FOOTNOTES:

Magu, Horse with Golden Mane,I want your help yet once again,Walk not the earth but fly through spaceAs lightnings flash and thunders roll,Swift as the arrow from the bowCome quick, yet so that none may know.[469]

Magu, Horse with Golden Mane,

I want your help yet once again,

Walk not the earth but fly through space

As lightnings flash and thunders roll,

Swift as the arrow from the bow

Come quick, yet so that none may know.[469]

Figs.259 and 260.—Gaulish. From Akerman.

The Frenchrouemeaning a wheel, andrue, a roadway, are probably not decayed forms of the Latinrotabutruder, morerudimentary, and moreradical: like the Candian Rhea, the Egyptian Ra or Re, and ourray, they are probably the Irishrhi, the Spanishrey, and the Frenchroi.

There is a river Rea in Shropshire and a second river Rea upon which standsBirmingham: that this Rea wasconnected with the Candian Rhea is possible from the existence at Birmingham of a Canwell, or Canewell. Near Cambourne, or Cambre, is therhe druth(Redruth) which the authorities decode into stream of the Druids. Running through the village ofBerriew in Wales, is a rivulet named the Rhiw, and rising onBardon Hill, Leicestershire, is “the bright and clear little river Sence”. As the wordmens, ormind, is usually assigned to Minerva, Rhea was possibly the origin ofreason, or St. Rhea, and toRhi Veramay be assignedriverandrevere; areverieis abrownstudy.

According to Persian philosophy the soul of man was fivefold in its essence, one-fifth being “the Roun, or Rouan, the principle of practical judgment, imagination, volition”:[470]another fifth, “the Okho or principle of conscience,” seemingly corresponds to what western philosophers termed theEgoorI myself.

In the neighbourhood of Brough in Westmorland is an ancient cross within an ancient camp, known as Rey Cross, and that Leicester or Ratae—which stands upon the antiqueVia Devanaor Divine Way—was intimately related with the Holy Rood is obvious from the modern Red Cross Street and High Cross Street.

The ruddyRoodwas no doubt radically the rolling four-spoked wheel, felloe, felly, periphery, or brim, and although perhaps Reading denoted as is officially supposed, “Town of the Children of Reada,” the name Read, Reid, Rea, Wray, Ray, etc., did not only mean ruddy or red-haired. I question whether Ripon really owes its title as supposed toripa, the Latin for bank of a stream.

The town hall of Reading is situated at Valpy Street in Forbury Gardens on what is known as The Forbury, seemingly theFire Barrowor prehistoric Forum, and doubtless a holy fire once burned ruddily at Rednal or Wredinhal near Bromsgrove. In Welshrhedynmeansfern, whence the authorities translate Reddanick in Cornwall into the ferny place: the connection, however, is probably as remote and imaginary as that between Redesdale and reeds.

The place-name Rothwell, anciently Rodewelle, is no doubt with reason assumed to be “well of the rood or cross”. Ruth meanspity, and the ruddy cross of St. John, now (almost) universally sacrosanct to Pity, was, I think, probably the original Holy Rood. The knights of St. John possessed at Barrow in Leicester or Ratae a site now known as Rothley Temple, and asth,t, andd, are universally interchangeable it is likely that this Rothley was onceRoth leaor Rood Lea. Similarly Redruth, in view of the neighbouring Carn Bre, was probably not “Stream of the Druids,” but anabriof the Red Rood. The sacred rod or pole known generally as the Maypole was almost invariably surmounted by one or morerotæ, or wheels, and the name “Radipole rood” at Fulham (nearly opposite Epple St.) renders it likely that the Maypole was once known alternatively as the Rood Pole. From the Maypoles flew frequently the ruddy cross of Christopher or George.

In British mythology there figures a goddess of great loveliness named Arianrod, which means in Welsh the “Silver Wheel”: the Persians held that their Jupiter was the whole circuit of heaven, and Arianrhod, or “Silver Wheel,” was undoubtedly the starrywelkin, the Wheel Queen, or the Vulcan of Good Law. With Wayland Smithmay be connoted the river Welland of Rutland and Rataeland.

Silver, a white metal,[471]was probably named after Sil Vera, the Princess of the Silvery Moon and Silvery Stars. Silver Street is a common name foroldroads in the south of England:[472]Aubrey Walk in Kensington, is at the summit of a Silver Street, and the prime Aubrey de Vere of this neighbourhood was, I suspect, the same ghost as originally walked Auber’s Ridge in Picardy, and the famous FrenchChemin des Dames. France is the land of the Franks,[473]and near Frankton in Shropshire at Ellesmere,i.e., the Elle, Fairy, or Holy mere, are the remains of a so-called Ladies Walk. This extraordinaryChemin des Dames, the relic evidently of some old-time ceremony, is described as a paved causeway running far into the mere, with which more than forty years ago old swimmers were well acquainted. It could be traced by bathers until they got out of their depth. How much farther it might run they of course knew not. Its existence seems to have been almost forgotten until, in 1879, some divers searching for the body of a drowned man came upon it on the bottom of the mere, and this led to old inhabitants mentioning their knowledge of it.[474]

England abounds in Silverhills, Silverhowes, Silverleys, Silvertowns, Silverdales, and Perryvales. By Silverdale at Sydenham is Jews Walk, and on Branch Hill at Hampstead is a fine prospect known as Judges Walk: here isHolly Bush Hill and Holly Mound, and opposite is Mount Vernon, to be connoted with Durovernon, the ancient name of Canterbury or Rodau’s Town.

Jews Walk, and the Grove at Upper Sydenham, are adjacent to Peak Hill, which, in all probability, was once upon a time Puck’s Hill, and the wooded heights of Sydenham were in all likelihood a caersidi, or seat of fairyland.

My chair is prepared in Caer SidiThe disease of old age afflicts none who is there.. . . . . . . .About its peaks are the streams of oceanAnd above it is a fruitful fountain.

My chair is prepared in Caer Sidi

The disease of old age afflicts none who is there.

. . . . . . . .

About its peaks are the streams of ocean

And above it is a fruitful fountain.

Sir John Morris-Jones points out thatsidiis the Welsh equivalent of the Irishsid, “fairyland”[475]and he connects the word withseat. In view of this it is possible that St. Sidwell at Exeter was like the River Sid at Sidmouth, acaer sidi, or seat of theshee.

Sydenham, like the Phœnician Sidon, is probably connected with Poseidon, or Father Sidon, and Rhode the son of Poseidon may be connoted with Rhadamanthus, the supposed twin brother of Minos. Near Canterbury is Rhodesminnis, or Rhode Common,[476]and on this common Justice was doubtless once administered by the representatives of Rhadamanthus, who was praised by all men for his wisdom, piety, and equity. It is said that Rhode was driven to Crete by Minos, and was banished to an Asiatic island where he made his memory immortal by the wisdom of his laws: Rhode, whose name isrhoda, the rose or Eros, is further said to have instructed Hercules in virtue andwisdom, and according to Homer he dwells not in the underworld but in the Elysian Fields.

A.Postern Gate.G.Site of Return Wall.B.Decuman Gate.H.Site of Tower.C.Tower.I.Surface of Subterranean Building.D.Circular Tower.E. & F.Towers.Fig.261.—FromA Short Account of the Records of Richborough(W.D.).

Fig.261.—FromA Short Account of the Records of Richborough(W.D.).

A rose coin of Rhoda was reproducedante,page 339; therhodaor rose, like therood, is a universal symbol of love, and with Rodau’s Town, Canterbury, or Durovernon, which is permeated with the rose of St. George, orOros,i.e.,rose, may be connoted the neighbouringRutupiae, now Richborough. From the ground-plan of this impressive ruin it will be seen to be unlike anything else in Europe, inasmuch as it originally consisted of a quadrangle surrounding a massive rood or cross imposed upon a titanic foundation.[477]

With Rutupiae, of which theRutumay be connoted with theroodwithin its precincts, Mr. Roach Smith, in hisAntiquities of Richborough, connotes the Gaulish people known as the Ruteni. The same authority quotes Malebranche as writing “all that part of the coast which lies between Calais and Dunkirk our seamen now callRuthen,” whence it is exceedingly likely that the Reading Street near Broadstairs, and the Rottingdean near Brighton were originally inhabited by children of Reada or Rota.

Apparently “Rotuna” was in some way identified in Italy with Britain, ornatione Britto, for according to Thomas an inscription was discovered at Rome, near Santa MariaRotuna, bearing in strange alphabetical charactersNatione Britto, somewhat analogous at first sight to Hebrew, Greek, or Phœnician letters.[478]

From the plan it will be seen that the northern arm of the Rutupian rood points directly to the high road, and Rutupiæ itself constitutes the root or radical of the great main route leading directly through Rodau’s Town, and Rochester to London Stone. The arms of Rochester orDurobrivum—where, as will be remembered, is a Troy Town—are St. Andrew on hisroueOrrota.

Fig.262.—Arms of Rochester.

The nameDurobrivæwas also applied by the Romans to the Icenian town of Caistor, where it is locally proverbial that,

Caister was a city when Norwich was none,And Norwich was built of Caistor stone.

Caister was a city when Norwich was none,

And Norwich was built of Caistor stone.

There is a second Caistor which the Romans termed Venta Icenorum: the neighbouring modern Ancaster, the Romans entitled Causeimei. It is always taken for granted that the numerouschesters,casters,cestersof this country are the survivors of some Romancastraor fort.Were this actually the case it is difficult to understand why the Romans called ChesterDeva, AncasterCauseimei, CaistorDurobrivæ, and RochesterDurobrivum: in any case the wordcastrahas to be accounted for, and I think it will be found to be traceable to some prehistoric Judgment Tree, Cause Tree, Case Tree, or Juge Tree. No one knows exactly how “Zeus” was pronounced, but in any case it cannot have been rigid, and in all probability the vocalisation varied fromjuicetosus, and fromjugetojackandcock.[479]

The rider of a race-horse is called ajockey, and the child in the nursery is taught to

Ride acockhorse to Banbury CrossTo see a white lady ride on a white horse.

Ride acockhorse to Banbury Cross

To see a white lady ride on a white horse.

An English CAC horse is illustrated onpage 453, and the White Lady of Banbury who careered to the music of her bells was very certainly the Fairy Queen whom Thomas the Rhymer describes as follows: “Her Steed was of the highest beauty and spirit, and at his mane hung thirty silver bells and nine, which made music to the wind as she paced along. Her saddle was of ivory, laid over with goldsmiths’ work: her stirrups, her dress, all corresponded with her extreme beauty and the magnificence of her array. The fair huntress had her bow in hand, and her arrows at her belt. She led three greyhounds in a leash, and three hounds of scent followed her closely.”

This description might have been written of Diana, in which connection it may be noted that at Doncaster (British Cair Daun), the hobby horse used to figure as“the Queen’s Pony”. Epona, the Celtic horse-goddess, may be equated with the Chanteur or Centaur illustrated on so many of our “degraded” British coins, and Banstead Downs, upon which Ep’s Home stands, may be associated withEpona, and with the shaggy littleponies[480]which ranged inEppingForest. Banstead, by Epsom (in Domesday Benestede), is supposed to have meant “bean-place or store”: at Banwell in Somerset, supposed to have meant “pool of the bones,” there is an earthwork cross which seemingly associates this Banwell with Banbury Cross, and ultimately to the cross of Alban.

The bells on the fingers and bells on the White Lady’s toes may be connoted with the silver bell of the value of 3s. 4d., which in 1571 was the prize awarded at Chester—a town of the Cangians or Cangi—to the horse “which with speede of runninge then should run before all others”.[481]

Fig.263.—Banwell Cross. FromEarthwork of England(A. Hadrian Allcroft).

With this Chester Meeting may be noted Goodwood near Chichester. Chichester is in Sussex, and was anciently the seat of the Regni, a people whose name implies they were followers ofre gnior Regina, but the authorities imagine that Chichester, the county town of Sussex, owesits name to a Saxon Cissa, who also bestowed his patronymic on Cissbury Ring, the famous oval entrenchment near Broadwater. At Cissbury Ring, the largest and finest on the South Downs, great numbers of Neolithic relics have been found, and the name may be connoted with Chisbury Camp near Avebury.

Near Stockport is Geecross, supposedly so named from “an ancient cross erected here by the Gee family”. Presumably that Geecross was thechicross or the Greekchi: the British name for Chichester was CaerKei,[482]which means the fortress of Kei, but at more modern Chichester the famous Market Cross was probably a jack, for the four main streets of Chichester still stand in the form of the jack or red rood. The curious surname Juxon is intimately connected with Chichester; there is an inscription at Goodwood relating to a British ruler named Cogidumnus[483]—apparentlyCogi dominusorCogi Lord—whence it seems probable that Chichester or Chichestra (1297) was as it is to-day anassizeorjugestree, or even possibly a jockey’stre.

The adjacent Goodwood being equivalent toJude wood, it is worthy of notice that Prof. Weekley connotes the name Judson with Juxon. His words are: “The administration of justice occupied a horde of officials from the Justice down to the Catchpole.[484]The official titleJudgeis rarelyfound, and this surname is usually from the female name Judge, which like Jug was used for Judith and later for Jane.

“Janette, Judge, Jennie; a woman’s name (Cotgrave). The names Judson and Juxon sometimes belong to these.”[485]

The wordChesteris probably the same as the neighbouring place-nameGoostrey-cum-Barnshaw inCheshire, and the Barn shaw or Barn hill here connected with Goostrey may be connoted with Loch Goosey near Barhill in Ayrshire.

Chi or Jou, who may be equated with the mysterious but important St. Chei of Cornwall, was probably also once seated at Chee Dale in Derbyshire, at Chew Magna, and Chewton, as well as at the already mentioned Jews Walk and Judges Walk near London.

In Devonshire is a river Shobrook which is authoritatively explained as Old English for “brook ofSceocca,i.e., the devil, Satan!cf.Shuckburgh”: on referring we find Shuckburgh meant—“Nook and castle of the Devil,i.e., Scucca, Satan, a Demon, Evil Spirit;cf.Shugborough”. I have not pursued any inquiries at Shugborough, but it is quite likely that the Saxons regarded the British Shug or Shuck with disfavour: there is little doubt he was closely related to “Old Shock,” the phantom-dog, and the equally unpopular “Jack up the Orchard”. In some parts of England Royal Oak Day is known as Shick Shack Day,[486]and in Surrey children play a game of giant’s stride, known as Merritot or Shuggy Shaw.[487]

Merrie Tot was probably once Merrie Tod or Tad, andShuggy Shaw may reasonably be modernised as Shaggy Jew or Shaggy Joy. It will be remembered that the Wandering Jew,aliasElijah, wore a shag gown (ante,p. 148): this shagginess no doubt typified the radiating beams of the Sun-god, and it may be connoted with the shaggy raiment and long hair of John the Baptist. As shaggy Pan, “the President of the Mountains,” almost certainly gave his name topen, meaning a hill, it may be surmised thatshaw, meaning a wooded hill, is allied to Shuggy Shaw. The surname Bagshaw implies a place-name which originated from Bog or Bogie Shaw: but Bagshawes Cavern at Bradwell, near Buxton,[488]is suggestive of a cave or Canhole[489]attributed to Big Shaw, and the neighbouringTideswell is agreeably reminiscent of MerrieTotor Shuggy Shaw.

In connection withjeu, a game, may be connotedgewgaw, in Mediæval Englishgiuegoue: the pronunciation of this word, according to Skeat, is uncertain, and the origin unknown; he adds, “one sense ofgewgawis a Jew’s Harp;cf.Burgundiangawe, a Jew’s Harp”.

Virgil, in his description of a Trojanjeuorshow, observes—

This contest o’er, the good Æneas sought,A grassy plain, with waving forests crownedAnd sloping hills—fit theatre for sport,Where in the middle of the vale was foundA circus. Hither comes he, ringed aroundWith thousands, here, amidst them, throned on highIn rustic state, he seats him on a mound,And all who in the footrace list to vie,With proffered gifts invites, and tempts their souls to try.[490]

This contest o’er, the good Æneas sought,

A grassy plain, with waving forests crowned

And sloping hills—fit theatre for sport,

Where in the middle of the vale was found

A circus. Hither comes he, ringed around

With thousands, here, amidst them, throned on high

In rustic state, he seats him on a mound,

And all who in the footrace list to vie,

With proffered gifts invites, and tempts their souls to try.[490]

It will be noted that thejugeor showman seats himself amid shaws, upon a toothill or barrow, and doubtless just such eager crowds as collected round Æneas gathered in the ancient hippodrome which once occupied the surroundings of St. John’s Church by Aubrey Walk, Kensington. “St John’s Church,” says Mitton, “stands on a hill, once a grassy mound within the hippodrome enclosure, which is marked in a contemporary map ‘Hill for pedestrians,’ apparently a sort of natural grand-stand.”[491]A large tract of this district was formerly covered by a race-course known as the hippodrome. “It stretched,” continues Mitton, “northward in a great ellipse, and then trended north-west and ended up roughly where is now the Triangle at the west-end of St. Quintin Avenue. It was used for both flat-racing and steeplechasing, and the steeplechase course was more than 2 miles in length. The place was very popular being within easy reach of London, but the ground was never very good for the purpose as it was marshy.”[492]

That the grassy mound or natural grand-stand of St. John was once sacred to the divine Ecne, Chinea, or Hackney, and that this King John or King Han was symbolised by an Invictus or prancing courser is implied from the lines of a Bardic poet: “Lo, he is brought from the firm enclosure with his light-coloured bounding steeds—even the sovereignOn, the ancient, the generous Feeder”.[493]We have seen that in Ireland Sengann meant Old Gann, and that “Saint” John of Kensington was originally Sinjohn, Holy John, or Elgin, seems to be somewhat furtherimplied from the neighbouring Elgin Crescent, Elgin Avenue, and Howley Street.

The Fulham place almost immediately adjacent, considered in conjunction with Fowell Street, suggests that here, as at the more western Fulham, was a home of Foals or wild Fowl, or perhaps of Fal, the Irish Centaur-god.

The sovereign On, the ancient Courser “of the blushing purple and the potent number,” was mightyHu, whose name New, orAncient Yew, is, I think, perpetuated at Newbury—whereHewson is still a family name—at Newington Padox (said to be forpaddocks) in Warsickshire, at Newington near Wye, in Kent, and possibly at otherNewmarkets or tons, which are intimately associated with horse-racing. With the river Noe in Derbyshire may be connoted Noe, the British form of Noah: The Newburns in Scotland and Northumberland can hardly have been so named because they were novel or new rivers, and in view of the fact that British mythology combined Noah’s ark (Welsharch) with a mare, it may be questioned whether the place-name Newark (originally Newarcha), really meant as at present supposedNew Work.[494]It maybe that the Trojan horse story was purely mythological, and had originally relation to the supposition that mankind all emerged from the body of the Solar Horse.

The Kensington Hippodrome was eventually closed down on account of the noise and disorders which arose there, and one may safely assume there was always a certain amount ofrudeness androwdiness among theroutat all hippodromes. Had Herr Cissa, the imaginary Saxon to whom the authorities so generously ascribe Cissbury Ring, Chichester, and many other places, been present on some prehistoric Whit Monday, doubtless like any other personage of importance he would have arrived at Kensington seated in areidi—the equivalent of the Britishrhod. And if further, in accordance with Teutonic wont, Cissa had sneered at the shaggy littlekeffils[495]of the British, certainly some keen Icenian[496]would have pointed out that not only was thekeffilorcafalla horse of very distinguished antiquity, but that the wordcafallreminded him agreeably of the Gaulishchevaland the Iberiancabal, both very chivalrous or cavalryous old words suggestive ofvaliant,valid, and strong Che or Jou.

Hereupon some young Cockney would inevitably have uttered the current British byword—

For acuteness and valour the GreeksFor excessive pride the RomansFor dulness the creeping Saxons.[497]

For acuteness and valour the Greeks

For excessive pride the Romans

For dulness the creeping Saxons.[497]

Unless human nature is very changeable Herr Cissa would then have delivered himself somewhat as follows: “It is really coming to this, that we Germans, the people to whose exquisite Kultur the nations of Europe and of America, too, owe the fact that they no longer consist of hordes of ape-like savages roaming their primordial forests, are about to allow ourselves to be dictated to.”[498]

Irritated by the allusion to ape-like savages one may surmise that a jockey of Chichestra inquired whether Herr Cissa claimed the river Cuckmere and also Cuckoo- orHoundean-Bottom, the field in which Lewes racecourse stands? He might also have insinuated that the White Horse cut in the downs belowHinover[499]in the Cuckmere valley was there long before the inhabitants ofHanoveradopted it as a totem, and that the Juxons were just as much entitled to the sign of the Horse as the Saxons of Saxony, or Sachsen. To this Herr Cissa would have replied that the White Horse at Uffington was a “deplorable abortion,” and that its barbaric design was “a slander on the Saxon standard”. Hereupon a yokel from Cuckhamsley Hill, near Zizeter, sometimes known as Cirencester, probably inquired with a chuckle whether Herr Cissa claimed every Jugestree, Tree of Justice, Esus Tree, Assize or Assembly Tree in the British Islands? He pertinently addedthat in Cirencester, or Churncester, they were in the habit of celebrating at Harvest Home the festival of the Kernababy, or Maiden, which he always understood represented the Corn baby, elsewhere known as the Ivy Girl, or “Sweet Sis”. This youth had a notion that Sweet Sis, or the Lady of the Corn[500]was somehow connected with his native Cirencester, or Zizeter, and he produced a token or coin upon which the well coiffured head of achiclittle maiden or fairy queen was portrayed.[501]

Fig.264.—British. From Evans.

An Icenian charioteer, who explained that his people alternatively termed themselves theJugantes,[502]also produced a medal which he said had been awarded him at Caistor, pointing out that the spike of Corn was the sign of the Kernababy, that the legend under the hackney readCac, and that he rather thought the white horse of the Cuckmere valley and also the one by Cuckhamsley were representations of the same Cock Horse.[503]He added that he had driven straight from Goggeshall in his gig—a kind ofcoachsimilar to that in which the living image of his All Highest used of old time to be ceremoniously paraded.

Herr Cissa hereupon maintained that it was impossible for anyone to drive straight anywhere in a gig, for it was an accepted axiom of the science of language that the word gig, “probably of imitative origin,” meant “to take a wrong direction, to rove at random”.[504]At thisjuncture a venerablecolumbafrom St. Columbs, Nottinghill, intervened and produced an authentic Life of the Great St. Columba, wherein is recorded an incident concerning the holy man’s journey in a gig without its linch pins. “On that day,” he quoted, “there was a great strain on it over long stretches of road,” nevertheless “the car in which he was comfortably seated moved forward without mishap on a straight course.”[505]

Fig.265.—Sculptured Stone, Meigle, Perthshire. FromThe Life of St. Columba(Huyshe, W.).

In view of this feat, and of an illustration of the type of vehicle in which the journey was supposedly accomplished, it was generally accepted that Herr Cissa’s definition ofgigwas fantastic, whereupon the Saxon, protesting, “You do not care one iota for our gigantic works of Kultur and Science, for our social organisation, for our Genius!” asserted the dignity of hisgigdefinition by whipping up his horses, taking a wrong direction, and roving at random from the enclosure.

FOOTNOTES:[400]With Ecne may be connotedech, the Irish forhorse.[401]Irish Myth. Cycle, p. 82.[402]Germania, x.[403]“The senses of the horse are acute though many animals excel it in this respect, but its faculties of observation and memory are both very highly developed. A place once visited or a road once traversed seems never to be forgotten, and many are the cases in which men have owed life and safety to these faculties in their beasts of burden. Even when untrained it is very intelligent: horses left out in winter will scrape away the snow to get at the vegetation beneath it, which cattle are never observed to do.”—Chambers’sEncyclopædia, v., 792.[404]Bayley, H.,The Lost Language of Symbolism, vol. ii.Cf.chapter, “The White Horse”.[405]Nauticaa Mediterranea, Rome, 1601.[406]Brock, M.,The Cross: Heathen and Christian, p. 64.[407]“The oak, tallest and fairest of the wood, was the symbol of Jupiter. The manner in which the principal tree in the grove was consecrated and ordained to be the symbol of Jupiter was as follows: The Druids, with the general consent of the whole order, and all the neighbourhood pitched upon the most beautiful tree, cut off all its side branches and then joined two of them to the highest part of the trunk, so that they extended themselves on either side like the arms of a man, making in the whole the shape of a cross. Above the insertions of these branches and below, they inscribed in the bark of the tree the word Thau, by which they meant God. On the right arm was inscribed Hesus, on the left Belenus, and on the middle of the trunk Tharamus.”—Quoted by Borlase inCornwallfrom “the learned Schedius”.[408]Ancient British Coins, p. 49.[409]The Coin Collector, p. 159.[410]Numismatic Manual, p. 225.[411]Jewitt, L.,English Coins and Tokens, p. 4.[412]Head, Barclay, V.,A Guide to the Coins of the Ancients, p. 1 (B. M.).[413]Akerman, J. Y.,Numismatic Manual, p. 228.[414]Akerman, J. Y.,Numismatic Manual, p. 10.[415]The earliest “Lady” of Byzantium was the fabulous daughter of Io,Cf.Schliemann,Mykene.[416]Macdonald, G.,The Evolution of Coinage, p. 5.[417]Macdonald, G.,The Evolution of Coinage, p. 9.[418]According to Skeatjingle, “a frequentative verb from the basejink,” is allied tochink, andchinkis “an imitative word”.[419]Munro, Dr. Robt.,Prehistoric Britain, p. 45. The italics are mine.[420]Johnson, W.,Folk Memory, p. 321.[421]Bella Gallico, Bk. IV.[422]Crete, the Forerunner of Greece, p. 72.[423]Iliad, XX., 570-80.[424]“It’s you English who don’t know your own language, otherwise you would realise that most of what you call ‘Yankeeisms’ are merely good old English which you have thrown away.”—J. Russell Lowell.[425]As illustratedante,p. 381.[426]Illustrated London News, 10th August, 1918.[427]Cf. Troy, p. 353;Ilios, 619.[428]Il., lix.[429]Hawes, C. H. and H. B.,Crete the Forerunner of Greece, p. 44.[430]Æneid, Book II., 111.[431]Ibid., 20.[432]Johnson, W.,Byways, 419.[433]Sepulchres of Ancient Etruria, p. 10.[434]Johnston, Rev. W. B.,Place-names of England and Wales, p. 2.[435]Morris-Jones, Sir J.,Taliesin, p. 32.[436]Guest, Dr.,Origines Celticæ, ii., 218-27.[437]Fraser, J. B.,Persia.[438]There is an Uffington in Lincoln on the river Welland.[439]Holy Wells, p. 102.[440]Allcroft, A. Hadrian,Earthwork of England, p. 136.[441]P. 16.[442]Carey, Miss E. F.,Folklore, xxv., No. 4, p. 417.[443]Mitton, C. F.,Kensington, p. 58.[444]Iliad, XX., 246, 262.[445]The first lessee of the Manor at Kensington, now known as Holland Park, was a certain Robert Horseman. Holland House being built in a swamp, orholland, may owe its title to that fact or to its having been erected by a Dutchman. The Bog ofAllenin Ireland is authoritatively equated withholland.[446]This information was given me verbally by Miss Mary George of Sennen Cove.[447]Zennor is understood to have meantHoly Land.[448]Proc. of Roy. Ir. Acad., xxxiv., C., 10-11, p. 376.[449]Fraser, J.B.,Persia, p. 132.[450]According to Johnston, Felixstowe was the church of St. Felix of Walton, sometimes said to bestowof Felix, first bishop of East Anglia. “But this does not agree with the form in 1318 Filthstowe which might be ‘filth place,’ place full of dirt or foulness. This is not likely” (p. 259).[451]Cf. Holy Wells.[452]The numerous British Cranbrooks and Cranbournes are assumed to have been the haunts of cranes.[453]Allcroft, A. Hadrian,Earthwork of England, p. 462.[454]Johnson, W.,Folk Memory, p. 321.[455]Domesday Branchtrea, later Branktry. “This must be ’tree ofBranc,’ the same name as in Branksome (Bournemouth), Branxton (Coldstream), and Branxholm (Hawick).”—Johnston, J. B.,Place-names of England and Wales, p. 165.[456]A Guide to the Antiquities of the Iron Age(Brit. Museum), p. 35.[457]Epin old Breton meanthorse;cf. Origines Celticæ, i., 373, 380, 381.[458]Celtic Britain, p. 229.[459]1158 Brimigham; 1166 Bremingeham; 1255 Burmingeham; 1413 Brymecham; 1538 Bromieham.[460]Ancient Britain, p. 282.[461]Historical Works(Bohn’s Library), p. 98.[462]Travels in the East(Bohn’s Library), p. 202.[463]Avebury and Stonehenge, p. 43.[464]A Guide to the Antiquities of the Iron Age, p. 29.[465]Higgens, G.,Celtic Druids, p. lxxiv.[466]Annals, Bk. xii, xii.[467]In 1200 Folkeshull. Of Flixton in Lancashire the authorities suggest, “perhaps a town of the flitch”. Of Flokton in Yorkshire, “Town of an unrecorded Flocca”. I suspect Flokton was really a Folk Dun or Folks Hill.[468]Akerman, p. 166.[469]Slav Tales, p. 182.[470]Fraser, J. B.,Persia, p. 134.[471]The wordsilveris imagined to be derived fromSalube, a town on the Black Sea.[472]Johnston, J. B.,Place-names, p. 445.[473]The Frankish chroniclers assigned the origin of the Franks to Troy. The wordFrankis radically feran or veran.[474]Hope, R. C.,Holy Wells, p. 137.[475]Taliesin, p. 238.[476]Minnis, said to be a Kentish word forcommon, is seemingly the latter portion ofcommunis.[477]“Within the area towards the north-east corner is a solid rectangular platform of masonry, 145 feet by 104 feet, and 5 feet in thickness. In the centre there is a structure of concrete in the form of a cross, 87 feet in length, 7 feet 6 inches wide, which points to the north. The transverse arm, 47 feet long and 22 feet wide, points to the gateway in the west wall. The platform rests upon a mass of masonry reaching downward about 30 feet from the surface, it measures 124 feet north to south and 80 feet east to west. At each corner there are holes 5 to 6 inches square, penetrating through the platform. A subterranean passage, 5 feet high, 3 feet wide, has been excavated under the overhanging platform, around the foundation beneath, which may be entered by visitors.“The efforts that have been made to pierce the masonry have failed in ascertaining whether there are chambers inside. No satisfactory explanation of its origin and purpose has yet been discovered. It may have formed the foundation of a ‘pharos’. The late C. R. Smith, whose opinion on the subject is of especial value, and also later authorities, have thought that this remarkable structure enclosed receptacles either for the storage of water, or for the deposit of treasure awaiting shipment.”—A Short Account of the Records of Richborough(W. D.).[478]Britannia Antiquissima, p. 5.[479]This on the face of it looks far-fetched, but the intermediate forms may easily be traced, and the suggestion is really more rational than the current claim thatfirandquercusare the “same word”.[480]Statues of Epona represent her seated “between foals”.Ancient Britain, p. 279.[481]A small bell swinging in a circle may often be seen to-day as a “flyer” ornament on the heads of London carthorses.[482]Guest, Dr.,Origines Celticæ, ii., p. 159.[483]Tacitus inAgricolagives Cogidumnus an excellent reference to the following effect: “Certain districts were assigned to Cogidumnus, a king who reigned over part of the country. He lived within our own memory, preserving always his faith unviolated, and exhibiting a striking proof of that refined policy, with which it has ever been the practice of Rome to make even kings accomplices in the servitude of mankind.”[484]This functionary is said to have acquired his title by distraining on, or catching the people’s pullets.[485]The Romance of Names, p. 184.[486]Hazlitt, W. C.,Faiths and Folklore, ii., 543.[487]Ibid., ii., 408.[488]AtBickley (Kent) isShawfield Park.[489]The neighbouring “Canholes” will be considered in a later chapter.[490]Æneid, Bk. V., 39.[491]Kensington, p. 89.[492]Ibid., p. 89.[493]Davies, E.,Mytho. of Ancient Druids, p. 528.[494]The oldest church in Ireland (the Oratory of Gallerus) is described as exactly like an upturned boat, and thenaveorshipof every modern sanctuary perpetuates both in form and name the ancient notion of Noah’s Ark, or the Ark of Safety. The ruins of Newark Priory, near Woking, are situated in a marshy mead amid seven branches of the river Wey which even now at times turn the site into a swamp. There is a Newark in Leicestershire and a Newark in St. John’s Parish, Peterborough; here the land is flat and mostly arable. At Newark, in Notts, the situation was seemingly once just such a wilderness of waters as surrounded Newark Priory, in Send Parish, Woking. The ship of Isis, symbolizing the fecund Ark of Nature, figured prominently in popular custom, and the subject demands a chapter at the very least.[495]Keffilmeaninghorseis still used in Worcestershire, and Herefordshire. “This is a pure Welsh word nor need one feel much surprised at finding it in use in counties where the Saxon and the Brython must have had many dealings in horse flesh. But what is significant is the manner in which it is used, for it is employed only for horses of the poorest type, or as a word of abuse from one person to another as when one says—‘you great keffil,’ meaning you clumsy idiot.”—Windle, B. C. A.,Life in Early Britain, p. 209.[496]“The Icenians took up arms, a brave and warlike people.”—Tacitus,Annals.[497]Windle, B. C. A.,Life in Early Britain, p. 210.[498]Quoted inThe Daily Express, 9th October, 1918, fromDer Rheinisch Westfalische Zeitung.[499]Cf.Johnson, W.,Folk Memory, p. 326.[500]The Cornish forcornwasizik.[501]Cf.Fig. 358, p. 596.[502]Evans, Sir J.,Ancient British Coins, p. 404.[503]“Under any circumstances the legendCacon the reverse would have still to be explained.”—Ibid., p. 353.[504]Skeat, p. 212.[505]Huyshe, W.,Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, p. 173.

[400]With Ecne may be connotedech, the Irish forhorse.

[401]Irish Myth. Cycle, p. 82.

[402]Germania, x.

[403]“The senses of the horse are acute though many animals excel it in this respect, but its faculties of observation and memory are both very highly developed. A place once visited or a road once traversed seems never to be forgotten, and many are the cases in which men have owed life and safety to these faculties in their beasts of burden. Even when untrained it is very intelligent: horses left out in winter will scrape away the snow to get at the vegetation beneath it, which cattle are never observed to do.”—Chambers’sEncyclopædia, v., 792.

[404]Bayley, H.,The Lost Language of Symbolism, vol. ii.Cf.chapter, “The White Horse”.

[405]Nauticaa Mediterranea, Rome, 1601.

[406]Brock, M.,The Cross: Heathen and Christian, p. 64.

[407]“The oak, tallest and fairest of the wood, was the symbol of Jupiter. The manner in which the principal tree in the grove was consecrated and ordained to be the symbol of Jupiter was as follows: The Druids, with the general consent of the whole order, and all the neighbourhood pitched upon the most beautiful tree, cut off all its side branches and then joined two of them to the highest part of the trunk, so that they extended themselves on either side like the arms of a man, making in the whole the shape of a cross. Above the insertions of these branches and below, they inscribed in the bark of the tree the word Thau, by which they meant God. On the right arm was inscribed Hesus, on the left Belenus, and on the middle of the trunk Tharamus.”—Quoted by Borlase inCornwallfrom “the learned Schedius”.

[408]Ancient British Coins, p. 49.

[409]The Coin Collector, p. 159.

[410]Numismatic Manual, p. 225.

[411]Jewitt, L.,English Coins and Tokens, p. 4.

[412]Head, Barclay, V.,A Guide to the Coins of the Ancients, p. 1 (B. M.).

[413]Akerman, J. Y.,Numismatic Manual, p. 228.

[414]Akerman, J. Y.,Numismatic Manual, p. 10.

[415]The earliest “Lady” of Byzantium was the fabulous daughter of Io,Cf.Schliemann,Mykene.

[416]Macdonald, G.,The Evolution of Coinage, p. 5.

[417]Macdonald, G.,The Evolution of Coinage, p. 9.

[418]According to Skeatjingle, “a frequentative verb from the basejink,” is allied tochink, andchinkis “an imitative word”.

[419]Munro, Dr. Robt.,Prehistoric Britain, p. 45. The italics are mine.

[420]Johnson, W.,Folk Memory, p. 321.

[421]Bella Gallico, Bk. IV.

[422]Crete, the Forerunner of Greece, p. 72.

[423]Iliad, XX., 570-80.

[424]“It’s you English who don’t know your own language, otherwise you would realise that most of what you call ‘Yankeeisms’ are merely good old English which you have thrown away.”—J. Russell Lowell.

[425]As illustratedante,p. 381.

[426]Illustrated London News, 10th August, 1918.

[427]Cf. Troy, p. 353;Ilios, 619.

[428]Il., lix.

[429]Hawes, C. H. and H. B.,Crete the Forerunner of Greece, p. 44.

[430]Æneid, Book II., 111.

[431]Ibid., 20.

[432]Johnson, W.,Byways, 419.

[433]Sepulchres of Ancient Etruria, p. 10.

[434]Johnston, Rev. W. B.,Place-names of England and Wales, p. 2.

[435]Morris-Jones, Sir J.,Taliesin, p. 32.

[436]Guest, Dr.,Origines Celticæ, ii., 218-27.

[437]Fraser, J. B.,Persia.

[438]There is an Uffington in Lincoln on the river Welland.

[439]Holy Wells, p. 102.

[440]Allcroft, A. Hadrian,Earthwork of England, p. 136.

[441]P. 16.

[442]Carey, Miss E. F.,Folklore, xxv., No. 4, p. 417.

[443]Mitton, C. F.,Kensington, p. 58.

[444]Iliad, XX., 246, 262.

[445]The first lessee of the Manor at Kensington, now known as Holland Park, was a certain Robert Horseman. Holland House being built in a swamp, orholland, may owe its title to that fact or to its having been erected by a Dutchman. The Bog ofAllenin Ireland is authoritatively equated withholland.

[446]This information was given me verbally by Miss Mary George of Sennen Cove.

[447]Zennor is understood to have meantHoly Land.

[448]Proc. of Roy. Ir. Acad., xxxiv., C., 10-11, p. 376.

[449]Fraser, J.B.,Persia, p. 132.

[450]According to Johnston, Felixstowe was the church of St. Felix of Walton, sometimes said to bestowof Felix, first bishop of East Anglia. “But this does not agree with the form in 1318 Filthstowe which might be ‘filth place,’ place full of dirt or foulness. This is not likely” (p. 259).

[451]Cf. Holy Wells.

[452]The numerous British Cranbrooks and Cranbournes are assumed to have been the haunts of cranes.

[453]Allcroft, A. Hadrian,Earthwork of England, p. 462.

[454]Johnson, W.,Folk Memory, p. 321.

[455]Domesday Branchtrea, later Branktry. “This must be ’tree ofBranc,’ the same name as in Branksome (Bournemouth), Branxton (Coldstream), and Branxholm (Hawick).”—Johnston, J. B.,Place-names of England and Wales, p. 165.

[456]A Guide to the Antiquities of the Iron Age(Brit. Museum), p. 35.

[457]Epin old Breton meanthorse;cf. Origines Celticæ, i., 373, 380, 381.

[458]Celtic Britain, p. 229.

[459]1158 Brimigham; 1166 Bremingeham; 1255 Burmingeham; 1413 Brymecham; 1538 Bromieham.

[460]Ancient Britain, p. 282.

[461]Historical Works(Bohn’s Library), p. 98.

[462]Travels in the East(Bohn’s Library), p. 202.

[463]Avebury and Stonehenge, p. 43.

[464]A Guide to the Antiquities of the Iron Age, p. 29.

[465]Higgens, G.,Celtic Druids, p. lxxiv.

[466]Annals, Bk. xii, xii.

[467]In 1200 Folkeshull. Of Flixton in Lancashire the authorities suggest, “perhaps a town of the flitch”. Of Flokton in Yorkshire, “Town of an unrecorded Flocca”. I suspect Flokton was really a Folk Dun or Folks Hill.

[468]Akerman, p. 166.

[469]Slav Tales, p. 182.

[470]Fraser, J. B.,Persia, p. 134.

[471]The wordsilveris imagined to be derived fromSalube, a town on the Black Sea.

[472]Johnston, J. B.,Place-names, p. 445.

[473]The Frankish chroniclers assigned the origin of the Franks to Troy. The wordFrankis radically feran or veran.

[474]Hope, R. C.,Holy Wells, p. 137.

[475]Taliesin, p. 238.

[476]Minnis, said to be a Kentish word forcommon, is seemingly the latter portion ofcommunis.

[477]“Within the area towards the north-east corner is a solid rectangular platform of masonry, 145 feet by 104 feet, and 5 feet in thickness. In the centre there is a structure of concrete in the form of a cross, 87 feet in length, 7 feet 6 inches wide, which points to the north. The transverse arm, 47 feet long and 22 feet wide, points to the gateway in the west wall. The platform rests upon a mass of masonry reaching downward about 30 feet from the surface, it measures 124 feet north to south and 80 feet east to west. At each corner there are holes 5 to 6 inches square, penetrating through the platform. A subterranean passage, 5 feet high, 3 feet wide, has been excavated under the overhanging platform, around the foundation beneath, which may be entered by visitors.“The efforts that have been made to pierce the masonry have failed in ascertaining whether there are chambers inside. No satisfactory explanation of its origin and purpose has yet been discovered. It may have formed the foundation of a ‘pharos’. The late C. R. Smith, whose opinion on the subject is of especial value, and also later authorities, have thought that this remarkable structure enclosed receptacles either for the storage of water, or for the deposit of treasure awaiting shipment.”—A Short Account of the Records of Richborough(W. D.).

“The efforts that have been made to pierce the masonry have failed in ascertaining whether there are chambers inside. No satisfactory explanation of its origin and purpose has yet been discovered. It may have formed the foundation of a ‘pharos’. The late C. R. Smith, whose opinion on the subject is of especial value, and also later authorities, have thought that this remarkable structure enclosed receptacles either for the storage of water, or for the deposit of treasure awaiting shipment.”—A Short Account of the Records of Richborough(W. D.).

[478]Britannia Antiquissima, p. 5.

[479]This on the face of it looks far-fetched, but the intermediate forms may easily be traced, and the suggestion is really more rational than the current claim thatfirandquercusare the “same word”.

[480]Statues of Epona represent her seated “between foals”.Ancient Britain, p. 279.

[481]A small bell swinging in a circle may often be seen to-day as a “flyer” ornament on the heads of London carthorses.

[482]Guest, Dr.,Origines Celticæ, ii., p. 159.

[483]Tacitus inAgricolagives Cogidumnus an excellent reference to the following effect: “Certain districts were assigned to Cogidumnus, a king who reigned over part of the country. He lived within our own memory, preserving always his faith unviolated, and exhibiting a striking proof of that refined policy, with which it has ever been the practice of Rome to make even kings accomplices in the servitude of mankind.”

[484]This functionary is said to have acquired his title by distraining on, or catching the people’s pullets.

[485]The Romance of Names, p. 184.

[486]Hazlitt, W. C.,Faiths and Folklore, ii., 543.

[487]Ibid., ii., 408.

[488]AtBickley (Kent) isShawfield Park.

[489]The neighbouring “Canholes” will be considered in a later chapter.

[490]Æneid, Bk. V., 39.

[491]Kensington, p. 89.

[492]Ibid., p. 89.

[493]Davies, E.,Mytho. of Ancient Druids, p. 528.

[494]The oldest church in Ireland (the Oratory of Gallerus) is described as exactly like an upturned boat, and thenaveorshipof every modern sanctuary perpetuates both in form and name the ancient notion of Noah’s Ark, or the Ark of Safety. The ruins of Newark Priory, near Woking, are situated in a marshy mead amid seven branches of the river Wey which even now at times turn the site into a swamp. There is a Newark in Leicestershire and a Newark in St. John’s Parish, Peterborough; here the land is flat and mostly arable. At Newark, in Notts, the situation was seemingly once just such a wilderness of waters as surrounded Newark Priory, in Send Parish, Woking. The ship of Isis, symbolizing the fecund Ark of Nature, figured prominently in popular custom, and the subject demands a chapter at the very least.

[495]Keffilmeaninghorseis still used in Worcestershire, and Herefordshire. “This is a pure Welsh word nor need one feel much surprised at finding it in use in counties where the Saxon and the Brython must have had many dealings in horse flesh. But what is significant is the manner in which it is used, for it is employed only for horses of the poorest type, or as a word of abuse from one person to another as when one says—‘you great keffil,’ meaning you clumsy idiot.”—Windle, B. C. A.,Life in Early Britain, p. 209.

[496]“The Icenians took up arms, a brave and warlike people.”—Tacitus,Annals.

[497]Windle, B. C. A.,Life in Early Britain, p. 210.

[498]Quoted inThe Daily Express, 9th October, 1918, fromDer Rheinisch Westfalische Zeitung.

[499]Cf.Johnson, W.,Folk Memory, p. 326.

[500]The Cornish forcornwasizik.

[501]Cf.Fig. 358, p. 596.

[502]Evans, Sir J.,Ancient British Coins, p. 404.

[503]“Under any circumstances the legendCacon the reverse would have still to be explained.”—Ibid., p. 353.

[504]Skeat, p. 212.

[505]Huyshe, W.,Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, p. 173.

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