search for the more inclusive order145seventeenth and eighteenth-century43-44Jurist-theologians39Spanish81-82,83Jury129,133-134lawlessness of138Jus31Jus disponendi221Just, the, by nature or by convention25,27,31,55Justice, Aristotle on25,77definition of in the Institutes77executive137idea of65without law102,113Justinian, Institutes of77-78Kant84,202,219,260theory of contract260-261theory of property210-214Kenyon, Lord47Kin organization74Laesio enormis274Langdell, C. C.259Law, adjustment with administration137and morals27,30,41,111,112application of100ff.as an aggregate of rules110as a body of agreements63as a body of commands64as a body of divinely ordained rules60as a keeping of the peace72-74as a reflection of divine reason63as a system of principles62,66as custom61,62as declaratory of economic or social laws67-68as precepts discovered by experience65as recorded traditional wisdom61as restraint on liberty60as rules imposed by dominant class66as standing between the individual and society53as unfolding an idea of right65basis of authority of19,23-24,27,28-29,38,69-72Byzantine theory of110distinguished from rules of law24elements of115-116end of35-36,59ff.effectiveness of193finding100,104-105forms of27-28government of136historical theory of65,68how far made107-108idea of self-sufficiency of17,67judge made35jurist made35maturity of48,59,102merchant155,271,275nature of59,91,111nature of theories of68-69political theory of68restatement of the282science of101soft spots in the282theories of the nature of60-68Law making, judicial105presuppositions of59Legal standards51,114,116-120,129,141Legal transactions153bonae fidei248categories of247formal249stricti iuris248Lending150Letters of credit275,276-277Lex31Lex Aquilia159Liability, absolute179act as basis of158,182analytical theory of152-153as corollary of fault163-164,166,168,181,187,283-284basis of delictal177delictal163,167-169elements of162-163employer's163fault as basis of160,163-164,167for cattle going on vacant lands180-181for injury by animal163,164,180for injury by child159for injury by minor162for injury by ares ruinosa162for injury by slave159for intentional harm168for negligence175,180for non-restraint of agencies176for tort, basis of167for tort, common-law theory of168-169for trespassing cattle180for unintended non-culpable harm168for unintentional culpable harm168for vicious animals182,186from culpability184from legal transactions187fundamentals of174historical anomalies in166,179,186in French law161-164intention as basis of157,160justifiable reliance as basis of189meaning of147natural sources of156noxal159of carrier186of innkeeper159,160,186of master of ship159,160of stable keeper159,160on "implied" terms of transaction170philosophical theories of193-194primitive grounds of149-151quasi-contractual156quasi-delictal156relational186-188to make restitution187theories of148will-theory of157,177,179,189without fault156,162,166,177,179Liberty84-85idea of65,267idea of as source of liability157law and60Locke, John208Lorimer, James218Louis IX128Magistrate, power of112Maine, Sir Henry208Mala prohibita26Mandate272Mansfield, Lord47,260,262,273Manu60Maturity of law48,59,102Maxims34Metaphysical jurists92Metus159Middle Ages, conception of end of law in78-80idea of law in77-81juristic need in36Miller, W. G.216-217Mining customs195law201,222Minos (pseudo-Platonic dialogue)24Mosaic law60Mutuum249Narada244Nationalism in law39Natural, meaning of in philosophy of law31-32Natural law25,31,35,40,41,45-52,55,154,166,209,253,278,280American variant of50as a theory of growth33-34as deduced from "a free government"52as ideal critique52economic205theory of42Natural obligation250Natural reason202Natural rights15,42-43,55,83,92-93,146,204,205historical-metaphysical theory of52theories of44-45to produce of labor209Nature, meaning of in Greek philosophy31-32state of45Necessary distinctions172,174Negative community207Negligence119-120,165,168,177,179,270,280fiction of179,180in speaking280,281per se179Neo-Hegelians94,98Neo-Kantians93,98New York, Code of Civil Procedure105Nexum249Nomos, meanings of22Noxal liability159Nudum pactum246,254,273,280Oaths and vows251Obligation, civil252ex contractu146,172ex delicto146,172,174ex uariis causarum figuris16,172meaning of147moral basis of250natural250,252-253nature of145oaths as basis of251-252quasi ex contractu257religious244will as basis of250Occupation196,211as a legal transaction213-214Office or calling, duties attached to173Options272,274Ownership, analytical theory of222-224development of the idea of221-231dogma that everything must be owned199things excluded from199Pacta donationis272Pacts248,250,261,275Partition226-227,228Part performance282Paul, St.77Peculium227-228Pecunia credita249Pedis possessio222Penal treatment, individualizing of129-130Penalty, for delict149of reparation149Personal government135-136Personality191Pessimism, juristic57Petty courts130,138Philosophers, attempt to unify law and law making19attempt to reconcile authority with need of change19quest for an ultimate solving idea19Philosophical thinking, achievements of in law16-18as a force in administration of justice16needs determining as to law18possibilities of in law of contracts284Plato24,76Pledge251Political interpretation266Positivism54-56Possession233-234Post-Glossators37Pothier45Primitive law72-74faith of in verbal formulas154Primogeniture50Principles34,53,116Procedure111Proculians196Promised advantages191Promises, abstract255,262,263an element in wealth236exchange of254"from ostentation"256,280,281moral duty to keep262philosophical theory of enforcing283simple275theories of enforcing269-276theory of inherent force of259-260Promissory oath150-151,251Property, acquisition of194-200,204analytical theory of221-224basis in creation209basis in division by agreement205basis in economic nature of man205,209community229effectiveness of law as to193Grotius' theory of205-207Hegel's theory of214-216historical development of law of224-232historical theory of219,221-232household226-227,229inequalities in215,221in natural media of life201-202jural postulates of193,194Kant's theory of210-214law of141Lorimer's theory of218medieval theory of202metaphysical theories of210-218modes of acquiring194-202"natural" acquisition of195natural-law theories of204-210natural limits of right of195negative community in207philosophical theories of194ff.positive theory of219-221psychological theory of209,23,234restrictions on appropriation of88restrictions on use and disposition of87-88self-acquired227-228seventeenth-century theory of202socialization of233social-utilitarian theory of225sociological theories of232Spencer's theory of219theories of202-225theory of in Anglo-American law208theory of in antiquity202things not subject to197titles to195-197,211twentieth-century theories of232Protestant jurist-theologians39Psychology90,94,279-280Publicists, French110Public utilities117,136exemption of from competition88-89power to contract187Pufendorf207-208Punitive justice111individualization of134-135Quasi-delict161,162Ratio legis, doctrine of32,46Reason, excessive faith in39,46-47Reform movement, legislative47,85Relations171duties attached to173economic value of192interference with192legal protection of193Release272,274Religion242ff.Reparation149Representation179Res communes197,198,199,207,210extra commercium197,201,216,217ipsa loquitur180,185-186nullius199,205