Nacon(official), duties,13Nahua, influence on Maya,5-6Naranjo(city)—antiquity,15Stela 22, interpretation,162-164Stela 23, error in,248interpretation,224Stela 24, interpretation,166-167Supplementary Series, absence,163-164Normal date, fixing, of61Normal forms of time-period glyphs.SeeTime periods.North Star, deification,18Numbers, expression—high,103-134thirteen to nineteen,96,101,111-112Numerals—bar and dot system,87-95examples, plates showing,157,167,170,176,178,179colors,91,251combinations of, for higher numbers,105-107forms,87-104head-variant forms,24-25,87,96-104plates showing,167,170,176,178,179,180one to nineteen, bar and dot forms,88-90head-variant forms,97-101order of reading,23,129,133,137-138,156,170ornamental variants,89-91parallels to Roman and Arabic systems,87solution,134-155systems,87-134comparison,133See alsoVigesimal system.transcribing, mode138See alsoHieroglyphs; Thirteen; Twenty; Zero.Numerical coefficients127-128Palenque(city)—history,15palace stairway inscription, interpretation,183-185Temple of the Cross, tablet, interpretation,205-207,227Temple of the Foliated Cross, tablet, interpretation,180-181,223-224,227Temple of the Inscriptions, tablet, interpretation,84,225-226Temple of the Sun, tablet, interpretation,181-182Period-ending dates—ending glyph,102examples, interpretation,222-240plates showing,223,227,233,235glyphs,77-79,102katun used in,222-225nature,222tun used in,225-226Period-marking Stones.SeeMonuments.Phonetic writing—argument for,26-30traces discovered,iv,26-30Piedras Negras(city)—altar inscription, interpretation,227antiquity,15Stela 1, interpretation,210-213Stela 3, interpretation,233-235Plongeon, F. Le, cited,27Ponce, Alonzo, on Maya records,36Priesthood, organization,20-21Prophesying, codices used for,31Prophetic dates—examples,229-233use,271-272Quen Santo(city)—history,231Stela 1, interpretation,199-201Stela 2, interpretation,201-203Quirigua(city)—Altar M, interpretation,240-242five-tun period used at,165-166founding of, possible date,221-222monuments,192Stela A, interpretation,179-180Stela C, interpretation,173-175,179,203-204,226Supplementary Series, absence,175Stela D, interpretation,239Stela E, error in,247-248interpretation,235-240Stela F, interpretation,218-222,239-240plates showing,218,220Stela H, interpretation,192-194Stela I, interpretation,164-166Stela J, interpretation,215-218,239-240Stela K, interpretation,213-215Zoömorph G, interpretation,186-187,229-230,239-240Zoömorph P, interpretation157-162Reading, order of,23,129,133,135,138,156,170,268Religion, nature,16-21Renaissance, commencement,4Rochefoucauld, F. A. de la, alphabet devised by,27Roman system of numbers, parallel,87Rosny, Leon de, cited,27Rulership—nature,12-13succession,13-14Scarification, practice,7Schellhas,Dr.Paul, investigations,265Sculpture, development2-3Secondary-series dating—examples, interpretation,207-222,233-240plates showing,207,210,213,218,220,233,235explanation,74-76,207irregular forms,236order of reading,129,137-138,208reference to Initial Series,209-211,217-218starting point,76,135-136,208-210,218,240-245determination,240-245Seibal(city)—antiquity,15Stela 11, interpretation,230-231Seler,Dr.Eduard—cited,2,43,199on Aztec calendar,58on hieroglyphics,30Serpent numbers—interpretation,273-275nature,273range,32,273Slaves, barter in,9Southern Maya.SeeMaya, southern.Spanish conquest, influence,6-7Spectacle glyph, function,94Spinden,Dr.H. J.—cited,187works,4Stelæ—character,22dates,33,83-84inscriptions on,22,33-35See alsoMonuments, and names of cities.Stones, inscriptions on22Superfix, effect120-122Supplementary Series—closing-sign,152-153,170explanation,152,161lack of, examples,163-164,175position,152,238Symmetry in glyphs, modifications due to,23-24,88-91,128Terminal dates—determination,138-151importance as check on calculations,154-155position,151-154Textbooks, need for,viiThirteen—glyphs,96,205numbers above, expression,96,101,111-112Thomas,Dr.Cyrus—cited,31on Maya alphabet,27Thompson, E. H., investigations11Tikal(city)—Altar 5, interpretation,242-245antiquity,127history,15Stela 3, importance,179interpretation,178-179Stela 5, interpretation,226Stela 10, interpretation,114-127Stela 16, association with Altar 5,244interpretation,224,244Time—counting backward,146-147counting forward,138-146glyphs for, only ones deciphered,26,31lapse of, determination,134-155expression,63-64,105-107indicated by black glyphs,251marked by monuments,33-35,249-250method of describing,46-48recording,33-36use of numbers,134starting point,60-62,113-114,124-125See alsoChronology.Time-marking stones.SeeMonuments.Time periods—full-figure glyphs,67-68,188-191plate showing,188head-variant glyphs,67-74plates showing,167,170,176,178,179,180length,62normal glyphs,67-74plate showing,157omission of,128reduction to days,134-135See alsoCycle; Great Cycle; Haab; Katun; Tonalamatl; Tun; Uinal.Tonalamatl(time period)—graphic representation,93interpretation,254-266nature,41-44,265relation to zero sign,93-94starting point,252-253subdivisions,44texts recording,251-266essential parts of,265use of glyph for "20" with,92,130,254,260,263used in codices,251-266plates showing,254,260,262,263used in divination,251wheel of days,43See alsoYear, sacred.Translation of glyphs—errors,154-155methods,134-155progress,250Tun(time period)—glyph,70length,62,135use of, in Period-ending dates,225-226Tuxtla Statuette, interpretation,179,194-196Twenty—glyphs,91-92,130need for, in codices,92,130needlessness of, in inscriptions,92use of in,254,260,263
Nacon(official), duties,13Nahua, influence on Maya,5-6Naranjo(city)—antiquity,15Stela 22, interpretation,162-164Stela 23, error in,248interpretation,224Stela 24, interpretation,166-167Supplementary Series, absence,163-164Normal date, fixing, of61Normal forms of time-period glyphs.SeeTime periods.North Star, deification,18Numbers, expression—high,103-134thirteen to nineteen,96,101,111-112Numerals—bar and dot system,87-95examples, plates showing,157,167,170,176,178,179colors,91,251combinations of, for higher numbers,105-107forms,87-104head-variant forms,24-25,87,96-104plates showing,167,170,176,178,179,180one to nineteen, bar and dot forms,88-90head-variant forms,97-101order of reading,23,129,133,137-138,156,170ornamental variants,89-91parallels to Roman and Arabic systems,87solution,134-155systems,87-134comparison,133See alsoVigesimal system.transcribing, mode138See alsoHieroglyphs; Thirteen; Twenty; Zero.Numerical coefficients127-128
Nacon(official), duties,13
Nahua, influence on Maya,5-6
Naranjo(city)—
antiquity,15
Stela 22, interpretation,162-164
Stela 23, error in,248
interpretation,224
Stela 24, interpretation,166-167
Supplementary Series, absence,163-164
Normal date, fixing, of61
Normal forms of time-period glyphs.SeeTime periods.
North Star, deification,18
Numbers, expression—
high,103-134
thirteen to nineteen,96,101,111-112
Numerals—
bar and dot system,87-95
examples, plates showing,157,167,170,176,178,179
colors,91,251
combinations of, for higher numbers,105-107
forms,87-104
head-variant forms,24-25,87,96-104
plates showing,167,170,176,178,179,180
one to nineteen, bar and dot forms,88-90
head-variant forms,97-101
order of reading,23,129,133,137-138,156,170
ornamental variants,89-91
parallels to Roman and Arabic systems,87
solution,134-155
systems,87-134
comparison,133
See alsoVigesimal system.
transcribing, mode138
See alsoHieroglyphs; Thirteen; Twenty; Zero.
Numerical coefficients127-128
Palenque(city)—history,15palace stairway inscription, interpretation,183-185Temple of the Cross, tablet, interpretation,205-207,227Temple of the Foliated Cross, tablet, interpretation,180-181,223-224,227Temple of the Inscriptions, tablet, interpretation,84,225-226Temple of the Sun, tablet, interpretation,181-182Period-ending dates—ending glyph,102examples, interpretation,222-240plates showing,223,227,233,235glyphs,77-79,102katun used in,222-225nature,222tun used in,225-226Period-marking Stones.SeeMonuments.Phonetic writing—argument for,26-30traces discovered,iv,26-30Piedras Negras(city)—altar inscription, interpretation,227antiquity,15Stela 1, interpretation,210-213Stela 3, interpretation,233-235Plongeon, F. Le, cited,27Ponce, Alonzo, on Maya records,36Priesthood, organization,20-21Prophesying, codices used for,31Prophetic dates—examples,229-233use,271-272
Palenque(city)—
history,15
palace stairway inscription, interpretation,183-185
Temple of the Cross, tablet, interpretation,205-207,227
Temple of the Foliated Cross, tablet, interpretation,180-181,223-224,227
Temple of the Inscriptions, tablet, interpretation,84,225-226
Temple of the Sun, tablet, interpretation,181-182
Period-ending dates—
ending glyph,102
examples, interpretation,222-240
plates showing,223,227,233,235
glyphs,77-79,102
katun used in,222-225
nature,222
tun used in,225-226
Period-marking Stones.SeeMonuments.
Phonetic writing—
argument for,26-30
traces discovered,iv,26-30
Piedras Negras(city)—
altar inscription, interpretation,227
antiquity,15
Stela 1, interpretation,210-213
Stela 3, interpretation,233-235
Plongeon, F. Le, cited,27
Ponce, Alonzo, on Maya records,36
Priesthood, organization,20-21
Prophesying, codices used for,31
Prophetic dates—
examples,229-233
use,271-272
Quen Santo(city)—history,231Stela 1, interpretation,199-201Stela 2, interpretation,201-203Quirigua(city)—Altar M, interpretation,240-242five-tun period used at,165-166founding of, possible date,221-222monuments,192Stela A, interpretation,179-180Stela C, interpretation,173-175,179,203-204,226Supplementary Series, absence,175Stela D, interpretation,239Stela E, error in,247-248interpretation,235-240Stela F, interpretation,218-222,239-240plates showing,218,220Stela H, interpretation,192-194Stela I, interpretation,164-166Stela J, interpretation,215-218,239-240Stela K, interpretation,213-215Zoömorph G, interpretation,186-187,229-230,239-240Zoömorph P, interpretation157-162
Quen Santo(city)—
history,231
Stela 1, interpretation,199-201
Stela 2, interpretation,201-203
Quirigua(city)—
Altar M, interpretation,240-242
five-tun period used at,165-166
founding of, possible date,221-222
monuments,192
Stela A, interpretation,179-180
Stela C, interpretation,173-175,179,203-204,226
Supplementary Series, absence,175
Stela D, interpretation,239
Stela E, error in,247-248
interpretation,235-240
Stela F, interpretation,218-222,239-240
plates showing,218,220
Stela H, interpretation,192-194
Stela I, interpretation,164-166
Stela J, interpretation,215-218,239-240
Stela K, interpretation,213-215
Zoömorph G, interpretation,186-187,229-230,239-240
Zoömorph P, interpretation157-162
Reading, order of,23,129,133,135,138,156,170,268Religion, nature,16-21Renaissance, commencement,4Rochefoucauld, F. A. de la, alphabet devised by,27Roman system of numbers, parallel,87Rosny, Leon de, cited,27Rulership—nature,12-13succession,13-14
Reading, order of,23,129,133,135,138,156,170,268
Religion, nature,16-21
Renaissance, commencement,4
Rochefoucauld, F. A. de la, alphabet devised by,27
Roman system of numbers, parallel,87
Rosny, Leon de, cited,27
Rulership—
nature,12-13
succession,13-14
Scarification, practice,7Schellhas,Dr.Paul, investigations,265Sculpture, development2-3Secondary-series dating—examples, interpretation,207-222,233-240plates showing,207,210,213,218,220,233,235explanation,74-76,207irregular forms,236order of reading,129,137-138,208reference to Initial Series,209-211,217-218starting point,76,135-136,208-210,218,240-245determination,240-245Seibal(city)—antiquity,15Stela 11, interpretation,230-231Seler,Dr.Eduard—cited,2,43,199on Aztec calendar,58on hieroglyphics,30Serpent numbers—interpretation,273-275nature,273range,32,273Slaves, barter in,9Southern Maya.SeeMaya, southern.Spanish conquest, influence,6-7Spectacle glyph, function,94Spinden,Dr.H. J.—cited,187works,4Stelæ—character,22dates,33,83-84inscriptions on,22,33-35See alsoMonuments, and names of cities.Stones, inscriptions on22Superfix, effect120-122Supplementary Series—closing-sign,152-153,170explanation,152,161lack of, examples,163-164,175position,152,238Symmetry in glyphs, modifications due to,23-24,88-91,128
Scarification, practice,7
Schellhas,Dr.Paul, investigations,265
Sculpture, development2-3
Secondary-series dating—
examples, interpretation,207-222,233-240
plates showing,207,210,213,218,220,233,235
explanation,74-76,207
irregular forms,236
order of reading,129,137-138,208
reference to Initial Series,209-211,217-218
starting point,76,135-136,208-210,218,240-245
determination,240-245
Seibal(city)—
antiquity,15
Stela 11, interpretation,230-231
Seler,Dr.Eduard—
cited,2,43,199
on Aztec calendar,58
on hieroglyphics,30
Serpent numbers—
interpretation,273-275
nature,273
range,32,273
Slaves, barter in,9
Southern Maya.SeeMaya, southern.
Spanish conquest, influence,6-7
Spectacle glyph, function,94
Spinden,Dr.H. J.—
cited,187
works,4
Stelæ—
character,22
dates,33,83-84
inscriptions on,22,33-35
See alsoMonuments, and names of cities.
Stones, inscriptions on22
Superfix, effect120-122
Supplementary Series—
closing-sign,152-153,170
explanation,152,161
lack of, examples,163-164,175
position,152,238
Symmetry in glyphs, modifications due to,23-24,88-91,128
Terminal dates—determination,138-151importance as check on calculations,154-155position,151-154Textbooks, need for,viiThirteen—glyphs,96,205numbers above, expression,96,101,111-112Thomas,Dr.Cyrus—cited,31on Maya alphabet,27Thompson, E. H., investigations11Tikal(city)—Altar 5, interpretation,242-245antiquity,127history,15Stela 3, importance,179interpretation,178-179Stela 5, interpretation,226Stela 10, interpretation,114-127Stela 16, association with Altar 5,244interpretation,224,244Time—counting backward,146-147counting forward,138-146glyphs for, only ones deciphered,26,31lapse of, determination,134-155expression,63-64,105-107indicated by black glyphs,251marked by monuments,33-35,249-250method of describing,46-48recording,33-36use of numbers,134starting point,60-62,113-114,124-125See alsoChronology.Time-marking stones.SeeMonuments.Time periods—full-figure glyphs,67-68,188-191plate showing,188head-variant glyphs,67-74plates showing,167,170,176,178,179,180length,62normal glyphs,67-74plate showing,157omission of,128reduction to days,134-135See alsoCycle; Great Cycle; Haab; Katun; Tonalamatl; Tun; Uinal.Tonalamatl(time period)—graphic representation,93interpretation,254-266nature,41-44,265relation to zero sign,93-94starting point,252-253subdivisions,44texts recording,251-266essential parts of,265use of glyph for "20" with,92,130,254,260,263used in codices,251-266plates showing,254,260,262,263used in divination,251wheel of days,43See alsoYear, sacred.Translation of glyphs—errors,154-155methods,134-155progress,250Tun(time period)—glyph,70length,62,135use of, in Period-ending dates,225-226Tuxtla Statuette, interpretation,179,194-196Twenty—glyphs,91-92,130need for, in codices,92,130needlessness of, in inscriptions,92use of in,254,260,263
Terminal dates—
determination,138-151
importance as check on calculations,154-155
position,151-154
Textbooks, need for,vii
Thirteen—
glyphs,96,205
numbers above, expression,96,101,111-112
Thomas,Dr.Cyrus—
cited,31
on Maya alphabet,27
Thompson, E. H., investigations11
Tikal(city)—
Altar 5, interpretation,242-245
antiquity,127
history,15
Stela 3, importance,179
interpretation,178-179
Stela 5, interpretation,226
Stela 10, interpretation,114-127
Stela 16, association with Altar 5,244
interpretation,224,244
Time—
counting backward,146-147
counting forward,138-146
glyphs for, only ones deciphered,26,31
lapse of, determination,134-155
expression,63-64,105-107
indicated by black glyphs,251
marked by monuments,33-35,249-250
method of describing,46-48
recording,33-36
use of numbers,134
starting point,60-62,113-114,124-125
See alsoChronology.
Time-marking stones.SeeMonuments.
Time periods—
full-figure glyphs,67-68,188-191
plate showing,188
head-variant glyphs,67-74
plates showing,167,170,176,178,179,180
length,62
normal glyphs,67-74
plate showing,157
omission of,128
reduction to days,134-135
See alsoCycle; Great Cycle; Haab; Katun; Tonalamatl; Tun; Uinal.
Tonalamatl(time period)—
graphic representation,93
interpretation,254-266
nature,41-44,265
relation to zero sign,93-94
starting point,252-253
subdivisions,44
texts recording,251-266
essential parts of,265
use of glyph for "20" with,92,130,254,260,263
used in codices,251-266
plates showing,254,260,262,263
used in divination,251
wheel of days,43
See alsoYear, sacred.
Translation of glyphs—
errors,154-155
methods,134-155
progress,250
Tun(time period)—
glyph,70
length,62,135
use of, in Period-ending dates,225-226
Tuxtla Statuette, interpretation,179,194-196
Twenty—
glyphs,91-92,130
need for, in codices,92,130
needlessness of, in inscriptions,92
use of in,254,260,263