,77Muff couplings,25Muntz metal,80Needle lubricator,32Nuts, forms of,16— lock,19— proportions of,18Oil-box,54,65Outside lap of slide valve,72Overhung crank,43— cranks, proportions of,45Packing,63Pan head,7Pedestal, shaft,30Pencils, drawing,1Phosphor bronze,80Pillar bracket,34Pillow block,30,32Pin, cross-head,51,54— split,21Piston rod,57Pistons,57Pitch circle,40— of wheel teeth,40— surfaces of wheels,39,43Pivots,24Plummer block,30Plunger,57Printing,4Proportions of bolt-heads,18— keys,23Proportions of lap joints,9,10— marine engine pistons,62— nuts,18— overhung cranks,45— pillow blocks,32— rivet heads,7— wheel teeth,40Puddled bars,78Puddling process,78Pulley, eccentric,47Pulleys,36Pump bucket,58Ramsbottom's packing,60Ratchet lever,96Riveted joints,8Rivet heads, forms of,7,8— — proportions of,7Riveting,7Rivets,6Rope pulley,39Round key,23Saddle key,22Scales,5Screw coupling,96Screwed gland and stuffing-box,65Screw threads,14,15Screws, representation of,16SellersVscrew thread,14Set screw,21,49— squares,1Shaft couplings,25— hanger,34Shafting,24Shear steel,79Sheave, eccentric,47Shingling,78Shrinking, process of,44Siemens-Martin steel,79Slide blocks,56— valves,68,71Sliding key,23Snap head,7Snug,17Spiegeleisen,80Spring bows,1Spur wheel,41Square nut,16— screw thread,14Stay, back, for lathe,86— bar,83— girder,81— gusset,12Steam ports,71— whistle,96Steel,79Steps,30Strap,49— eccentric,47— end of connecting rod,49Stud bolts,18Studs,18Stuffing-boxes,63Sunk key,22Taper bolt,18,27— pin,23Tee-headed bolt,18Tee-iron cover strap,81Tee square,1Teeth of wheels, form and proportions of,40Teeth, pitch of,40Tempering of steel,80Throw of crank,44— eccentric,47Toothed wheels,39Valve Kinghorn's metallic,70— slide,68,71Valves,68— conical disc,70— india-rubber,58,68Velocity ratio in belt gearing,36Wall boxes,34Washers,19Welding,79Whistle, steam,96White cast iron,77Whitworth screws, dimensions of,15—Vscrew thread,14Wood,81Working drawings,4Wrought iron,78Yellow pine,81