SOUND MONEY.

FOOTNOTES[1]Many words, but little light; a spark of wit, but no truth.[2]Cesare Lombroso,The Anarchists, a Study in Criminal Psychology and Sociology. (German translation by Dr. Hans Kneller, after the 2d edition of the original. Hamburg, 1895.)[3]Rupticism, Pietism, and Anti-Semitism at the Close of the Nineteenth Century, a study in social history. Vienna, 1894.[4]Amalrich of Bena, near Chartres, was, about 1200A.D., a professor of theology at Paris. He had to defend himself before Pope Innocent III. on a charge of pantheistic teaching, and then recanted. His follower, David of Dinant, however, continued his work after his master's death (in 1206 or 1207), and this caused a condemnation of Amalrich's teaching by the Synod of Paris in 1210, and by the Lateran Council in 1215, and also led to a severe persecution of the Amalrikites.[5]E. Bernstein and K. Kautsky,Die Vorläufer des Neueren Socialismus, Stuttgart, 1895. Part i., pp. 169 and 216.[6]Vorläufer des Neueren Socialismus, Pt. i., p. 230.[7]"Der Wideräufferen vosprung, fürgang, Secten v.s.w. ... beschreiben durch Heinerrychen Bullingern...." Zurich, 1561. Fol. 32.[8]Or, from the Greek, chiliad; and hence the wordchiliasm, expressing the belief in a millennium.[9]"Cette liberté commun est une consequence de la nature de l'homme. Sa première loi est de veiller à sa propre conservation, ses premiers soins sont ceux qu'il se doit à lui-même: et sitôt qu'il est en âge de raison, lui seul étant juge des moyens propres à le conserver, devient par là son propre maitre."—Rousseau.[10]London, 1795, 2 vols.[11]Jean Grave says in his book,La Société Mourante, p. 21: "In the year 1793 one talked of Anarchists. Only Jacques Roux and the 'suragés' appear to have been those who saw the Revolution most clearly, and wished to turn it to the benefit of the people; and, therefore, the bourgeois historian has left them in the background; their history has still to be written; the documents buried in archives and libraries are waiting for one who shall have time and courage to exhume them, and bring to light the secrets of events that are to us almost incomprehensible. Meanwhile, we can pass no judgment on their programme." Of coursewecan do so still less.[12]J. A. M. Brühle:Die Geheimbunde gegen Rom. Zur Genesis der italien. Revolution.Prague, 1860.[13]Das Elend der Philosophie: An Answer to Proudhon's Philosophie des Elends.Stuttgart, 1892 (German ed.).[14]Qu'est-ce que la Propriété?p. 102.[15]Qu'est-ce que la Propriété?p. 202.[16]After Proudhon's paper,Le Réprésentant du Peuple, had published the statutes of the Exchange Bank, he tried in numerous articles to explain the mechanism and necessity of it. These articles have been collected in a book, and appeared under the title,Résumé de la Question Sociale, Banque d'Échange.[17]The scheme appeared in Proudhon's posthumous works.[18]It must not be forgotten that the people expected in Louis Napoleon "the social emperor," and that he had in earlier times played upon this expectation. Compare his work onThe Abolition of Pauperism, German translation by R. V. Richard. Leipsic, 1857. Volume ii.[19]Stirner's chief work,The Individual and his Property(Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum, Leipsic, 1845), has been reprinted by P. Reclam, at Leipsic, with a good introduction by Paul Lauterbach. The literature about Stirner is almost exclusively confined to a few scattered remarks in larger works, which are not always very appropriate. J. H. Mackay is said to be working at a biography of Stirner. The monograph by Robert Schellwien,Max Stirner und Friedrich Nietzsche(Leipsic, 1892), is quite worthless for our purpose.[20]Stammler,Die Theorie des Anarchismus, Berlin, 1894, p. 42.[21]"Zur Geschicte des Anarchismus,"Neue Freie Press, 26th July 1894 (No. 10,748).[22]It is characteristic that even the German followers of Proudhon, as,e. g., Marr, Grün, and others, had a very poor opinion of Stirner, and never dreamed of any connection between his views and those of Proudhon.[23]Grün wrote many works on literature and the history of art, and alsoLouis Napoleon Bonaparte, the Sphinx on the French Throne(3d ed., 1866);France before the Judgment Seat of Europe(1860); Italy (1861), etc.[24]Die sociale Bewegung, p. 433. Darmstadt, 1845.[25]Wilhem Marr,Das junge Deutschland in der Schweiz, p. 135. Leipsic, 1846.[26]Underground Russia, 3d edition, pp. 34 ff. and 41. London, 1890.[27]Karl Blind, "Väter des Anarchismus" (Persönliche Erinnerungen), 4 feuilletons in theNeue Freie Presse, 1894.[28]There is a kind of autobiography for the period 1849-60, by Bakunin himself in a letter, dated from Irkutsk (8th December, 1860) to Herzen.Michael Bakunin's Social-Political Correspondence with Alexander Iw. Herzen and Ogarjow, with a biographical introduction, appendices, and notes by Professor Michael Dragomanoff. Authorised translation from the Russian, by Dr. Boris Minzés, Stuttgart, 1895 (Bibl. russischer Denkwürdigkeiten, edited by Dr. Th. Schiemann, vol. vi.), No. 6, pp. 29 and 99.[29]Compare the chapter on "The Spread of Anarchy."[30]Testut Oscar,Die Internationale, ihr Wesen und ihre Bestrebungen.[31]Friedrich Engels,Die Bakunisten an der Arbeit, Denkschrift über den Aufstand in Spanien im Winter, 1873; reprinted inInternationales aus dem Volkstaate(1871-75), Berlin, 1894.[32]For Netschajew, cf. the article "Anarchism" in Wurm'sVolks-lexicon, vol. i., and in theHandwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, Jena, 1890, vol. i.; also E. von Laveleye,Socialism of the Present(German ed. by Ch. Jasper, Halle,A.D.S., 1895). All these, however, are based almost exclusively on the information in the memoir,L'Alliance de la Démocratie Socialiste et l'Association Internationale des Travailleurs: Report and documents published by order of the International Congress at The Hague (London and Hamburg, 1873)—a very one-sided party brochure of the Marxists against the Bakuninists, which has been proved wrong on more points than one. We regret all the more that we are limited to this source of information.[33]The expression "go among the people" has since become a well-known Nihilist term.[34]TheCatechismis reproduced in the before-mentioned memoir,L'Alliance de la Démocratie Socialiste, viii. (L'Alliance en Russie et le Catéchisme Révolutionnaire), pp. 90-95.[35]See his life in Stepniak,u. s., pp. 90-101.[36]He was living in Kent in 1897.—Trans.[37]The chief work of Kropotkin isLa Conquête du Pain, Paris, 1892. (The chapter on agriculture was printed separately as a pamphlet in 1892.) We quote below his numerous smaller writings in the editions which we possess, without vouching for the chronological order or completeness of the list.Les Paroles d'un Révolté, 1885;Revolutionary Governments(trans. from German to French, Anarchist Library, vol. i.);Un Siècle d'Attente, 1789-1889, Paris, 1893;La Grande Révolution, Paris, 1893;Les Temps Nouveaux(conference at London), Paris, 1894;Jeunes Gens, 4th ed., Paris, '93;La Loi et l'Autorité, 6th ed., Paris, '92;Les Prisons, 2d ed., Paris, '90;L'Anarchie dans l'Évolution Socialiste, 2d ed., Paris, '92;Esprit de Révolte, Paris, '92, 5th ed.;le Salariat, 2d ed., Paris, '92;La Morale Anarchiste, 1890; "Anarchist Communion: its Basis and Principles" (republished by permission of the editor of theNineteenth Century), London, 1887.[38]L'Anarchie, p. 26.[39]At the Peace Congress at Bern in 1869, Bakunin defended himself against the reproach of Communist tendencies, saying: "I abominate Communism, because it is a denial of freedom, and I cannot understand anything human without freedom. I am no Communist, because Communism concentrates all the forces of society in the State, and lets them be absorbed by it, because it necessarily results in the centralisation of property in the hands of the State; whereas I wish to do away with the State, to utterly root out the principle of the authority and guardianship of the State, which, under the pretence of improving and idealising men, has hitherto enslaved, oppressed, exploited, and ruined them. I wish for the organisation of society and of collective and social property from below upwards, by means of free association, and not from above downwards by means of authority, be it what it may. In demanding the abolition of the State, I mean to abolish the inheritance of property by an individual,i. e., of property that is only a matter of the State's arrangement, and is only a consequence of the principle of the State itself. In this sense I am a Collectivist and by no means a Communist."[40]InAnarchy, p. 13.[41]Les Temps Nouveaux, p. 21.[42]Quoted in Ratzel'sF. Völkerkunde, vol. ii., p. 668. Leipsic and Vienna, 1890.[43]Cf.Wolkenhauer,Elisée Reclus(Globus, vol. lxv., No. 8, Feb., 1894). Reclus's Anarchist writings are:Produit de la Terre et de l'Industrie, 1885;Richesse et Misère; Évolution et Révolution, 6th ed., Paris, 1891; andÀ mon Frère le Paysan, Geneva, 1894.[44]This is seen,inter alia, by the number of persons wandering about seeking food—"a vagabond proletariat." In 1886 no less than 4,951,000 were wandering more than thirty versts from their dwellings. Even the women have to leave the villages to seek support elsewhere, and the number of women and children who thus are compelled to seek work at a distance is increasing every year. Thus,e. g., in the district of the Government of Wjatka, in 1874, 2.68 per cent.; in 1883, 6.46 per cent.; in 1885, 7.22 per cent. of the women capable of work did this. Often whole families wander about, and women with children at the breast are no uncommon sight among the troops of wandering workmen. (Westländer, A.,Russland vor einem Regime-Wechsel, Stuttgart, 1894, p. 28.)[45]Her books,Le Livre de MisèresandPrise de Possession, were not procurable by me, and I had to depend upon Ossip Zetkin's sketch of her inCharakterköpfen aus der französischen Arbeiterbewegung, pp. 40-48, Berlin, 1893, and theVolkslexikon, l. c.[46]Cf.F. Dubois,Le Péril Anarchiste, pp. 93-120; mostly superficial, but good on this topic.[47]I have only seen Malatesta's dialogueBetween Peasantsin a French translation:Entre Paysans, Traduit de l'Italien, 6th ed., Paris, 1892.[48]Now collected asStudien über Proudhon, Stuttgart, 1893.[49]Döle,Eugen Dühring, etwas von dessen Charakter, Leistungen, und reformatorischen Beruf, Leipzig, 1893. Compare also Fr. Engel's, Dühring'sUmwälzung der Wissenschaft, 3d ed. Stuttgart, 1894.[50]See, for a study of his views, the popular publication,Einiges Christenthum, Berlin, 1893, and the weekly paper (since 1894),Versöhrung(Reconciliation).[51]Die Anarchisten, etc.;Zürich Verlagsmagazin; a popular edition has also appeared in Berlin; also an English translation. Boston, 1891; and in French, Paris, 1892.[52]Even in a philosophic sense, Nietzsche's Anarchism is a mere fable. Schellwien truly remarks: "Max Stirner replaces freedom by individuality, by the evolution of the individual as such, but he cannot shew that anything else would happen but the oppression of the weaker individuality by the stronger; a state of things in which not individuality but brute force would reign. Friedrich Nietzsche draws this conclusion, and would have this oppression of the weak by the strong; he would have the aristocratic will of the stronger, who in his eyes are alone the good. He raises the 'will for power' to a world-principle." Elsewhere Nietzsche positively advocates,e. g., the reduction of some men to slavery for the benefit of the aristocracy of the strong. This sort of thing is hardly Anarchism.[53]Diewissenschaftliche revolutionäre Kriegskunst und der Dynamit Führer.[54]Anarchy and Voluntarism (The Free Life), vol. ii., p. 99, October, 1894.[55]The answer is obvious: the inhabitants of Texas.[56]Socialismus und Moderne Wissenschaft, p. 129. Leipsic, 1895.[57]The first groups of the "International" in the Romance-speaking portions of Switzerland had increased so quickly that at a congress in Geneva in 1869 they united themselves into a league of their own, the "Romance Federation," in harmony with the "International," to which members of the "Alliance" and Marxists belonged in almost equal numbers.[58]Révolte, July 8, 1862.[59]Lombroso,Die Anarchisten, p. 33. Hamburg, 1896.[60]Cataline as a follower of Cicero is a new version of the supposed facts.—Trans.[61]Mysticismus, Pietismus, Anti-Semitismus, am Ende des XIXten Jahrhunderts, p. 5, foll. Wien, 1894.[62]The opinion which would relegate Anarchist criminals to the madhouse instead of to the guillotine deserves mention. In this connection, in spite of Neo-Buddhist peculiarities, the little workAnarchismus und Seine Heilung, by Emanuel (Leipsic, 1894), gives fresh points of view.

[1]Many words, but little light; a spark of wit, but no truth.

[2]Cesare Lombroso,The Anarchists, a Study in Criminal Psychology and Sociology. (German translation by Dr. Hans Kneller, after the 2d edition of the original. Hamburg, 1895.)

[3]Rupticism, Pietism, and Anti-Semitism at the Close of the Nineteenth Century, a study in social history. Vienna, 1894.

[4]Amalrich of Bena, near Chartres, was, about 1200A.D., a professor of theology at Paris. He had to defend himself before Pope Innocent III. on a charge of pantheistic teaching, and then recanted. His follower, David of Dinant, however, continued his work after his master's death (in 1206 or 1207), and this caused a condemnation of Amalrich's teaching by the Synod of Paris in 1210, and by the Lateran Council in 1215, and also led to a severe persecution of the Amalrikites.

[5]E. Bernstein and K. Kautsky,Die Vorläufer des Neueren Socialismus, Stuttgart, 1895. Part i., pp. 169 and 216.

[6]Vorläufer des Neueren Socialismus, Pt. i., p. 230.

[7]"Der Wideräufferen vosprung, fürgang, Secten v.s.w. ... beschreiben durch Heinerrychen Bullingern...." Zurich, 1561. Fol. 32.

[8]Or, from the Greek, chiliad; and hence the wordchiliasm, expressing the belief in a millennium.

[9]"Cette liberté commun est une consequence de la nature de l'homme. Sa première loi est de veiller à sa propre conservation, ses premiers soins sont ceux qu'il se doit à lui-même: et sitôt qu'il est en âge de raison, lui seul étant juge des moyens propres à le conserver, devient par là son propre maitre."—Rousseau.

[10]London, 1795, 2 vols.

[11]Jean Grave says in his book,La Société Mourante, p. 21: "In the year 1793 one talked of Anarchists. Only Jacques Roux and the 'suragés' appear to have been those who saw the Revolution most clearly, and wished to turn it to the benefit of the people; and, therefore, the bourgeois historian has left them in the background; their history has still to be written; the documents buried in archives and libraries are waiting for one who shall have time and courage to exhume them, and bring to light the secrets of events that are to us almost incomprehensible. Meanwhile, we can pass no judgment on their programme." Of coursewecan do so still less.

[12]J. A. M. Brühle:Die Geheimbunde gegen Rom. Zur Genesis der italien. Revolution.Prague, 1860.

[13]Das Elend der Philosophie: An Answer to Proudhon's Philosophie des Elends.Stuttgart, 1892 (German ed.).

[14]Qu'est-ce que la Propriété?p. 102.

[15]Qu'est-ce que la Propriété?p. 202.

[16]After Proudhon's paper,Le Réprésentant du Peuple, had published the statutes of the Exchange Bank, he tried in numerous articles to explain the mechanism and necessity of it. These articles have been collected in a book, and appeared under the title,Résumé de la Question Sociale, Banque d'Échange.

[17]The scheme appeared in Proudhon's posthumous works.

[18]It must not be forgotten that the people expected in Louis Napoleon "the social emperor," and that he had in earlier times played upon this expectation. Compare his work onThe Abolition of Pauperism, German translation by R. V. Richard. Leipsic, 1857. Volume ii.

[19]Stirner's chief work,The Individual and his Property(Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum, Leipsic, 1845), has been reprinted by P. Reclam, at Leipsic, with a good introduction by Paul Lauterbach. The literature about Stirner is almost exclusively confined to a few scattered remarks in larger works, which are not always very appropriate. J. H. Mackay is said to be working at a biography of Stirner. The monograph by Robert Schellwien,Max Stirner und Friedrich Nietzsche(Leipsic, 1892), is quite worthless for our purpose.

[20]Stammler,Die Theorie des Anarchismus, Berlin, 1894, p. 42.

[21]"Zur Geschicte des Anarchismus,"Neue Freie Press, 26th July 1894 (No. 10,748).

[22]It is characteristic that even the German followers of Proudhon, as,e. g., Marr, Grün, and others, had a very poor opinion of Stirner, and never dreamed of any connection between his views and those of Proudhon.

[23]Grün wrote many works on literature and the history of art, and alsoLouis Napoleon Bonaparte, the Sphinx on the French Throne(3d ed., 1866);France before the Judgment Seat of Europe(1860); Italy (1861), etc.

[24]Die sociale Bewegung, p. 433. Darmstadt, 1845.

[25]Wilhem Marr,Das junge Deutschland in der Schweiz, p. 135. Leipsic, 1846.

[26]Underground Russia, 3d edition, pp. 34 ff. and 41. London, 1890.

[27]Karl Blind, "Väter des Anarchismus" (Persönliche Erinnerungen), 4 feuilletons in theNeue Freie Presse, 1894.

[28]There is a kind of autobiography for the period 1849-60, by Bakunin himself in a letter, dated from Irkutsk (8th December, 1860) to Herzen.Michael Bakunin's Social-Political Correspondence with Alexander Iw. Herzen and Ogarjow, with a biographical introduction, appendices, and notes by Professor Michael Dragomanoff. Authorised translation from the Russian, by Dr. Boris Minzés, Stuttgart, 1895 (Bibl. russischer Denkwürdigkeiten, edited by Dr. Th. Schiemann, vol. vi.), No. 6, pp. 29 and 99.

[29]Compare the chapter on "The Spread of Anarchy."

[30]Testut Oscar,Die Internationale, ihr Wesen und ihre Bestrebungen.

[31]Friedrich Engels,Die Bakunisten an der Arbeit, Denkschrift über den Aufstand in Spanien im Winter, 1873; reprinted inInternationales aus dem Volkstaate(1871-75), Berlin, 1894.

[32]For Netschajew, cf. the article "Anarchism" in Wurm'sVolks-lexicon, vol. i., and in theHandwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, Jena, 1890, vol. i.; also E. von Laveleye,Socialism of the Present(German ed. by Ch. Jasper, Halle,A.D.S., 1895). All these, however, are based almost exclusively on the information in the memoir,L'Alliance de la Démocratie Socialiste et l'Association Internationale des Travailleurs: Report and documents published by order of the International Congress at The Hague (London and Hamburg, 1873)—a very one-sided party brochure of the Marxists against the Bakuninists, which has been proved wrong on more points than one. We regret all the more that we are limited to this source of information.

[33]The expression "go among the people" has since become a well-known Nihilist term.

[34]TheCatechismis reproduced in the before-mentioned memoir,L'Alliance de la Démocratie Socialiste, viii. (L'Alliance en Russie et le Catéchisme Révolutionnaire), pp. 90-95.

[35]See his life in Stepniak,u. s., pp. 90-101.

[36]He was living in Kent in 1897.—Trans.

[37]The chief work of Kropotkin isLa Conquête du Pain, Paris, 1892. (The chapter on agriculture was printed separately as a pamphlet in 1892.) We quote below his numerous smaller writings in the editions which we possess, without vouching for the chronological order or completeness of the list.Les Paroles d'un Révolté, 1885;Revolutionary Governments(trans. from German to French, Anarchist Library, vol. i.);Un Siècle d'Attente, 1789-1889, Paris, 1893;La Grande Révolution, Paris, 1893;Les Temps Nouveaux(conference at London), Paris, 1894;Jeunes Gens, 4th ed., Paris, '93;La Loi et l'Autorité, 6th ed., Paris, '92;Les Prisons, 2d ed., Paris, '90;L'Anarchie dans l'Évolution Socialiste, 2d ed., Paris, '92;Esprit de Révolte, Paris, '92, 5th ed.;le Salariat, 2d ed., Paris, '92;La Morale Anarchiste, 1890; "Anarchist Communion: its Basis and Principles" (republished by permission of the editor of theNineteenth Century), London, 1887.

[38]L'Anarchie, p. 26.

[39]At the Peace Congress at Bern in 1869, Bakunin defended himself against the reproach of Communist tendencies, saying: "I abominate Communism, because it is a denial of freedom, and I cannot understand anything human without freedom. I am no Communist, because Communism concentrates all the forces of society in the State, and lets them be absorbed by it, because it necessarily results in the centralisation of property in the hands of the State; whereas I wish to do away with the State, to utterly root out the principle of the authority and guardianship of the State, which, under the pretence of improving and idealising men, has hitherto enslaved, oppressed, exploited, and ruined them. I wish for the organisation of society and of collective and social property from below upwards, by means of free association, and not from above downwards by means of authority, be it what it may. In demanding the abolition of the State, I mean to abolish the inheritance of property by an individual,i. e., of property that is only a matter of the State's arrangement, and is only a consequence of the principle of the State itself. In this sense I am a Collectivist and by no means a Communist."

[40]InAnarchy, p. 13.

[41]Les Temps Nouveaux, p. 21.

[42]Quoted in Ratzel'sF. Völkerkunde, vol. ii., p. 668. Leipsic and Vienna, 1890.

[43]Cf.Wolkenhauer,Elisée Reclus(Globus, vol. lxv., No. 8, Feb., 1894). Reclus's Anarchist writings are:Produit de la Terre et de l'Industrie, 1885;Richesse et Misère; Évolution et Révolution, 6th ed., Paris, 1891; andÀ mon Frère le Paysan, Geneva, 1894.

[44]This is seen,inter alia, by the number of persons wandering about seeking food—"a vagabond proletariat." In 1886 no less than 4,951,000 were wandering more than thirty versts from their dwellings. Even the women have to leave the villages to seek support elsewhere, and the number of women and children who thus are compelled to seek work at a distance is increasing every year. Thus,e. g., in the district of the Government of Wjatka, in 1874, 2.68 per cent.; in 1883, 6.46 per cent.; in 1885, 7.22 per cent. of the women capable of work did this. Often whole families wander about, and women with children at the breast are no uncommon sight among the troops of wandering workmen. (Westländer, A.,Russland vor einem Regime-Wechsel, Stuttgart, 1894, p. 28.)

[45]Her books,Le Livre de MisèresandPrise de Possession, were not procurable by me, and I had to depend upon Ossip Zetkin's sketch of her inCharakterköpfen aus der französischen Arbeiterbewegung, pp. 40-48, Berlin, 1893, and theVolkslexikon, l. c.

[46]Cf.F. Dubois,Le Péril Anarchiste, pp. 93-120; mostly superficial, but good on this topic.

[47]I have only seen Malatesta's dialogueBetween Peasantsin a French translation:Entre Paysans, Traduit de l'Italien, 6th ed., Paris, 1892.

[48]Now collected asStudien über Proudhon, Stuttgart, 1893.

[49]Döle,Eugen Dühring, etwas von dessen Charakter, Leistungen, und reformatorischen Beruf, Leipzig, 1893. Compare also Fr. Engel's, Dühring'sUmwälzung der Wissenschaft, 3d ed. Stuttgart, 1894.

[50]See, for a study of his views, the popular publication,Einiges Christenthum, Berlin, 1893, and the weekly paper (since 1894),Versöhrung(Reconciliation).

[51]Die Anarchisten, etc.;Zürich Verlagsmagazin; a popular edition has also appeared in Berlin; also an English translation. Boston, 1891; and in French, Paris, 1892.

[52]Even in a philosophic sense, Nietzsche's Anarchism is a mere fable. Schellwien truly remarks: "Max Stirner replaces freedom by individuality, by the evolution of the individual as such, but he cannot shew that anything else would happen but the oppression of the weaker individuality by the stronger; a state of things in which not individuality but brute force would reign. Friedrich Nietzsche draws this conclusion, and would have this oppression of the weak by the strong; he would have the aristocratic will of the stronger, who in his eyes are alone the good. He raises the 'will for power' to a world-principle." Elsewhere Nietzsche positively advocates,e. g., the reduction of some men to slavery for the benefit of the aristocracy of the strong. This sort of thing is hardly Anarchism.

[53]Diewissenschaftliche revolutionäre Kriegskunst und der Dynamit Führer.

[54]Anarchy and Voluntarism (The Free Life), vol. ii., p. 99, October, 1894.

[55]The answer is obvious: the inhabitants of Texas.

[56]Socialismus und Moderne Wissenschaft, p. 129. Leipsic, 1895.

[57]The first groups of the "International" in the Romance-speaking portions of Switzerland had increased so quickly that at a congress in Geneva in 1869 they united themselves into a league of their own, the "Romance Federation," in harmony with the "International," to which members of the "Alliance" and Marxists belonged in almost equal numbers.

[58]Révolte, July 8, 1862.

[59]Lombroso,Die Anarchisten, p. 33. Hamburg, 1896.

[60]Cataline as a follower of Cicero is a new version of the supposed facts.—Trans.

[61]Mysticismus, Pietismus, Anti-Semitismus, am Ende des XIXten Jahrhunderts, p. 5, foll. Wien, 1894.

[62]The opinion which would relegate Anarchist criminals to the madhouse instead of to the guillotine deserves mention. In this connection, in spite of Neo-Buddhist peculiarities, the little workAnarchismus und Seine Heilung, by Emanuel (Leipsic, 1894), gives fresh points of view.

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A HISTORY OF MODERN BANKS OF ISSUE.With an Account of the Economic Crises of the Present Century. By Charles A. Conant. 8vo$3.00

"We can only express our hearty appreciation of the book as a whole. It is extremely interesting. It cannot but be useful, and to us it is very cheering. Mr. Conant's book, from beginning to end, is a proof that sound currency is evolved necessarily from the progress of an industrial and commercial people. We have unhesitating, unfaltering faith in the progress of the people of our country in industry and commerce, and that sound currency will therefrom be evolved."—N. Y. Times.

AMERICA AND EUROPE.A Study of International Relations.

I.—The United States and Great Britain: Their True Governmental and Commercial Relations.ByDavid A. Wells.II.—The Monroe Doctrine.ByEdward J. Phelps, late Minister to Great Britain.III.—Arbitration in International Disputes.ByCarl Schurz.(No. 87 in the "Questions of the Day" Series.)

Together, 1 vol. 8vo, 75 cents.

"This is an extremely interesting book, a book which should make for peace."

COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW.An Analysis of the Administrative System, National and Local, of the United States, England, France, and Germany. ByFrank J. Goodnow, Professor of Administrative Law in the University Faculty of Political Science, Columbia College in the City of New York. Two volumes, 8vo (each complete in itself, with index), price per volume, $2.50.

Volume I.—Organization.Volume II.—Legal Relations.

"A work of great learning and profound research ... remarkable alike for analytical power and lucidity of method ... unique and of permanent excellence."—New York Tribune.

OUTLINES OF ROMAN LAW.Comprising its Historical Growth and General Principles. ByWilliam C. Morey, Ph.D.12mo, $1.75

"The work possesses more than ordinary interest, for it marks an epoch in American legal literature."—Albany Law Journal."The whole work is executed with care and accuracy, and shows a wide knowledge of modern scholarship."—Boston Advertiser.

"The work possesses more than ordinary interest, for it marks an epoch in American legal literature."—Albany Law Journal.

"The whole work is executed with care and accuracy, and shows a wide knowledge of modern scholarship."—Boston Advertiser.

THE FOREIGN POLICY OF GREAT BRITAIN.ByMontague Burrows, Professor of Modern History, University of Oxford. 8vo, $3.00.

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN EUROPE.From the Congress of Vienna to the Present Time. ByCharles M. Andrews, Associate Professor of History in Bryn Mawr College. To be completed in two volumes. Sold separately. With maps. 8vo, gilt tops, per volume, $2.50.

Part I.—From 1815-1850.Part II.—From 1850 to the Present Time.(In preparation.)

THE NICARAGUA CANAL AND THE MONROE DOCTRINE.A Political History of the Various Projects of Interoceanic Transit across the American Isthmus, with Special Reference to the Nicaragua Canal, and the Attitude of the United States Government Thereto. ByLindley M. Keasbey, Associate Professor of Political Science, Bryn Mawr College. With maps. 8vo.

INTERNATIONAL LAW.A simple statement of its Principles. ByHerbert Wolcott Bowen, United States Consul-General at Barcelona, Spain. 12mo.

Back Cover

1. Some quotes are opened with marks but are not closed. Obvious ones have been silently closed, while those requiring interpretation have been left open.

2. The original text includes Greek characters. For this e-version these letters have been replaced with transliterations.

3. The following misprints have been corrected:"divison" corrected to "division" (page 40)"agains" corrected to "against" (page 53)"from" corrected to "form" (page 93)"that" corrected to "than" (page 131)"russicher" corrected to "russischer" (page 152)"the the" corrected to "the" (page 165)"Arbeiterfwegung" corrected to "Arbeiterbewegung" (page 206)"Socialty" corrected to "Sociality" (page 222)"pesecution" corrected to "persecution" (page 225)"Edigy" corrected to "Egidy" (page 230)"aer" corrected to "der" (page 235)"completly" corrected to "completely" (page 316)"iself" corrected to "itself" (page 318)

8. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, hyphenation, and ligature usage have been retained.

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