490.Reuchlin,380.Revolution of 1848,642ff.;results of,653.Revolutionary Tribunal,588.Reynard the Fox,256.Rhine, left bank of, ceded to France,603.Rhine, the Confederation of the,612f.Richard I, the Lion-Hearted,126f.,144,197f.Richard II of England,291,315.Richard III of England,297.Richelieu,458,467,495;intervenes in the Thirty Years' War,471f.Rights of Man, Declaration of,568ff.Rising in the north of England,460.Roads,12;poor, in the Middle Ages,98,242.Robbia, Luca della,343.Robert Guiscard in Naples and Sicily,180, note.Robespierre,589, f.Rois fainéants,38.Roland, Song of,83, note,255.Rollo,122f.Roman Church, the mother church,49f.Roman Empire,8ff.;reasons for decline of,12ff.;religious revival in,18;"fall" of, in the West,27;relations of, with Church,47;continuity of,84f.Roman law,11;retained by Theodoric,29;supplanted by German customs,40;study of, revived,177,269.Romana lingua,seeFrench language.Romance languages, derivation of,251f.Romances, mediæval,254f.Rome, city of,26,53,305,310;ascendency of, in art,344;sack of,417, note;made a republic,648;added to the kingdom of Italy,667.Romulus Augustulus,28.Roncaglia, Frederick I holds two assemblies at,176f.Roncesvalles, Pass of,83, note.Rossbach, battle of,520."Rotten boroughs,"682, note.Roumania,669f.Roumelia, Eastern,670, note.Roundheads,485.Round Table, Knights of the,255.Rous,510.Rousillon,471f.Rousseau,551.Royal library of France,501.Rubens,346.Rudolf of Hapsburg,355.Rule of St. Benedict,57f.Rump Parliament,487f.Rurik,510.Russia,509ff.;relations of, with Napoleon,614,620f.;Crimean War of,668f.;recent expansion of,686.Sacraments,210f.;attacked by Luther, 397 f.;confirmed by the Council of Trent,439.Sacrosancta, decree,317.Sagas,99, note.St. Bartholomew's Day, massacre of,455f.St. Bernard,197,219,268.St. Dominic,229f.St. Francis of Assisi,225ff.,342.St. Mark's church at Venice,323.St. Meinrad,423.St. Omer, terms of charter of,240.St. Peter's Church at Rome,344.St. Petersburg, founding of,512f.Saint-Simon,500.Saladin takes Jerusalem,197.Salamander, mediæval account of, quoted,260.Salisbury, oath of,137f.Salt tax, French,540.Saracens,seeMohammedans.Saratoga, battle of,534.Sardinia, kingdom of,628.Satires of the sixteenth century,406.Savonarola,361f.Savoy, France deprived of,625.Saxons,27,79ff.,98;settle in England,60;rebel against Henry IV,166.Saxony,179f.;electorate of,372;question of, at the Congress of Vienna,626f.Scandinavian kingdoms,468f.Schism, the Great,310f.,314f.Schleswig-Holstein affair,657f.Schoifher, Peter,338, note.Scholasticism,272f.School of the palace,90.Schools established by Charlemagne,88f.Science, mediæval,260,356;modern methods of,678ff.Scotch people,280f.Scotland,135,278ff.,459;under the same ruler as England,476;Charles I at war with,483;union with England,524;welcomes the Young Pretender,526f.Sculpture, mediæval,262,265f.;Renaissance,340.Secular clergy defined,59.Sedan, battle of,663.Seigneur, derivation of,106, note.Seneca, opinion on origin of practical arts,14.Senior, late Latin,106, note.Senlac, battle of,136.Sentencesof Peter Lombard,210,425.Sepoys,531.September massacres,582.Serfdom,16,234;disappearance of, in England,290f.;abolished in France,567;in Prussia,622.Serfs,coloniresemble the,16,100;condition of,234ff.,414.See alsoSerfdom.Servia,668ff.Sevastopol,669.Seven Years' War,519f.;in India,530ff.Sévigné, Madame de,500,505.Sforza family,327.Shakespeare,477f.Sheriffs appointed by William the Conqueror,137.Ship money,481,484.Shires,135and note.Sicily,180,182,185,360, note.Sickingen, Franz von,406f.,409f.Sigismund, Emperor,314f.Silesia,518f.Simon de Montfort leads Albigensian crusade,223.Simon de Montfort, Parliament of,146f.Simony,158f.,161,218."Simple priests" of Wycliffe,309."Six Articles," the,431f.Slavery in Roman Empire,13ff.Slavs,82;on the borders of Germany,150,153;settlement of, in Europe,509,648f.Smith, Adam,677.Social Contractof Rousseau,551.Social Democrats,643.Sophia of Hanover,524.Sorbonne,452.South Bulgaria,670, note.Southampton granted a charter,240.Spain,26,70f.,83,346;maritime power of,351;under Charles V,354,356f.,445,451,455;decline of,464;colonies of,527;Napoleon attempts to control,618f.,623,637;loses American colonies,684f."Spanish fury,"450.Spanish language, derivation of,251.Spanish March,83,94.Spanish Netherlands,seeNetherlands.Spanish Succession, War of the,506ff.Spectacles, invention of,352.Speyer, Edict of (1526),415f.;protest of,316f. and note.Spice trade, importance of,348f.Stamp Act,532.Star Chamber, Court of,484.State, character of, in Middle Ages,48,165.States of the Church,seePapal states.Statutes of Laborers,289.Steam, application of,675f.Steamboats,678.Steel,676.Steelyard,248.Stein, reforms of,622,631.Stem duchies in Germany,148f.Stephen, king of England,140.Stone of Scone,280.Strafford,484.Strand laws,247.Strasburg,473;seized by Louis XIV,504,663f.Strasburg oaths,94.Stuart, house of,475.Students' associations in Germany,633.Subdeacon,20.Subinfeudation,106f.Subtenant,107.Subvassals,107ff.Suffrage, extension of,682.Sully,457f.Sutri, the council of,160.Suzerain,106and note.Sweden,468f.,473;under Charles XII,513f.Swiss mercenaries,423and note.Switzerland, origin of,421ff.;Protestant revolt in,423ff.,473,605,626.Symbolism, mediæval,261.Syria, Bonaparte's campaign in,598.Taille,299,540,545f.,556,559.Talleyrand,626.Tamerlane,529, note.Tancred,180f.Tartars,510.Taxation, in Roman Empire,13;papal,204,384;of church property,304;without representation,533;reform of, in France,567.Teachers, government, in Roman Empire,12,32.Telescope,67.Templars,195f.,306.Temporalities,156."Tennis-Court" oath,564.Test Act492;repeal of,683.Tetzel,390.Teutonic order,195f.;in Prussia,515f.Theodoric,28ff.Theodosian Code, provisions of, relating to the Church,21.Theodosius the Great,22f.,27.Theology in University of Paris,269.Thermidor, 9th,590, note.Theses, Luther's ninety-five,390f.Third estate,543ff.Thirty-Nine Articles, the,435.Thirty Years' War,465ff.Thomas à Becket,142f.Thomas Aquinas,231,272.Three Henrys, War of the,456.Tilly,469f.Tilsit, treaties of,614.Timur,529, note.Tithe,81,202.Titian,346.Toleration, religious, in Germany,415ff.,419f.;in France,454ff.;modern,683.Tolls in Middle Ages,246f.Toul,452,473.Toulouse, counts of,124,256.Tourneys,118.Tours, battle of,71f.Towns, representatives of, summoned to Parliament,147;in Middle Ages,174,200,232,237f.,248;German,373,375,604;growth of the modern,680.Trade, mediæval,238,242f.;restrictions on, abolished,680.Trafalgar, battle of,615.Transubstantiation,213,309,425,431.Treasury of "good works,"378.Trent, Council of,437ff.Treves,12;electorate of,372.Trial by jury,142.Trials, mediæval,41,140ff.Triple Alliance,502f.Troubadours,256.Troyes, Treaty of (1420),293.Truce of God,118.Tsar, title of,511, note.Tudor, house of,296f.Tuilleries,581,664.Turenne,472.Turgot,553, note,554f.Turkey in Europe,535;disruption of,628,667ff.Turks,188,190f.,376,514,517.Twelve Articles of the peasants,413f.Ulfilastranslates Bible into Gothic,252.Ulm,374,611.Unction, sacrament of extreme,211.United Provinces,450,473.Unity of the Church, by Cyprian,20.Unity of history,4.Universities, mediæval,269f.,333,356;German,380,398.Urban II,188.Usufruct,105.Usury, doctrine of,245.Utopia, by Sir Thomas More,427.Utrecht, Union of,450;Treaty of,507.Valentinian III, decree of,51.Valois, house of,455.Van Dyck,346.Van Eyck brothers,346.Vandals,26,33.Varennes, flight to,575f.Vassals, origin of,102f.,106;obligations of,110f.Vasco da Gama,348.Vassy, massacre of,455.Vatican library,337.Velasquez,346.Vendée, La, revolt of,587.Venerable Bede, the,56,64.Venetia given to Austria,626;655;ceded to Italy,667.Venice, founding of,27;commerce of,194,198f.,243f.,347;government of,321f.;painting at,346;war of, with League of Cambray,364f.;destruction of republic of,595;in 1848,648.SeeVenetia.Verdun,452,473;Treaty of,93;fall of,582.Versailles,498.Vespasiano, Italian bookseller,337, note.Veto, royal, in England,524and note.Victor Emmanuel,650,654f.Vienna, siege of, by Turks,517f.;Congress of,625ff.;revolution of 1848 in,645,650.Vikings,99, note.Villa, Roman,14,100.Villehardouin,260.Visconti,324f.,364.Visigoths,seeWest Goths.Voltaire,519,549ff.Vulgate,51,439.Wagerof battle,41.