E.The Interlopers.

This name for the smugglers who, despite the exclusive rights of the Merchant Adventurers, carried English woollen goods to other Dutch ports than the privileged Staple, was derived from the Dutch terminter-orentre-loopers, i. e. 'runners-in'. During the whole time that the Court and Staple were at Middelburg, the port of Flushing, only a few miles distant on the same island of Walcheren, was in English hands, being one of the so-called 'cautionary' towns, which were a pledge to Queen Elizabeth for the repayment of her loans, and were garrisoned by English troops. Flushing was during this period a centre of smuggling, and the Flushing 'interlopers' a great annoyance to the Adventurers. The smuggling went on, however, with activity after the retrocession of Flushing in 1616, especially to the port of Amsterdam. The powerful Amsterdam merchants, who profited by the illicit trade, did their utmost to encourage the 'interlopers', and to protect them in spite of the angry protests of the Adventurers, and of the corporations of the interested Staple-towns.

The word 'interlopers' was soon universally applied to all private traders who trespassed against the privileges of a Chartered Company, more especially in the East Indies.

Bodies of English volunteers were to be found fighting under the Prince of Orange against the Spaniards from the very beginning of the Dutch War of Independence. In 1572 a force of 1,500 men under Sir Humphrey Gilbert landed at Flushing, with the connivance of Queen Elizabeth, and from this time forward English troops took part in all the fiercest fighting. In 1571 there were four English regimentsin the field, commanded by Colonels Norris, Cavendish, Cotton, and Morgan. During the time of Leicester's Governor-Generalship, 1585-7, the number of the English army in the Netherlands amounted to 8,000 men, horse and foot. After his departure, a considerable though reduced force was left under the command of Lord Willoughby. In 1589 he was succeeded in this post by the famous Sir Francis Vere, the hero of the battle of Nieuport, 1600, and of the siege of Ostend, 1601-4, and many another desperate struggle. It was during the time of his command that in 1595 an arrangement was made between the States-General and Queen Elizabeth, by the terms of which the English troops were henceforth to enter the service of the States and receive Dutch pay. The English Government allowed them to be recruited in England, and they were to wear distinctive English uniforms, carry English colours, and have their own national march and beat of the drum, but were to take during their service an oath of allegiance to the States-General from whom the officers received their commissions. The number was fixed at 4,000.

Sir Francis Vere was followed in the command by his younger brother Sir Horace Vere, afterwards Lord Vere of Tilbury, in 1608. During the twelve years' truce, 1609-21, the English regiments were retained in the service of the States, and in 1610 under Sir Edward Cecil, afterwards Lord Wimbledon, distinguished themselves at the siege of Jülich. From the outbreak of the war again in 1621 to the peace of Munster in 1648, the English regiments took part in all the campaigns of Maurice (died 1625) and of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. In 1622 the names of the four Colonels were Edward Vere, Edward Cecil, Charles Morgan, and Edward Harwood. On them and the Scottish Brigade always fell the brunt of the fighting. They particularly distinguished themselves in the defence of Bergen-op-zoom (1622), and inthe capture of Hertogenbosch (1622), of Maestricht (1632), and of Breda (1637). In 1626, the army of Frederick Henry included 14,500 English troops and 5,000 Scottish. At Hertogenbosch, Colonel Sir Edward Vere was killed; at Maestricht, Colonel Sir Edward Harwood and the Earl of Oxford; at Breda, Colonels Sir Charles Morgan and Goring were wounded. In 1644, the names of the four Colonels were Craven, Cromwell, Herbert, and Goring.

After the peace of Munster (1648), followed in 1650 by the death of the Stadholder William II, the republican party in the States, now predominant, resolved to reduce the number of their standing army, but the English regiments were retained until the outbreak of the war with the Commonwealth, when they were all disbanded. In 1656, however, when peace had been restored, a single regiment was recruited from the veterans, who had remained in Holland, chiefly royalist refugees, and it was henceforth known as the Holland regiment. The command was conferred on Colonel John Cromwell, a cousin of the Protector, but a stanch loyalist.

On the declaration of war between England and the United Provinces in 1665, the Holland regiment was summoned home. It became the 4th Regiment of Foot, but still retained its old name, the Holland Regiment, until 1689. In that year William III changed its title to 'Prince George of Denmark's Regiment', and it became the 3rd Foot. On the death of Prince George in 1708, their style was once more altered, and this time, from the colour of their waistcoats, breeches, and stockings, they were styled 'the Buffs,' a name they were to retain until our own day. They are now the East Kent Regiment.

Not less interesting, and even more prolonged, is the story of the Scottish regiments in the Netherlands. The first record of Scottish volunteers is in 1573. From 1603 to 1628 there were two regiments. After 1628 there were three, except during the reign ofWilliam III, when their number was increased. The group of regiments was always known as the Scots Brigade, and it was continuously in the Dutch service receiving Dutch pay for more than two centuries, except the decade 1688-98, when, under the Dutch King of Great Britain, they received British pay. Even during the Anglo-Dutch wars of 1653, 1665, and 1672 they were not disbanded, but were converted for the time into Dutch regiments, and in consequence of this their composition during this period became considerably leavened with an admixture of foreigners. Of the Scots who remained, it must always be remembered that a number of them had been settled in the Netherlands for two or three generations. After 1674 their thoroughly Scottish character was restored. From that date until 1781 the Scots Brigade remained in Holland. But when Great Britain declared war against the United Provinces in that year, the question of the position of the Scottish regiments was raised, and the States-General resolved that they should be completely denationalized and the officers be required to take an oath abjuring allegiance to their own country. The large majority at once threw up their commissions, and the Scots Brigade in the Dutch service ceased to exist. The subsequent history is curious. In 1794 the Scots Brigade was by order of the British Government reformed. In 1803 its strength was reduced, and the 'Brigade' became the 94th Regiment. Until 1809 the 94th wore Highland dress, but this was then discontinued. The regiment, however, retained the green facings which they had inherited from one of the Dutch regiments. Disbanded in 1818, but reconstituted in 1878, the facings remained green, and a diced band round the shako still proclaimed the Scottish connexion. Its last service as the 94th was in the Boer War of 1880, when a part of the regiment when on march in time of peace was suddenly attacked at Bronker's Spruit, and had heavy losses. The armyreorganization of 1881 led to the 94th becoming the battalion linked to the 88th, an Irish regiment, probably for no other reason than the green facing. The glorious Scottish tradition therefore of three centuries was henceforth lost, and the regiment which represented the Scots Brigade became the 2nd battalion of the Connaught Rangers, with its head-quarters at Galway.

Whereas our Father of blessed memory King James did in the seuenth yeere of His reigne of Great Brittaine, set forth a Proclamation touching Fishing; whereby for the many important reasons therein expressed, all persons of what Nation or quality soeuer (being not His naturall borne Subjects) were restrained from Fishing vpon any the Coasts and Seas of Great Brittaine, Ireland and the rest of the Isles adjacent, where most vsually heretofore Fishing had been, vntill they had orderly demanded, and obtained Licences from Our said Father or His Commissioners in that behalfe, vpon paine of such chastisement as should be fit to be inflicted vpon such wilfull Offenders: Since which time, albeit neither Our said Father, nor Our Selfe haue made any considerable execution of the said Proclamation, but haue with much patience expected a voluntary conformity of Our Neighbours and Allies to so iust and reasonable Prohibitions and Directions as are contained in the same.

And now finding by experience, that all the inconueniences which occasioned that Proclamation, are rather increased than abated: We being very sensible of the premisses, and well knowing how farre we are obliged in Honour to maintaine the rights of ourCrowne, especially of so great consequence, haue thought it necessary, by the aduice of Our priuie Councell, to renew the aforesaid restraint of Fishing vpon Our aforesaid Coasts and Seas, without Licence first obtained from Us, and by these presents to make publique Declaration, that Our resolution is (at times conuenient) to keepe such a competent strength of Shipping vpon Our Seas, as may (by God's blessing) be sufficient, both to hinder such further encroachments vpon Our Regalities, and assist and protect those Our good Friends and Allies, who shall henceforth, by vertue of Our Licences (to be first obtained) endeauour to take the benefit of Fishing vpon Our Coasts and Seas, in the places accustomed.

Giuen at Our Palace of Westminster the tenth day of May, in the twelfth yeere of Our Reigne of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland.

God saue the King.

Aitzema, L.Saken van Staet en Oorlogh in en omtrent de Vereenigte Nederlanden, 1621-68. 6 vols. fol., The Hague, 1669-71.Albèri, E.Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti. Ser. iv, Inghilterra. Florence, 1846-62.Beaujon, A.Overzicht der Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Zeevisscherijen. Leiden, 1885.Birdwood, Sir G., andFoster, W.The first letter-book of the East India Company, 1600-19. London, 1893.Blok, P. J.Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Volk. Vol. iv, Groningen, 1899.Borough, Sir John.The Soveraignty of the British seas (written 1633). London, 1651.Brugmans, H.Engeland en de Nederlanden in de eerste Jaren van Elizabeth's regeering, 1558-67. Groningen, 1892.Carleton, Sir Dudley.Letters from and to during his embassy in Holland, 1616-21, and State letters during his embassy, 1627. 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E.The Merchant Adventurers of England, their Laws and Ordinances. Philadelphia, 1903.Lintum, C. E.De Merchant Adventurers in de Nederlanden. The Hague, 1905.Luzac, E.Hollands Rijkdom, behoudende den oorsprong van den Koophandel en de Magt van dezen Staat. 4 vols., Leiden, 1781.Macpherson, D.Annals of Commerce. 4 vols., London, 1805.—— History of the European Commerce with India. London, 1812.Mitzukuri, G.Englisch-Niederländische Unionsbestrebungen im Zeitalter Cromwells. Tübingen, 1891.Muller Fz, S.Geschiedenis der Noordsche Compagnie. Utrecht, 1874.—— Mare Clausum, Bijdrage tot de Geschiedenis der Rivaliteit van Engeland en Nederland in de 17eeeuw. Amsterdam, 1872.Oppenheim, M.History of the administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in relation to the Navy, 1509-1660. London, 1893.Overbury, Sir T.Observations in his travels. Vol. viii, Harleian Misc.Raleigh, Sir W.Works. 8 vols., Oxford, 1829.—— Observations touching trade and commerce with the Hollanders. pp. 351-76. Vol. viii.—— A discourse of the invention of ships, &c., pp. 317-34. Vol. viii.Ranke, L. von.A history of England, principally in the 17th century (Eng. tr.). 6 vols., Oxford, 1875.Rees, O. van.Geschied. der Stadhuiskunde in Nederland tot het einde der 18eeeuw. 2 vols., Utrecht, 1868.Selden, John.Mare Clausum seu de Dominio Maris. Libri duo, London, 1635.Tideman, M. C.De Zee Betwist. Geschiedenis der onderhandelingen over der Zeeheerschappij tusschen de Engelsche Republiek en de Vereenigte Provincien voor den eersten Zee-Oorlog. Dordrecht, 1876.Thurloe, John.A collection of the State Papers of. 7 vols., London, 1742.Vreede, G. W.Inleiding tot eene Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Diplomatie. 6 vols., Utrecht, 1856-65.—— Nederland en Cromwell. Utrecht, 1853.Wagenaar, J.Vaderlandsche historie. 21 vols., Amsterdam, 1754.Welwod, D.Abridgement of all Sea-Lawes. London, 1613.Welwood, J.Memoirs of the most material transactions of England for the 100 years preceding the Revolution of 1688. London, 1820.Whitelocke, B.Memorials. 4 vols., Oxford, 1853.Winwood, Sir R.Memorials of affairs of State in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I. 3 vols., London, 1725.Zorgdrager, D.Bloeijende Opkomst der Aloude en Hedendaagsche Groenlandsche Visscherij. The Hague, 1727.

Aitzema, L.Saken van Staet en Oorlogh in en omtrent de Vereenigte Nederlanden, 1621-68. 6 vols. fol., The Hague, 1669-71.

Albèri, E.Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti. Ser. iv, Inghilterra. Florence, 1846-62.

Beaujon, A.Overzicht der Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Zeevisscherijen. Leiden, 1885.

Birdwood, Sir G., andFoster, W.The first letter-book of the East India Company, 1600-19. London, 1893.

Blok, P. J.Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Volk. Vol. iv, Groningen, 1899.

Borough, Sir John.The Soveraignty of the British seas (written 1633). London, 1651.

Brugmans, H.Engeland en de Nederlanden in de eerste Jaren van Elizabeth's regeering, 1558-67. Groningen, 1892.

Carleton, Sir Dudley.Letters from and to during his embassy in Holland, 1616-21, and State letters during his embassy, 1627. London, 1841.

—— Lettres, Mémoires et négotiations dans le temps de son ambassade en Hollande, 1616-20. 3 vols., The Hague, 1758.

Clarendon, Edward, Earl of.State papers collected by. 3 vols., Oxford, 1767-86.

—— History of the Rebellion. 6 vols., Oxford, 1888.

Commelin, Iz.Begin en Voortgangh van de Vereen-Geoct: Oost-Indische Compagnie. 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1646.

Digges, Sir D.Defence of Trade. London, 1615.

Dutch, The. Drawn to the life. London, 1664.

Ferguson, James.Scots Brigade in Holland. 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1899.

Fortescue, J. W.History of the British Army. Vol. i, London, 1899.

Fruin, R.Verspreide Geschriften. 10 vols., The Hague, 1905.

—— Tien Jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog. The Hague, 1899.

Gardiner, S. R.History of England from the accession of James I to the outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-42. 10 vols., London, 1883-4.

—— Letters and Papers relating to the first Dutch War. Published for the Navy Records Society, 1898.

Geddes, J.The Administration of John De Witt, 1625-54. London, 1879.

Gentleman, Tobias.England's Way to Win Wealth, pp. 378-91, vol. iii, Harleian Misc. (see below).

Gravière, J. de la.Les Anglais et les Hollandais dans les mers polaires et dans la mer des Indes. Paris, 1890.

Groen v. Prinsterer, G.Archives ou Correspondance de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau, 2nd series. 5 vols., Utrecht, 1841-61.

Grotius, Hugo.Mare Liberum. Leiden, 1633.

Harleian Miscellany. 10 vols., London, 1808.

Jonge, J. C. de.Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewesen. 6 vols., The Hague, 1833-48.

Jonge, J. K. J. de.De Opkomst van het Nederl. Gezag in Oost-Indie. 13 vols., The Hague, 1862-89.

J. R. The Trades Increase. pp. 202-20, vol. iv, Harleian Misc. (see above).

Knight, H. R.Historical records of the Buffs, 3rd. Foot, formerly designated The Holland Regiment. London, 1905.

Kronickvan het historisch Genootschap te Utrecht, 1869. Brieven van de Gezanten in Engeland Joachimi, Boreel en J. V. Rheede, 1642-50.

Lingelback, W. E.The Merchant Adventurers of England, their Laws and Ordinances. Philadelphia, 1903.

Lintum, C. E.De Merchant Adventurers in de Nederlanden. The Hague, 1905.

Luzac, E.Hollands Rijkdom, behoudende den oorsprong van den Koophandel en de Magt van dezen Staat. 4 vols., Leiden, 1781.

Macpherson, D.Annals of Commerce. 4 vols., London, 1805.

—— History of the European Commerce with India. London, 1812.

Mitzukuri, G.Englisch-Niederländische Unionsbestrebungen im Zeitalter Cromwells. Tübingen, 1891.

Muller Fz, S.Geschiedenis der Noordsche Compagnie. Utrecht, 1874.

—— Mare Clausum, Bijdrage tot de Geschiedenis der Rivaliteit van Engeland en Nederland in de 17eeeuw. Amsterdam, 1872.

Oppenheim, M.History of the administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in relation to the Navy, 1509-1660. London, 1893.

Overbury, Sir T.Observations in his travels. Vol. viii, Harleian Misc.

Raleigh, Sir W.Works. 8 vols., Oxford, 1829.

—— Observations touching trade and commerce with the Hollanders. pp. 351-76. Vol. viii.

—— A discourse of the invention of ships, &c., pp. 317-34. Vol. viii.

Ranke, L. von.A history of England, principally in the 17th century (Eng. tr.). 6 vols., Oxford, 1875.

Rees, O. van.Geschied. der Stadhuiskunde in Nederland tot het einde der 18eeeuw. 2 vols., Utrecht, 1868.

Selden, John.Mare Clausum seu de Dominio Maris. Libri duo, London, 1635.

Tideman, M. C.De Zee Betwist. Geschiedenis der onderhandelingen over der Zeeheerschappij tusschen de Engelsche Republiek en de Vereenigte Provincien voor den eersten Zee-Oorlog. Dordrecht, 1876.

Thurloe, John.A collection of the State Papers of. 7 vols., London, 1742.

Vreede, G. W.Inleiding tot eene Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Diplomatie. 6 vols., Utrecht, 1856-65.

—— Nederland en Cromwell. Utrecht, 1853.

Wagenaar, J.Vaderlandsche historie. 21 vols., Amsterdam, 1754.

Welwod, D.Abridgement of all Sea-Lawes. London, 1613.

Welwood, J.Memoirs of the most material transactions of England for the 100 years preceding the Revolution of 1688. London, 1820.

Whitelocke, B.Memorials. 4 vols., Oxford, 1853.

Winwood, Sir R.Memorials of affairs of State in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I. 3 vols., London, 1725.

Zorgdrager, D.Bloeijende Opkomst der Aloude en Hedendaagsche Groenlandsche Visscherij. The Hague, 1727.

FOOTNOTES:[1]See the admirable monograph on the subject by the late Professor Robert Fruin,Tien Jaren uit de Tachtigjarigen Oorlog, 1588-98.[2]The towns of Flushing and Brill and the fort of Rammekens were delivered into the hands of Elizabeth, as security for repayment.[3]Res. Holl. June 12, 1609.[4]Res. St.-Gen. June 12, 1609.[5]Art. 6 of the Treaty between James and the States, July 6 (June 25, 1609, o.s.).[6]Winwood,Memorials, vol. iii.[7]The Zeelanders in the seventeenth century, though they sent out many fishermen to the Dogger Bank, to Greenland and Spitzbergen, did not take much part in the herring fishery. See note.[8]Groot Placaet-Boek (July 19, 1606).[9]A Pollitique Platt, by Robert Hitchcock, 1580.Observations made upon the Dutch fishery about the year 1601, by John Keymer. Ralegh,Works, i. 144.Sir Thomas Overbury's observations in his travels in 1609:Harleian Misc.viii. 349.Discourse addressed to the King by Sir Nicholas Hales, on the benefit derived by the Dutch from English fisheries. Terms suggested for granting them a licence to fish for twenty-one years.Calendar of State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1603-10, p. 509.[10]Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1603-10, p. 509.[11]Statutes of the Realm, iv. 2, p. 1058.[12]Letter of Salisbury to Cornwallis, June 8, 1609. Winwood'sState Papers, iii. 44-50.[13]Fruin'sVerspreide Geschriften, vol. iii, pp. 408-45.[14]Winwood'sMemorials, March 16, (o.s.), 1610. See also letter of April 6 (o.s.).[15]See Note C.[16]Relazioni venete,Inghilterra, serie iv, p. 128.[17]See Note A.[18]Ralegh'sWorks, viii. 351-76.[19]See Note B.[20]See Note.[21]Harleian Misc.iii, pp. 397-8.[22]Ibid.iv, pp. 212-31.[23]Relazioni Venete,Inghilterra, iv. 206.[24]Ranke,Hist. of England(Oxf. trans.), i. 473.[25]Dated Jan. 6/16. Letters to and from Sir Dudley Carleton during his embassy in Holland from January 1615/16, to December 1620. London, 1757.[26]Greenland here stands for Spitzbergen. All through these disputes, owing to geographical ignorance, the two terms are used almost interchangeably.[27]AitzemaSaken van Staet en Oorlog, ii. 356.[28]See Note D.[29]See Note E.[30]Carleton's letters during his embassy in Holland, January 1615/16, to December 1620, p. 111.[31]Carleton'sLetters, pp. 156-7. Report of the Lords of the Council with the King in Scotland, to the Lords of the Council in England, Aug. 4/14, 1617.[32]Carleton'sLetters, October 11.[33]The Governor-General, Jan Pietersz Coen.[34]See special note F.[35]Cambridge Modern History, iv. 758.[36]The orthography of the original.[37]Sir Dudley Carleton'sState Letters, 1627, pp. 5-15.[38]See note G.[39]Rikskansleren Axel Oxenstierna's Skrifter och Brefvexling, Hugo Grotii bref, ii. 1633-9, pp. 335-58.[40]Grotii bref, April 9, 1639, p. 595, 'video cum dolore inter Anglos et Gallos veteres recrudescere inimicitias.'[41]Grotii bref, April 23, 1639, p. 602, 'Haud equidem affirmaverim, quod suspicantur Angli, Gallicis pecuniis sustentari Scoticam factionem pauperiorem ceteroqui quam ut bello diu sufficiat. Creduntur autem id facere Galli, non tantum ex aemulatu vetere, verum etiam quod cum Batavi nunc consilia socient ad capienda Flandriae oppida maritima, quod cum solus prohibere possit Anglus, domestico ob id negotio distinendus sit.'[42]Archives de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau, 2nd ser., iii. 171, 'dès aussitôt que j'auray endormi le faict des Duyns, qui est le seul object de ma commission.'[43]Archives de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau, 2nd ser., iii. 200, 201.[44]Clarendon State Papers, ii. 71.[45]Ranke,Englische Geschichte, ii. 362.[46]Archives, 2nd series, iii. 381.[47]History of the Rebellion, v. 418.[48]Among them Prince Edward, son of the Queen of Bohemia.[49]'Placaet ende Ordonnantie op 't stuk van den Haring-Vaert, 't branden van de tonnen en 't soorten van den Haringh.'Derde Memoriael boek 's Hof v. Holland.

[1]See the admirable monograph on the subject by the late Professor Robert Fruin,Tien Jaren uit de Tachtigjarigen Oorlog, 1588-98.

[2]The towns of Flushing and Brill and the fort of Rammekens were delivered into the hands of Elizabeth, as security for repayment.

[3]Res. Holl. June 12, 1609.

[4]Res. St.-Gen. June 12, 1609.

[5]Art. 6 of the Treaty between James and the States, July 6 (June 25, 1609, o.s.).

[6]Winwood,Memorials, vol. iii.

[7]The Zeelanders in the seventeenth century, though they sent out many fishermen to the Dogger Bank, to Greenland and Spitzbergen, did not take much part in the herring fishery. See note.

[8]Groot Placaet-Boek (July 19, 1606).

[9]A Pollitique Platt, by Robert Hitchcock, 1580.Observations made upon the Dutch fishery about the year 1601, by John Keymer. Ralegh,Works, i. 144.Sir Thomas Overbury's observations in his travels in 1609:Harleian Misc.viii. 349.Discourse addressed to the King by Sir Nicholas Hales, on the benefit derived by the Dutch from English fisheries. Terms suggested for granting them a licence to fish for twenty-one years.Calendar of State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1603-10, p. 509.

[9]A Pollitique Platt, by Robert Hitchcock, 1580.

Observations made upon the Dutch fishery about the year 1601, by John Keymer. Ralegh,Works, i. 144.

Sir Thomas Overbury's observations in his travels in 1609:Harleian Misc.viii. 349.

Discourse addressed to the King by Sir Nicholas Hales, on the benefit derived by the Dutch from English fisheries. Terms suggested for granting them a licence to fish for twenty-one years.Calendar of State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1603-10, p. 509.

[10]Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1603-10, p. 509.

[11]Statutes of the Realm, iv. 2, p. 1058.

[12]Letter of Salisbury to Cornwallis, June 8, 1609. Winwood'sState Papers, iii. 44-50.

[13]Fruin'sVerspreide Geschriften, vol. iii, pp. 408-45.

[14]Winwood'sMemorials, March 16, (o.s.), 1610. See also letter of April 6 (o.s.).

[15]See Note C.

[16]Relazioni venete,Inghilterra, serie iv, p. 128.

[17]See Note A.

[18]Ralegh'sWorks, viii. 351-76.

[19]See Note B.

[20]See Note.

[21]Harleian Misc.iii, pp. 397-8.

[22]Ibid.iv, pp. 212-31.

[23]Relazioni Venete,Inghilterra, iv. 206.

[24]Ranke,Hist. of England(Oxf. trans.), i. 473.

[25]Dated Jan. 6/16. Letters to and from Sir Dudley Carleton during his embassy in Holland from January 1615/16, to December 1620. London, 1757.

[26]Greenland here stands for Spitzbergen. All through these disputes, owing to geographical ignorance, the two terms are used almost interchangeably.

[27]AitzemaSaken van Staet en Oorlog, ii. 356.

[28]See Note D.

[29]See Note E.

[30]Carleton's letters during his embassy in Holland, January 1615/16, to December 1620, p. 111.

[31]Carleton'sLetters, pp. 156-7. Report of the Lords of the Council with the King in Scotland, to the Lords of the Council in England, Aug. 4/14, 1617.

[32]Carleton'sLetters, October 11.

[33]The Governor-General, Jan Pietersz Coen.

[34]See special note F.

[35]Cambridge Modern History, iv. 758.

[36]The orthography of the original.

[37]Sir Dudley Carleton'sState Letters, 1627, pp. 5-15.

[38]See note G.

[39]Rikskansleren Axel Oxenstierna's Skrifter och Brefvexling, Hugo Grotii bref, ii. 1633-9, pp. 335-58.

[40]Grotii bref, April 9, 1639, p. 595, 'video cum dolore inter Anglos et Gallos veteres recrudescere inimicitias.'

[41]Grotii bref, April 23, 1639, p. 602, 'Haud equidem affirmaverim, quod suspicantur Angli, Gallicis pecuniis sustentari Scoticam factionem pauperiorem ceteroqui quam ut bello diu sufficiat. Creduntur autem id facere Galli, non tantum ex aemulatu vetere, verum etiam quod cum Batavi nunc consilia socient ad capienda Flandriae oppida maritima, quod cum solus prohibere possit Anglus, domestico ob id negotio distinendus sit.'

[42]Archives de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau, 2nd ser., iii. 171, 'dès aussitôt que j'auray endormi le faict des Duyns, qui est le seul object de ma commission.'

[43]Archives de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau, 2nd ser., iii. 200, 201.

[44]Clarendon State Papers, ii. 71.

[45]Ranke,Englische Geschichte, ii. 362.

[46]Archives, 2nd series, iii. 381.

[47]History of the Rebellion, v. 418.

[48]Among them Prince Edward, son of the Queen of Bohemia.

[49]'Placaet ende Ordonnantie op 't stuk van den Haring-Vaert, 't branden van de tonnen en 't soorten van den Haringh.'Derde Memoriael boek 's Hof v. Holland.

Transcriber's note:Minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where the missing quote should be placed.

Minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.

Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where the missing quote should be placed.

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