FOOTNOTES:

Mr. Merton L. Miller, of the University of Chicago, says, in his preliminary study of the Pueblo of Taos, New Mexico, that he washampered in his researches there by a circumstance that illustrates very well certain characteristics of the Indian. About fifteen years ago representatives of the Government were at Sia making investigations, and had to ask many questions. Some time after they went away there was much sickness in the pueblo, and many people died. It occurred to the Sia people that the presence of those white men, asking so many questions, was the cause of all their trouble; so they sent men to the other pueblos to warn them against white men who came to find out about their customs and beliefs. These messengers also came to Taos, and the people remembered their warning well. If a Taos Indian is caught now teaching the language or telling any of the traditions to a white man, he is liable to a whipping and a fine. This, Mr. Miller believes, accounts for the fact that he could rarely learn anything from his friend when they were at the pueblo, although when away in the mountains he became much more open and communicative.

NOTES.

The cigarette has found friends. The Truth about Cigarettes embodies the substance of papers read and discussed at the Medico-legal Society of New York. The gist of the papers is to the effect that the stories of harm done by cigarettes are fictions or gross exaggerations; that they contain no opium, arsenic, or other poisons, but are the best pure tobacco (1.0926 grammes each) wrapped in pure paper (0.038 gramme); that they never caused a case of insanity; and that they are simply injurious in the same way and to a corresponding extent as other forms of tobacco. These statements are supported by certificates of physicians and by reviews of special cases of insanity charged to cigarettes, showing that the insanity had matured independently of them.

The average annual temperature at Manila is given by Mr. W. F. R. Phillips, in a paper on the subject, as 80° F. April, May, and June are the hottest months, May being the hottest of the three, and December and January are the coolest. The highest thermometer reading recorded is 100° F. in May, and the lowest 74° in January. The average annual rainfall is 75.43 inches, more than 80 per cent of which descends in the months from June to October, inclusive. Departures from the average rainfall are sometimes excessive. For example, as much as 120.98 inches have fallen in one year, and as little as 35.65 inches in another. Still more remarkable were the fall of 61.43 inches in one September, and that of only two inches in another September.

At the observatory of Yale University, as we learn from the annual report, a planned series of twelve measures each has been completed for eighty-four stars of large, proper motion, with a view to determinations of parallax, and it is expected shortly to bring the number up to one hundred. A series of measures on highly colored red stars has been begun, and is in progress for the purpose of testing the possibility of a systematic error due to the lesser refrangibility of their light. The photographic instrument has been put into use at every suitable period of meteorological displays of consequence. Preparations are already making for a more complete observation of the Leonid meteoric shower expected in 1899.

The New York State College of Forestry, in connection with Cornell University, was presented by Professor Fernow, at the Boston meeting of the American Association, as a logical sequence to the policy to which the State of New York was committed in 1885 by the purchase of more than a million acres of forest land in the Adirondack Mountains, to be gradually increased to three million acres. A demonstration area of thirty thousand acres in the Adirondacks has since been provided for it. The courses leading to the degree of Bachelor in Forestry occupy four years, of which the first two are devoted to the studies in which mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, botany, entomology, political economy, etc., figure as fundamental and supplementary sciences, in addition to the professional courses; besides which two courses of a more or less popular character are contemplated.

The discovery is announced in a preliminary communication by Dr. Issutschenko, of Russia, of a microbe pathogenic to rats. An epidemic having broken out among the rats kept for experimental purposes in the Government Agricultural Laboratory, a bacillus was isolated from the liver and spleen of affected animals that proved excessively fatal to rats and mice. Experiments in making the organism useful as a living rat poison have not yet, however, had an encouraging success.

New Zealand has just definitely adopted a scheme of old-age pensions. In future the New Zealand workingman of sixty-five years of age, who has lived a life of honest toil, will be assured an income of one pound a week.

The Wilde prize of the French Academy of Sciences has been awarded by that body to Charles A. Schott, chief of the Computation Division of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, for his work on Terrestrial Magnetism.

FOOTNOTES:[1]In the preparation of this article I have to acknowledge the courtesy of Mr. Joseph Jacobs, of London, whose works in this line are accepted as an authority. In its illustration I have derived invaluable assistance from Dr. S. Weissenberg, of Elizabethgrad, Russia, and Dr. L. Bertholon, of Tunis. Both these gentlemen have loaned me a large number of original photographs of types from their respective countries. Dr. Bertholon has also taken several especially for use in this way. The more general works upon which we have relied are: R. Andree,Zur Volkskunde der Juden, Bielefeld, 1881; A. Leroy-Beaulieu,Les Juifs et l'antisémitisme, Paris, 3e éd. 1893; and C. Lombroso, Gli Antisemitismo, Torino, 1894. For all other authorities to whom reference is made by name and year, consult our comprehensive Bibliography of the Anthropology and Ethnology of Europe, in a forthcoming Special Bulletin of the Boston Public Library. In its index under "Jews" and "Semites" will be found an exhaustive list of authorities given chronologically.[2]Andree, 1881, pp. 194et seq., with tables appended; Jacobs, 1886 a, p. 24; and quite recently A. Leroy-Beaulieu, 1893, chapter i, are best on this. Tschubinsky, 1877, gives much detail at first hand on western Russia. In the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Anglo-Jewish Association, London, 1888, is a convenient census, together with a map of distribution for Europe. On America, no official data of any kind exist. The censuses have never attempted an enumeration of the Jews. Schimmer's results from the census of 1880 in Austria-Hungary are given inStatistische Monatsschrift, vii, p. 489et seq.[3]This is clearly shown by Schimmer inStatistische Monatsschrift, vii, pp. 489et seq.[4]See also map in Kettler, 1880.[5]J. C. Majer (1862) ascribes the shortness of stature in Furth to this Jewish influence.[6]1892.[7]1895, p. 577.[8]1891.[9]Glück, 1896; and Weisbach, 1877 and 1895 a.[10]Majer and Kopernicki, 1877, p. 36, for Ruthenia; Stieda, 1883, p. 70; Anutchin, 1889, p. 114, etc.[11]Zakrezewski, 1891, p. 38. In the October Monthly our stature map of all Russia brings out the contrast very strongly.[12]Centralblatt für Anthropologie, iii, p. 66. Uke, cited by Andree, 1881, p. 32, agrees.[13]Popular Science Monthly, vol. li, p. 20et seq.(May, 1897), and vol. lii, p. 602 (March, 1898).[14]Jacobs, 1889, p. 81.[15]Talko-Hryncewicz, 1892, pp. 7 and 58.[16]Collignon, 1887 a, pp. 211 and 326; and Bertholon, 1892, p. 41.[17]Jacobs, 1891, p. 50, shows it to be less common in other parts of Europe. In the United States, Dr. Billings finds the marriage rate to be only 7.4 per 1,000—about one third that of the Northeastern States.[18]1877, p. 59.[19]1883, p. 71.[20]1889, p. 84.[21]1896, p. 591.[22]1895, p. 374.[23]On Jewish demography, consult the special appendix in Lombroso, 1874; Andree, 1881, p. 70; Jacobs, 1891, p. 49. Dr. Billings, in Eleventh United States Census, 1890, Bulletin No. 19, gives data for our country. On pathology, see Buschan, 1895.[24]The Jew as a Life Risk. The Spectator (an actuarial journal) 1895, pp. 222-224, and 233, 234. Lagneau, 1861, p. 411, speaks of a viability in Algeria even lower than that of the natives.[25]From a lecture delivered at the Field Columbian Museum, November 13, 1897.[26]Löwenstimm's studies, printed originally in the Journal of the Ministry of Justice in St. Petersburg, have been made accessible to a larger class of readers by being collected and translated into German in a volume entitledAberglaube und Strafrecht(Berlin: Räde, 1897), with an introduction by Prof. Joseph Kohler, of the University of Berlin.[27]As the Siberian Railway approached the northern boundaries of the Chinese Empire and surveys were made for its extension through Manchuria to the sea, great excitement was produced in Pekin by the rumor that the Russian minister had applied to the Empress of China for two thousand children to be buried in the roadbed under the rails in order to strengthen it. Some years ago, in rebuilding a large bridge, which had been swept away several times by inundations in the Yarkand, eight children, purchased from poor people at a high price, were immured alive in the foundations. As the new bridge was firmly constructed out of excellent materials, it has hitherto withstood the force of the strongest floods, a result which the Chinese attribute, not to the solid masonry, but to the propitiation of the river god by an offering of infants.[28]See the case of Bridget Cleary, reported in Appletons' Popular Science Monthly for November, 1895, p. 86. We may add that her husband, Michael Cleary, was tried for murder and sentenced to twenty years' penal servitude.[29]General Code, vol. xiii, edition of 1892, cited by Löwenstimm.[30]A full account of the trial is given in a Latin manuscript preserved in the city archives of Nantes.[31]Dr. Samuel Aughey, Physical Geography of Nebraska, 1880. Prof. J. E. Todd, Science, April 23, 1886, and January 8, 1897. E. H. Barbour, Publication No. V, Nebraska Academy of Sciences. J. A. Udden, The American Geologist, June, 1891, and April, 1893. R. D. Salisbury, Science, December 4, 1896. G. P. Merril, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1885.[32]Medical Times and Gazette, London, England, November 17, 1883.[33]Whewell also had "the scalp and skull thick." Brain weighed 49 ounces. The Lancet, London, England, March 17, 1866, p. 280.[34]Medical Times and Gazette, London, England, May 12, 1883, p. 525.[35]London Medical Gazette, London, England, September 13, 1828, p. 478.[36]Brain Weight of Man. By Dr. Bischoff. Bonn, Germany, 1880, p. 137.[37]Authority for this weight is the Medical Army Museum, Washington,D. C.[38]This brain is kept in and its weight is recorded on the glass jar in the Pathological Museum at Munich, Germany.[39]Idiocy and Imbecility. By Dr. Ireland. London, 1877, p. 75.[40]The Human Species. By A. De Quatrefages. D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1884, p. 380.[41]Dr. Gall's works, Boston, Massachusetts, vol. i, p. 36.[42]Life of George Combe, London, 1878, vol. ii, p. 381.[43]Medical News and Gazette, London, June 16, 1888, p. 521.[44]Morning Herald, Sydney, Australia, February 23, 1884.[45]Eleven Chinamen, found by Dr. C. Clapham to afford an average of 50.4 ounces, had been killed in a typhoon, and were therefore in no wise wasted by disease. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute, London, England, vol. vii, p. 90.)[46]The Nervous System, London, 1834, p. 447.[47]Anatomie comparative du système nerveux, tome i, 1839, p. 506.[48]Ueber die typischen Verschiedenheiten der Windungen der Hemisphären und über die Lehre vom Hirngewicht, Göttingen, 1860. Also see Pathology and Therapeutics of Mental Diseases, London, 1870, p. 23.[49]History of Philosophy, London, 1867, vol. ii, p. 433.[50]The Brain as an Organ of Mind, London, 1880, pp. 276, 277.[51]Nachrichten, Göttingen, February 29, 1860, p. 75.[52]Carpenter's Principles of Human Physiology, London, 1881, p. 659.[53]Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 1853, vol. lxxix, p. 360.[54]Idiocy and Imbecility, London, 1877, pp. 216-219.[55]See The Brain as an Organ of Mind, London, 1880, p. 465; also, The Human Brain, London, 1847, pp. 288, 289.[56]Eclectic Magazine, December 14, 1863, p. 428.[57]From an address before theSociété des Amis des Sciences.[58]Vol. xlvii, September, 1895.[59]The Play of Animals. By Karl Groos. Translated by Elizabeth L. Baldwin. New York: D. Appleton and Company. Pp. 341. Price, $1.75.[60]A History of Spanish Literature. By James Fitz Maurice-Kelly. New York: D. Appleton and Company. (Literature of the World Series. Edited by Edmund Gosse.) Pp. 433. Price, $1.50.[61]The American Woods. Exhibited by Actual Specimens. Part I, representing Twenty-five Species. By Romeyn B. Hough: Lowville, N. Y. The Author.[62]Plant Life considered with Special Reference to Form and Function. By Charles Reid Barnes. New York: Henry Holt & Co. Pp. 428. Price, $1.12.[63]Electro-Dynamics. The Direct-Current Motor. By Charles Ashley Carus-Wilson. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Pp. 298.[64]Applied Physiology. Including the Effects of Alcohol and Narcotics. By Frank Overton, M. D. Primary Grade. Pp. 128. Intermediate Grade. Pp. 188. Advanced Grade. Pp. 432. American Book Company.[65]Yetta Ségal. By Horace J. Rollin. New York: G. W. Dillingham & Co. Pp. 174.[66]The Mammalian Anatomy of the Cat. By Horace Jayne, M. D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. Illustrated. Pp. 816. Price, $5.00.

[1]In the preparation of this article I have to acknowledge the courtesy of Mr. Joseph Jacobs, of London, whose works in this line are accepted as an authority. In its illustration I have derived invaluable assistance from Dr. S. Weissenberg, of Elizabethgrad, Russia, and Dr. L. Bertholon, of Tunis. Both these gentlemen have loaned me a large number of original photographs of types from their respective countries. Dr. Bertholon has also taken several especially for use in this way. The more general works upon which we have relied are: R. Andree,Zur Volkskunde der Juden, Bielefeld, 1881; A. Leroy-Beaulieu,Les Juifs et l'antisémitisme, Paris, 3e éd. 1893; and C. Lombroso, Gli Antisemitismo, Torino, 1894. For all other authorities to whom reference is made by name and year, consult our comprehensive Bibliography of the Anthropology and Ethnology of Europe, in a forthcoming Special Bulletin of the Boston Public Library. In its index under "Jews" and "Semites" will be found an exhaustive list of authorities given chronologically.

[2]Andree, 1881, pp. 194et seq., with tables appended; Jacobs, 1886 a, p. 24; and quite recently A. Leroy-Beaulieu, 1893, chapter i, are best on this. Tschubinsky, 1877, gives much detail at first hand on western Russia. In the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Anglo-Jewish Association, London, 1888, is a convenient census, together with a map of distribution for Europe. On America, no official data of any kind exist. The censuses have never attempted an enumeration of the Jews. Schimmer's results from the census of 1880 in Austria-Hungary are given inStatistische Monatsschrift, vii, p. 489et seq.

[3]This is clearly shown by Schimmer inStatistische Monatsschrift, vii, pp. 489et seq.

[4]See also map in Kettler, 1880.

[5]J. C. Majer (1862) ascribes the shortness of stature in Furth to this Jewish influence.

[6]1892.

[7]1895, p. 577.

[8]1891.

[9]Glück, 1896; and Weisbach, 1877 and 1895 a.

[10]Majer and Kopernicki, 1877, p. 36, for Ruthenia; Stieda, 1883, p. 70; Anutchin, 1889, p. 114, etc.

[11]Zakrezewski, 1891, p. 38. In the October Monthly our stature map of all Russia brings out the contrast very strongly.

[12]Centralblatt für Anthropologie, iii, p. 66. Uke, cited by Andree, 1881, p. 32, agrees.

[13]Popular Science Monthly, vol. li, p. 20et seq.(May, 1897), and vol. lii, p. 602 (March, 1898).

[14]Jacobs, 1889, p. 81.

[15]Talko-Hryncewicz, 1892, pp. 7 and 58.

[16]Collignon, 1887 a, pp. 211 and 326; and Bertholon, 1892, p. 41.

[17]Jacobs, 1891, p. 50, shows it to be less common in other parts of Europe. In the United States, Dr. Billings finds the marriage rate to be only 7.4 per 1,000—about one third that of the Northeastern States.

[18]1877, p. 59.

[19]1883, p. 71.

[20]1889, p. 84.

[21]1896, p. 591.

[22]1895, p. 374.

[23]On Jewish demography, consult the special appendix in Lombroso, 1874; Andree, 1881, p. 70; Jacobs, 1891, p. 49. Dr. Billings, in Eleventh United States Census, 1890, Bulletin No. 19, gives data for our country. On pathology, see Buschan, 1895.

[24]The Jew as a Life Risk. The Spectator (an actuarial journal) 1895, pp. 222-224, and 233, 234. Lagneau, 1861, p. 411, speaks of a viability in Algeria even lower than that of the natives.

[25]From a lecture delivered at the Field Columbian Museum, November 13, 1897.

[26]Löwenstimm's studies, printed originally in the Journal of the Ministry of Justice in St. Petersburg, have been made accessible to a larger class of readers by being collected and translated into German in a volume entitledAberglaube und Strafrecht(Berlin: Räde, 1897), with an introduction by Prof. Joseph Kohler, of the University of Berlin.

[27]As the Siberian Railway approached the northern boundaries of the Chinese Empire and surveys were made for its extension through Manchuria to the sea, great excitement was produced in Pekin by the rumor that the Russian minister had applied to the Empress of China for two thousand children to be buried in the roadbed under the rails in order to strengthen it. Some years ago, in rebuilding a large bridge, which had been swept away several times by inundations in the Yarkand, eight children, purchased from poor people at a high price, were immured alive in the foundations. As the new bridge was firmly constructed out of excellent materials, it has hitherto withstood the force of the strongest floods, a result which the Chinese attribute, not to the solid masonry, but to the propitiation of the river god by an offering of infants.

[28]See the case of Bridget Cleary, reported in Appletons' Popular Science Monthly for November, 1895, p. 86. We may add that her husband, Michael Cleary, was tried for murder and sentenced to twenty years' penal servitude.

[29]General Code, vol. xiii, edition of 1892, cited by Löwenstimm.

[30]A full account of the trial is given in a Latin manuscript preserved in the city archives of Nantes.

[31]Dr. Samuel Aughey, Physical Geography of Nebraska, 1880. Prof. J. E. Todd, Science, April 23, 1886, and January 8, 1897. E. H. Barbour, Publication No. V, Nebraska Academy of Sciences. J. A. Udden, The American Geologist, June, 1891, and April, 1893. R. D. Salisbury, Science, December 4, 1896. G. P. Merril, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1885.

[32]Medical Times and Gazette, London, England, November 17, 1883.

[33]Whewell also had "the scalp and skull thick." Brain weighed 49 ounces. The Lancet, London, England, March 17, 1866, p. 280.

[34]Medical Times and Gazette, London, England, May 12, 1883, p. 525.

[35]London Medical Gazette, London, England, September 13, 1828, p. 478.

[36]Brain Weight of Man. By Dr. Bischoff. Bonn, Germany, 1880, p. 137.

[37]Authority for this weight is the Medical Army Museum, Washington,D. C.

[38]This brain is kept in and its weight is recorded on the glass jar in the Pathological Museum at Munich, Germany.

[39]Idiocy and Imbecility. By Dr. Ireland. London, 1877, p. 75.

[40]The Human Species. By A. De Quatrefages. D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1884, p. 380.

[41]Dr. Gall's works, Boston, Massachusetts, vol. i, p. 36.

[42]Life of George Combe, London, 1878, vol. ii, p. 381.

[43]Medical News and Gazette, London, June 16, 1888, p. 521.

[44]Morning Herald, Sydney, Australia, February 23, 1884.

[45]Eleven Chinamen, found by Dr. C. Clapham to afford an average of 50.4 ounces, had been killed in a typhoon, and were therefore in no wise wasted by disease. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute, London, England, vol. vii, p. 90.)

[46]The Nervous System, London, 1834, p. 447.

[47]Anatomie comparative du système nerveux, tome i, 1839, p. 506.

[48]Ueber die typischen Verschiedenheiten der Windungen der Hemisphären und über die Lehre vom Hirngewicht, Göttingen, 1860. Also see Pathology and Therapeutics of Mental Diseases, London, 1870, p. 23.

[49]History of Philosophy, London, 1867, vol. ii, p. 433.

[50]The Brain as an Organ of Mind, London, 1880, pp. 276, 277.

[51]Nachrichten, Göttingen, February 29, 1860, p. 75.

[52]Carpenter's Principles of Human Physiology, London, 1881, p. 659.

[53]Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 1853, vol. lxxix, p. 360.

[54]Idiocy and Imbecility, London, 1877, pp. 216-219.

[55]See The Brain as an Organ of Mind, London, 1880, p. 465; also, The Human Brain, London, 1847, pp. 288, 289.

[56]Eclectic Magazine, December 14, 1863, p. 428.

[57]From an address before theSociété des Amis des Sciences.

[58]Vol. xlvii, September, 1895.

[59]The Play of Animals. By Karl Groos. Translated by Elizabeth L. Baldwin. New York: D. Appleton and Company. Pp. 341. Price, $1.75.

[60]A History of Spanish Literature. By James Fitz Maurice-Kelly. New York: D. Appleton and Company. (Literature of the World Series. Edited by Edmund Gosse.) Pp. 433. Price, $1.50.

[61]The American Woods. Exhibited by Actual Specimens. Part I, representing Twenty-five Species. By Romeyn B. Hough: Lowville, N. Y. The Author.

[62]Plant Life considered with Special Reference to Form and Function. By Charles Reid Barnes. New York: Henry Holt & Co. Pp. 428. Price, $1.12.

[63]Electro-Dynamics. The Direct-Current Motor. By Charles Ashley Carus-Wilson. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Pp. 298.

[64]Applied Physiology. Including the Effects of Alcohol and Narcotics. By Frank Overton, M. D. Primary Grade. Pp. 128. Intermediate Grade. Pp. 188. Advanced Grade. Pp. 432. American Book Company.

[65]Yetta Ségal. By Horace J. Rollin. New York: G. W. Dillingham & Co. Pp. 174.

[66]The Mammalian Anatomy of the Cat. By Horace Jayne, M. D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. Illustrated. Pp. 816. Price, $5.00.

Transcriber's Notes:Obvious typographical errors were repaired. Archaic spellings retained.Illustrations were relocated to correspond to their references in the text.

Transcriber's Notes:

Obvious typographical errors were repaired. Archaic spellings retained.

Illustrations were relocated to correspond to their references in the text.

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