The Project Gutenberg eBook ofArcheological Expedition to Arizona in 1895This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: Archeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895Author: Jesse Walter FewkesRelease date: December 3, 2007 [eBook #23691]Most recently updated: February 2, 2009Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by PM for Bureau of American Ethnology, CarloTraverso, Diane Monico, and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file wasproduced from images generously made available by theBibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) athttp://gallica.bnf.fr)*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 ***
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Archeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895Author: Jesse Walter FewkesRelease date: December 3, 2007 [eBook #23691]Most recently updated: February 2, 2009Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by PM for Bureau of American Ethnology, CarloTraverso, Diane Monico, and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file wasproduced from images generously made available by theBibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) athttp://gallica.bnf.fr)
Title: Archeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895
Author: Jesse Walter Fewkes
Author: Jesse Walter Fewkes
Release date: December 3, 2007 [eBook #23691]Most recently updated: February 2, 2009
Language: English
Credits: Produced by PM for Bureau of American Ethnology, CarloTraverso, Diane Monico, and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file wasproduced from images generously made available by theBibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) athttp://gallica.bnf.fr)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 ***
PageIntroductory note527Plan of the expedition529Ruins in Verde valley536Classification of the ruins536Cavate dwellings537Montezuma Well546Cliff houses of the Red-rocks548Ruins near Schürmann's ranch550Palatki553Honanki558Objects found at Palatki and Honanki569Conclusions regarding the Verde valley ruins573Ruins in Tusayan577General features577The Middle Mesa ruins582Shuñopovi582Mishoñinovi582Chukubi583Payüpki583The East Mesa ruins585Küchaptüvela and Kisakobi585Küküchomo586Kachinba589Tukinobi589Jeditoh valley ruins589Awatobi592Characteristics of the ruin592Nomenclature of Awatobi594Historical knowledge of Awatobi595Legend of the destruction of Awatobi603Evidences of fire in the destruction606The ruins of the mission606The kivas of Awatobi611Old Awatobi614Rooms of the western mound614Smaller Awatobi617Mortuary remains617Shrines619Pottery621Stone implements625Bone objects627Miscellaneous objects628Ornaments in the form of birds and shells628Clay bell628Textile fabrics629Prayer-sticks—Pigments630Objects showing Spanish influence631The ruins of Sikyatki631Traditional knowledge of the pueblo631Nomenclature636Former inhabitants of Sikyatki636General features637The acropolis643Modern gardens646The cemeteries646Pottery650Characteristics—Mortuary pottery650Coiled and indented ware651Smooth undecorated ware652Polished decorated ware652Paleography of the pottery657General features657Human figures660The human hand666Quadrupeds668Reptiles671Tadpoles677Butterflies or moths678Dragon-flies680Birds682Vegetal designs698The sun699Geometric figures701Interpretation of the figures701Crosses702Terraced figures703The crook703The germinative symbol704Broken lines704Decorations on the exterior of food bowls705Pigments728Stone objects729Obsidian732Necklaces, gorgets, and other ornaments733Tobacco pipes733Prayer-sticks736Marine shells and other objects739Perishable contents of mortuary food bowls741FOOTNOTESAPPENDIX743INDEX745
PagePLATEXCIa.Cavate dwellings—Rio Verde537XCIb.Cavate dwellings—Oak creek539XCII.Entrances to cavate ruins541XCIII.Bowlder with pictographs near Wood's ranch545XCIV.Montezuma Well547XCV.Cliff house, Montezuma Well549XCVI.Ruin on the brink of Montezuma Well551XCVII.Pictographs near Cliff ranch, Verde valley553XCVIII.The Red-rocks; Temple canyon555XCIX.Palatki (Ruin I)557C.Palatki (Ruin I)559CI.Front wall of Palatki (Ruin II)561CIIHonanki (Ruin II)563CIII.Walls of Honanki565CIV.Approach to main part of Honanki567CV.Map of the ruins of Tusayan583CVI.The ruins of Küküchomo587CVII.Ground plan of Awatobi603CVIII.Ruins of San Bernardino de Awatobi607CIX.Excavations in the western mound of Awatobi615CX.Excavated room in the western mound of Awatobi617CXI.Vase and mugs from the western mounds of Awatobi618CXII.Paint pots, vase, and dipper from Awatobi620CXIII.Pottery from intramural burial at Awatobi622CXIV.Bone implements from Awatobi and Sikyatki626CXV.Sikyatki mounds from the Kanelba trail637CXVI.Ground plan of Sikyatki639CXVII.Excavated rooms on the acropolis of Sikyatki643CXVIII.Plan of excavated rooms on the acropolis of Sikyatki644CXIX.Coiled and indented pottery from Sikyatki650CXX.Saucers and slipper bowls from Sikyatki652CXXI.Decorated pottery from Sikyatki654CXXII.Decorated pottery from Sikyatki654CXXIII.Decorated pottery from Sikyatki657CXXIV.Decorated pottery from Sikyatki660CXXV.Flat dippers and medicine box from Sikyatki662CXXVI.Double-lobe vases from Sikyatki664CXXVII.Unusual forms of vases from Sikyatki666CXXVIII.Medicine box and pigment pots from Sikyatki668CXXIX.Designs on food bowls from Sikyatki670CXXX.Food bowls with figures of quadrupeds from Sikyatki672CXXXI.Ornamented ladles from Sikyatki674CXXXII.Food bowls with figures of reptiles from Sikyatki676CXXXIII.Bowls and dippers with figures of tadpoles, birds, etc., from Sikyatki676CXXXIV.Food bowls with figures of sun, butterfly, and flower, from Sikyatki676CXXXV.Vases with figures of butterflies from Sikyatki678CXXXVI.Vases with figures of birds and feathers from Sikyatki678CXXXVII.Vessels with figures of human hand, birds, turtle, etc., from Sikyatki680CXXXVIII.Food bowls with figures of birds from Sikyatki682CXXXIX.Food bowls with figures of birds from Sikyatki684CXL.Figures of birds from Sikyatki686CXLI.Food bowls with figures of birds and feathers from Sikyatki688CXLII.Vases, bowls, and ladle with figures of feathers from Sikyatki688CXLIII.Vase with figures of birds from Sikyatki690CXLIV.Vase with figures of birds from Sikyatki690CXLV.Vases with figures of birds from Sikyatki690CXLVI.Bowls and potsherd with figures of birds from Sikyatki692CXLVII.Food bowls with figures of birds from Sikyatki692CXLVIII.Food bowls with symbols of feathers from Sikyatki694CXLIX.Food bowls with symbols of feathers from Sikyatki694CL.Figures of birds and feathers from Sikyatki696CLI.Figures of birds and feathers from Sikyatki696CLII.Food bowls with bird, feather, and flower symbols from Sikyatki698CLIII.Food bowls with figures of birds and feathers from Sikyatki698CLIV.Food bowls with figures of birds and feathers from Sikyatki700CLV.Food bowls with figures of birds and feathers from Sikyatki700CLVI.Food bowls with figures of birds and feathers from Sikyatki700CLVII.Figures of birds and feathers from Sikyatki702CLVIII.Food bowls with figures of sun and related symbols from Sikyatki702CLIX.Cross and related designs from Sikyatki704CLX.Cross and other symbols from Sikyatki704CLXI.Star, sun, and related symbols from Sikyatki704CLXII.Geometric ornamentation from Sikyatki706CLXIII.Food bowls with geometric ornamentation from Sikyatki708CLXIV.Food bowls with geometric ornamentation from Sikyatki710CLXV.Food bowls with geometric ornamentation from Sikyatki714CLXVI.Linear figures on food bowls from Sikyatki718CLXVII.Geometric ornamentation from Awatobi722CLXVIII.Geometric ornamentation from Awatobi726CLXIX.Arrowshaft smoothers, selenite, and symbolic corn from Sikyatki728CLXX.Corn grinder from Sikyatki730CLXXI.Stone implements from Palatki, Awatobi, and Sikyatki732CLXXII.Paint grinder, fetish, lignite, and kaolin disks from Sikyatki734CLXXIII.Pipes, bell, clay birds, and shells from Awatobi and Sikyatki736CLXXIV.Pahos or prayer-sticks from Sikyatki738CLXXV.Pahos or prayer-sticks from Sikyatki738FIGURE245.Plan of cavate dwelling on Rio Verde540246.Casa Montezuma on Beaver creek552247.Ground plan of Palatki (Ruins I and II)554248.Ground plan of Honanki559249.The main ruin of Honanki562250.Structure of wall of Honanki564251.Stone implement from Honanki571252.Tinder tube from Honanki572253.Küküchomo587254.Defensive wall on the East Mesa588255.Ground plan of San Bernardino de Awatobi608256.Structure of house wall of Awatobi615257.Alosaka shrine at Awatobi620258.Shrine at Awatobi621259.Shrine at Awatobi621260.Shrine at Awatobi621261.Clay bell from Awatobi629262.The acropolis of Sikyatki644263.War god shooting an animal (fragment of food bowl)665264.Mountain sheep669265.Mountain lion670266.Plumed serpent672267.Unknown reptile674268.Unknown reptile675269.Unknown reptile676270.Outline of platecxxxv,b678271.Butterfly design on upper surface of platecxxxv,b679272.Man-eagle683273.Pendent feather ornaments on a vase690274.Upper surface of vase with bird decoration691275.Kwataka eating an animal692276.Decoration on the bottom of platecxlvi,f694277.Oblique parallel line decoration706278.Parallel lines fused at one point706279.Parallel lines with zigzag arrangement706280.Parallel lines connected by middle bar707281.Parallel lines of different width; serrate margin707282.Parallel lines of different width; median serrate707283.Parallel lines of different width; marginal serrate707284.Parallel lines and triangles708285.Line with alternate triangles708286.Single line with alternate spurs708287.Single line with hourglass figures708288.Single line with triangles709289.Single line with alternate triangles and ovals709290.Triangles and quadrilaterals709291.Triangle with spurs709292.Rectangle with single line709293.Double triangle; multiple lines710294.Double triangle; terraced edges710295.Single line; closed fret710296.Single line; open fret711297.Single line; broken fret711298.Single line; parts displaced711299.Open fret; attachment displaced711300.Simple rectangular design711301.Rectangular S-form712302.Rectangular S-form with crooks712303.Rectangular S-form with triangles712304.Rectangular S-form with terraced triangles712305.S-form with interdigitating spurs713306.Square with rectangles and parallel lines713307.Rectangles, triangles, stars, and feathers713308.Crook, feathers, and parallel lines713309.Crooks and feathers714310.Rectangle, triangles, and feathers714311.Terraced crook, triangle, and feathers714312.Double key715313.Triangular terrace715314.Crook, serrate end715315.Key pattern; rectangle and triangles716316.Rectangle and crook716317.Crook and tail-feathers716318.Rectangle, triangle, and serrate spurs717319.W-pattern; terminal crooks717320.W-pattern; terminal rectangles717321.W-pattern; terminal terraces and crooks718322.W-pattern; terminal spurs718323.W-pattern; bird form719324.W-pattern; median triangle719325.Double triangle; two breath feathers720326.Double triangle; median trapezoid720327.Double triangle; median rectangle720328.Double compound triangle; median rectangle720329.Double triangle; median triangle721330.Double compound triangle721331.Double rectangle; median rectangle721332.Double rectangle; median triangle721333.Double triangle with crooks722334.W-shape figure; single line with feathers722335.Compound rectangles, triangles, and feathers722336.Double triangle722337.Double triangle and feathers723338.Twin triangles723339.Triangle with terraced appendages723340.Mosaic pattern723341.Rectangles, stars, crooks, and parallel lines724342.Continuous crooks724343.Rectangular terrace pattern724344.Terrace pattern with parallel lines725345.Terrace pattern725346.Triangular pattern with feathers725347.S-pattern726348.Triangular and terrace figures726349.Crook, terrace, and parallel lines726350.Triangles, squares, and terraces726351.Bifurcated rectangular design727352.Lines of life and triangles727353.Infolded triangles727354.Human hand728355.Animal paw, limb, and triangle728356.Kaolin disk729357.Mortuary prayer-stick736
About the close of May, 1895, I was invited to make a collection of objects for the National Museum, illustrating the archeology of the Southwest, especially that phase of pueblo life pertaining to the so-called cliff houses. I was specially urged to make as large a collection as possible, and the choice of locality was generously left to my discretion.
Leaving Washington on the 25th of May, I obtained a collection and returned with it to that city on the 15th of September, having spent three months in the field. The material brought back by the expedition was catalogued under 966 entries, numbering somewhat over a thousand specimens. The majority of these objects are fine examples of mortuary pottery of excellent character, fully 500 of which are decorated.
I was particularly fortunate in my scientific collaborators. Mr F. W. Hodge, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, joined me at Sikyatki, and remained with the expedition until it disbanded, at the close of August. Much of my success in the work at that ruin was due to his advice and aid. He was constantly at the excavations, and the majority of the beautiful specimens were taken out of the graves by him. It is with the greatest pleasure that I am permitted to express my appreciation of his assistance in my archeological investigations at Sikyatki. Mr G. P. Winship, now librarian of the John Carter Brown Library at Providence, visited our camp at the ruin mentioned, and remained with us a few weeks, rendering important aid and adding an enthusiastic student to our number. Mr James S. Judd was a volunteer assistant while we were at Sikyatki, aiding me in many ways, especially in the management of our camp. I need only to refer to the beautiful drawings which accompany this memoir to show how much I am indebted to Mrs Hodge for faithful colored figures of the remarkable pottery uncovered from the Tusayan sands. My party included Mr S. Goddard, of Prescott, Arizona, who served as cook and driver, and Mr Erwin Baer, of the same city, as photographer. The manual work at the ruins was done by a number of young Indians from the East Mesa, who very properly were employed on the Moki reservation. An all too prevalent andoften unjust criticism that Indians will not work if paid for their labor, was not voiced by any of our party. They gave many a weary hour's labor in the hot sun, in their enthusiasm to make the collection as large as possible.
On my return to Washington I was invited to prepare a preliminary account of my work in the field, which the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution did me the honor to publish in his report for 1895. This report was of a very general character, and from necessity limited in pages; consequently it presented only the more salient features of my explorations.
The following account was prepared as a more exhaustive discussion of the results of my summer's work. The memoir is much more extended than I had expected to make it when I accepted the invitation to collect archeological objects for the Museum, and betrays, I fear, imperfections due to the limited time spent in the field. The main object of the expedition was a collection of specimens, the majority of which, now on exhibition in the National Museum, tell their own story regarding its success.
I am under deep obligations to the officers of the Smithsonian Institution, the National Museum, and the Bureau of American Ethnology for many kindnesses, and wish especially to express my thanks to Mr S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, for the opportunity to study the ancient ruins of Tusayan. Nothing had a greater influence on my final decision to abandon other congenial work and undertake this, than my profound respect for the late Dr G. Brown Goode, who suggested the expedition to me and urged me to plan and undertake it.
Jesse Walter Fewkes.
Washington, May, 1897.