[132]el infeliz, a term of mild contempt,the poor fellow.[133]de lo que tiene sobre su cabeza,i.e., the cultured city element.[133a]No es fuera de propósito recordar aquí las semejanzas notables que presentan los argentinos con los árabes. En Argel, en Orán, en Máscara y en los aduares del desierto, ví siempre a los árabes reunidos en cafés, por estarles prohibido el uso de los licores, apiñados en derredor del cantor, generalmente dos que se acompañan de la vihuela a duo, recitando canciones nacionales plañideras como nuestros tristes. La rienda de los árabes es tejida de cuero y con azotera, como las nuestras; el freno de que usamos es el freno árabe, y muchas de nuestras costumbres revelan el contacto de nuestros padres con los moros de la Andalucía. De las fisonomías no se hable: algunos árabes he conocido que jurara haberlos visto en mi país.—El Autor.(Orán, port in Algeria.Máscara, town in Algeria, to the southeast of Orán.azotera. In Argentina reins are often made long enough so that the ends may be used as a whip; these constitute theazotera.no se hable,let us not speak.)[134]de lo que tiene a los pies,i.e., the semicivilized gaucho element of the country.[135]Dondequiera que,Wherever.[137]con ser,though being.[138]no está libre de...,is not free from having some accounts to settle with the police.[139]lo del rapto,the story of the abduction.[140]el poncho. The poncho used by the gauchos is a thick woolen blanket of oblong shape, with a slit in the center so that it may fall over the wearer’s shoulders. It is an inseparable accouterment of the gaucho. It is his winter coat, his raincoat, and his shield to boot, for in his dueling, to which he is much given, the gaucho fights with the knife in one hand and the poncho wrapped around the other hand and arm.[141]se veía salir,there was seen emerging.[142]tomado de la cola,clinging to the tail.[143]la sangrienta lucha,i.e., the struggle between the unitarians and federalists. V. Introduction.[144]Andando esta historia,As this history goes on.[145]En el capítulo primero,i.e., of the author’sFacundo, from which this and the preceding selection are taken.[146]No se olvide,Let it not be forgotten.[147]que en éstos. Translate as if it werey que en éstos.[148]a su tiempo,at the proper time.[149]ocupa. The subject islabrador.[150]lo variado,the variety.[151]Todo lo contrario,Just the opposite.[152]Los límites de la propiedad no están marcados. Later on, when Sarmiento became president, he introduced wire fences to indicate the boundary lines of theestancias.[153]aunque no sepan qué hacerse,though they may not know what to do with themselves.[154]la corbata. To a gaucho the cravat is the mark of the city man.[155]El año 41,i.e., 1841.[156]¡Cómo me ha de ir!How do you suppose![157]estas dos frases,i.e.,¡En Chile! ¡y a pie!In a foreign land! and on foot!Chile, moreover, being a mountainous country, ill suits the gaucho accustomed as he is to the plains of Argentina. Being horseless is of course always a calamity for a gaucho, whether in the pampa or far from it.[158]se dan. V. 2, 9.[159]dónde se le han visto rastros al león,where the tracks of the lion(puma)have been seen.[160]se fraterniza, lit.,it is fraternized; trans.,there drinking and the prodigality of those with means induce comradeship.[161]empiezan a echarse,begin to be laid.[162]la Península,i.e., Spain.[163]¡guerra a cuchillo!war to the knife!The Spanish general, José Palafox Melfi, defender of the city of Zaragoza against the besieging troops of Napoleon (1808-1809), being asked by the French general to surrender, answered with the famous words above mentioned. For this heroic defense of Zaragoza he was made Duke of Zaragoza.[164]a más de un arma,besides being a weapon.[165]a la par de jinete. After the wordsa la parthe wordsde hacer alardeare understood andseris understood beforejineteandvaliente.[166]una esgrima,a form of dueling.[167]Así se ve a estos gauchos,thus these gauchos are seen.[168]por brillar. V. 18, 15.[169]sicorre a la partida,if he gets the better of the rural guards.[170]si su conducta posterior...,i.e., Rosas protected murderers because he himself turned out to be the greatest of murderers later on when he became dictator.[171]En cuanto a los juegos de equitación. Darwin, speaking of the horsemanship of the gaucho, says: “General Rosas is also a perfect horseman—an accomplishment of no small consequence in a country where an assembled army elected its general by the following trial: a troop of unbroken horses, being driven into a corral, were let out through a gateway, above which was a crossbar; it was agreed that whoever should drop from the bar on one of these wild animals, as it rushed out, and should be able, without saddle or bridle, not only to ride it, but also to bring it back to the door of the corral, should be their general. The person who succeeded was accordingly elected; and doubtless made a fit general for such an army. This extraordinary feat has also been performed by Rosas.”[172]Uno le arroja un tiro de bolas,Some one takes a shot at him with the bolas. Thebolasused by the gauchos to catch cattle and game are of two kinds; they may consist of two round stones covered with leather and united by a leather thong about seven or eight feet long; or they may consist of three balls united to a common center. The balls differ in size and weight, depending on the kind of game the gauchos wish to catch. They are twirled around the head and hurled at the feet of the fleeing animal. Light bolas of the first kind are calledlives. Cf. 82, 12.[173]vese salir al jinete corriendo,the rider is seen to emerge running.[174]que han parado en bandidos,who have ended by becoming bandits.[175]van a perderse en el crimen,are lost in crime.[176]que conquistara, trans.,that once conquered.[177]Lagos Pontinos,the Pontine Marshes, the low country surrounding Rome.[178]los Zumalacárregui, los Mina. Tomás de Zumalacárregui (1788-1835) and Javier Mina (1789-1817) were intrepid guerrilla fighters who distinguished themselves in the Peninsular War against Napoleon, and later died in struggles against their own compatriots.[179]Sierra Leona, British colony on the western coast of Africa, between French Guinea and Liberia.[180]que, apocopated form ofporque.[181]capataz de carretas,foreman of a train of ox-carts. For boldness and ruggedness these foremen may well be compared with the American pioneers who crossed the prairies in the forties.[182]algún famoso de tiempo atrás,some one famous in former days.[183]Por supuesto, que. Thequeis redundant.[184]suele haber,there are wont to be.[185]lo. Cf. 29, 2.[186]lo arbitrario,the arbitrariness.[187]sin que sus secuaces duden de ello,without his followers doubting it. The student must bear in mind that, whereaswithoutin English is used only as a preposition, in Spanish its equivalentsinis used as a conjunction when, as in this case, it is followed byque. Spanish clauses introduced bysin que, therefore, must be translated by the prepositionwithoutplus thegerundof the verb.[188]comandante de campaña, an officer exercising both civil and military authority in the country; trans.,country prefect.[189]Todavía una circunstancia nueva,Still another circumstance.[190]en su obediencia.Surefers toel gobierno.[191]Así el gobierno papal. The pontificate of Gregory XVI (1831-1846) was notoriously ill-advised.[192]el sultán. Mustafa IV in 1806, by imperial firman, ratified the election of Mehemet Ali by the sheiks to the pashalik of Egypt. Mehemet Ali (1769-1849), pasha and afterwards viceroy of Egypt, though an illiterate of humble birth, was an extraordinarily clever and astute man. It was only through the intervention of the powers that in 1849, after the rout of the Ottoman forces at the battle of Nezib, he was forced to be satisfied with only the hereditary Viceroyalty of Egypt.[193]destronase. The subject isMehemet Ali.[194]revolución,i.e., the social revolution after the war of independence.[195]López e Ibarra, Artigas y Güemes, Facundo y Rosas. V. Introduction.[196]la ciudad,i.e., Buenos Aires.[197]el camino que él había traído,the path he had followed.[198]otros tantos,so many. The naming of such worthless men as those mentioned to the post of prefect was the equivalent of eliminating that number of prefects.[199]la revolución de las ciudades,i.e., against the Spaniards.[200]la desasociación,i.e.,de la campaña.[201]en la desocupación,originating in idleness.[202]Estos focos,i.e.,la pulpería,la estancia,la venta.[203]en Facundo Quiroga,... For translation rearrange the sentence thus:últimamente en Facundo Quiroga veremos(understood)la campaña triunfante en todas partes sobre las ciudades, y éstas, siendo(understood)dominadas en su espíritu, gobierno, civilización, veremos(understood)formarse, al fin, el gobierno, etc. In the seriesespíritu, gobierno, civilizaciónthe conjunctionyis omitted by asyndeton.[204]montaña,i.e., the Andes.[205]Santiago del Estero. V. map.[206]descollaran,had excelled.[207]Cuzco, city in Peru, capital of the ancient empire of the Incas. V. map.[208]Es su... vagabunda,The entire forest traversed by him in his wanderings is the scene of his activities.[209]Si parece que, etc.,It seems indeed as if the treble string, etc.[210]Zupay. It is of interest to note in this connection that the gaucho of the pampa calls this spiritMandinga, who, although evilly inclined toward men, does at times do them favors.[211]Salamanca. The University of Salamanca was famous in the Middle Ages as a great center of learning. Its motto wasSalamanca, maestra de todas las ciencias. In the thirteenth century Pope Alexander IV, by a bull, made it one of the four great academies of the world. In Argentina, the wordSalamancahas become synonymous with learning used for evil purposes, and means both witchcraft and the school where witchcraft is taught.[212]“payar”. Music plays an important part in all the gatherings among Argentine countrymen. Twopayadores, or bards, engage in a musical contest: each man sings in turn, accompanying himself on the guitar on any improvised subject, and at the end the audience expresses its approval of the winner by its applause.[213]enano de la siesta,the dwarf of the noonday nap. Tradition has it that ghosts walk about in the quiet hours of the noonday nap. This is not surprising if one bears in mind the deep stillness that pervades small Spanish-American towns, particularly those in the interior.[214]montes saladinos,saline mountains. Cf. 42, 14.[215]evoca. The subject isavein the preceding sentence.[216]Turay, Quichua forbrother.[217]atrapado a garrote,clubbed to death.[218]pescado en fisga en el remanso del río,harpooned in the still waters of the river.[219]si no,if not;or else.[220]ashpa-mishqui,tiu-simi,cayanes,queyas,alsomoro-moros(83, 3), Quichua names of different varieties of bees.[221]en escasez,without game.[222]boleada a lives,brought down with lightbolas. Cf. 64, 5.[223]tupo, Quichua name for a measure of any sort; trans.,jar.[224]el locro de su refrigerio habitual,his customary ration oflocro.[225]The brother has taken a position on some branch of the tree beneathla horqueta más alta, so that he could pull on his lasso in the manner of a pulley. From this point, when his sister had reached thehorqueta más alta, he could pretend he was going up, although in reality he was going down.[226]En progresiva nitidez de sombra,With gradual and clear-cut shadows.[227]Note omission ofesafterninguna.[228]payador. Cf. 79, 16.[229]“payadas de contrapunto”. A contest such as the one described in the note to page 79, line 16, is called apayada de contrapunto.[230]Hácese... silencio,Silence falls again.[231]Juan sin Ropa, picturesque name given to the devil by the gauchos.[232]le ha encontrado,i.e.,a la leyenda; trans.,has found in it.[233]la doctrina bíblica delGénesis,i.e., the downfall of man.[234]su orgullo,i.e.,the pride ofSantos Vega.[235]Juan Díaz de Solís, a famous Spanish explorer of the sixteenth century who discovered the Río de la Plata, in 1516, and called it Mar Dulce, thinking he had discovered a sea. Landing on the island of Martín García, he was killed by the Charrúa Indians, a very warlike tribe that occupied the Plata basin.[236]Sebastián Gaboto. The name Cabot is usually connected with Newfoundland, but it has historical importance for Argentina also. Sebastian was the son of the well-known North American explorer, John Cabot. He explored the Plata and Paraná rivers during the reign of Charles V.[237]suyos,i.e.,los hombres de don Nuño de Lara.[238]brindando... amistad,in which Spaniards and Indians, mingling freely, drank to the god of friendship.[239]entrada ya la noche,when night had already fallen.[240]luego que supo su cautividad,as soon as he learned of her captivity.[241]llegó a permitirles,went so far as to permit them.[242]a saetazos,by arrow shots.[243]pudo. Translate as if it werehubiera podido.[244]Corral. As with the English stage the first theatrical performances in Argentina were produced in a courtyard, or open lot.[245]Una chispa... rancho. Religious holidays in Catholic countries are often celebrated with display of fireworks, particularly St. John’s day, June 24.[246]“pacui”. Quichua Indian name for owl, same askacuy.[247]¿oísteis hablar de María?have you heard people speak of Mary?[248]asomado,appearing or looking out.[249]me habéis prometido. The pronoun understood isvos, equivalent here totú. This usage is very common in Argentina. From a very dignified form of address, employed as a rule in addressing kings, it has come to be used in Argentina as the most familiar and colloquial form of address.[250]Será, trans.,Can it be?Note use of the future to denote probability or possibility.[251]pero mientras más grande, mientras más sublime...,menos digna...,but the greater, the more sublime...,the less worthy....[252]confiada,trustingorin confidence.[253]¡Vaya un gran mérito!Well, that is indeed a great virtue![254]cámara,i.e.,de diputados,chamber of deputies.[255]¡Bendición del cielo!Thank heaven![256]¡Dejar la fría...!The infinitive is used elliptically with exclamatory force: trans.,What a joy to leave...![257]Manuela Rosas. The daughter of the Dictator Juan Manuel Rosas.[258]si su amistad con la mía,if her friendship toward me.[259]de esa austera integridad,i.e.,de Alberto.[260]contra él,i.e.,Alberto.[261]a lo alto de la sala,i.e., the speaker’s platform.[262]desolados,panic-stricken.[263]Palermo, a suburb of Buenos Aires.[264]como Isaac. Reference to the sacrifice of Isaac. Cf. Genesis 22:9.[265]desolada,grief-stricken.[266]la mostró. The commoner usage (so also 100, 28,rasgóla) isle.[267]Luján. V. map.[268]pudiendo... momento,since he might be recognized and denounced at any moment.[269]Amigo también,Being also a friend.
[132]el infeliz, a term of mild contempt,the poor fellow.
[132]el infeliz, a term of mild contempt,the poor fellow.
[133]de lo que tiene sobre su cabeza,i.e., the cultured city element.
[133]de lo que tiene sobre su cabeza,i.e., the cultured city element.
[133a]No es fuera de propósito recordar aquí las semejanzas notables que presentan los argentinos con los árabes. En Argel, en Orán, en Máscara y en los aduares del desierto, ví siempre a los árabes reunidos en cafés, por estarles prohibido el uso de los licores, apiñados en derredor del cantor, generalmente dos que se acompañan de la vihuela a duo, recitando canciones nacionales plañideras como nuestros tristes. La rienda de los árabes es tejida de cuero y con azotera, como las nuestras; el freno de que usamos es el freno árabe, y muchas de nuestras costumbres revelan el contacto de nuestros padres con los moros de la Andalucía. De las fisonomías no se hable: algunos árabes he conocido que jurara haberlos visto en mi país.—El Autor.(Orán, port in Algeria.Máscara, town in Algeria, to the southeast of Orán.azotera. In Argentina reins are often made long enough so that the ends may be used as a whip; these constitute theazotera.no se hable,let us not speak.)
[133a]No es fuera de propósito recordar aquí las semejanzas notables que presentan los argentinos con los árabes. En Argel, en Orán, en Máscara y en los aduares del desierto, ví siempre a los árabes reunidos en cafés, por estarles prohibido el uso de los licores, apiñados en derredor del cantor, generalmente dos que se acompañan de la vihuela a duo, recitando canciones nacionales plañideras como nuestros tristes. La rienda de los árabes es tejida de cuero y con azotera, como las nuestras; el freno de que usamos es el freno árabe, y muchas de nuestras costumbres revelan el contacto de nuestros padres con los moros de la Andalucía. De las fisonomías no se hable: algunos árabes he conocido que jurara haberlos visto en mi país.—El Autor.
(Orán, port in Algeria.
Máscara, town in Algeria, to the southeast of Orán.
azotera. In Argentina reins are often made long enough so that the ends may be used as a whip; these constitute theazotera.
no se hable,let us not speak.)
[134]de lo que tiene a los pies,i.e., the semicivilized gaucho element of the country.
[134]de lo que tiene a los pies,i.e., the semicivilized gaucho element of the country.
[135]Dondequiera que,Wherever.
[135]Dondequiera que,Wherever.
[137]con ser,though being.
[137]con ser,though being.
[138]no está libre de...,is not free from having some accounts to settle with the police.
[138]no está libre de...,is not free from having some accounts to settle with the police.
[139]lo del rapto,the story of the abduction.
[139]lo del rapto,the story of the abduction.
[140]el poncho. The poncho used by the gauchos is a thick woolen blanket of oblong shape, with a slit in the center so that it may fall over the wearer’s shoulders. It is an inseparable accouterment of the gaucho. It is his winter coat, his raincoat, and his shield to boot, for in his dueling, to which he is much given, the gaucho fights with the knife in one hand and the poncho wrapped around the other hand and arm.
[140]el poncho. The poncho used by the gauchos is a thick woolen blanket of oblong shape, with a slit in the center so that it may fall over the wearer’s shoulders. It is an inseparable accouterment of the gaucho. It is his winter coat, his raincoat, and his shield to boot, for in his dueling, to which he is much given, the gaucho fights with the knife in one hand and the poncho wrapped around the other hand and arm.
[141]se veía salir,there was seen emerging.
[141]se veía salir,there was seen emerging.
[142]tomado de la cola,clinging to the tail.
[142]tomado de la cola,clinging to the tail.
[143]la sangrienta lucha,i.e., the struggle between the unitarians and federalists. V. Introduction.
[143]la sangrienta lucha,i.e., the struggle between the unitarians and federalists. V. Introduction.
[144]Andando esta historia,As this history goes on.
[144]Andando esta historia,As this history goes on.
[145]En el capítulo primero,i.e., of the author’sFacundo, from which this and the preceding selection are taken.
[145]En el capítulo primero,i.e., of the author’sFacundo, from which this and the preceding selection are taken.
[146]No se olvide,Let it not be forgotten.
[146]No se olvide,Let it not be forgotten.
[147]que en éstos. Translate as if it werey que en éstos.
[147]que en éstos. Translate as if it werey que en éstos.
[148]a su tiempo,at the proper time.
[148]a su tiempo,at the proper time.
[149]ocupa. The subject islabrador.
[149]ocupa. The subject islabrador.
[150]lo variado,the variety.
[150]lo variado,the variety.
[151]Todo lo contrario,Just the opposite.
[151]Todo lo contrario,Just the opposite.
[152]Los límites de la propiedad no están marcados. Later on, when Sarmiento became president, he introduced wire fences to indicate the boundary lines of theestancias.
[152]Los límites de la propiedad no están marcados. Later on, when Sarmiento became president, he introduced wire fences to indicate the boundary lines of theestancias.
[153]aunque no sepan qué hacerse,though they may not know what to do with themselves.
[153]aunque no sepan qué hacerse,though they may not know what to do with themselves.
[154]la corbata. To a gaucho the cravat is the mark of the city man.
[154]la corbata. To a gaucho the cravat is the mark of the city man.
[155]El año 41,i.e., 1841.
[155]El año 41,i.e., 1841.
[156]¡Cómo me ha de ir!How do you suppose!
[156]¡Cómo me ha de ir!How do you suppose!
[157]estas dos frases,i.e.,¡En Chile! ¡y a pie!In a foreign land! and on foot!Chile, moreover, being a mountainous country, ill suits the gaucho accustomed as he is to the plains of Argentina. Being horseless is of course always a calamity for a gaucho, whether in the pampa or far from it.
[157]estas dos frases,i.e.,¡En Chile! ¡y a pie!In a foreign land! and on foot!Chile, moreover, being a mountainous country, ill suits the gaucho accustomed as he is to the plains of Argentina. Being horseless is of course always a calamity for a gaucho, whether in the pampa or far from it.
[158]se dan. V. 2, 9.
[158]se dan. V. 2, 9.
[159]dónde se le han visto rastros al león,where the tracks of the lion(puma)have been seen.
[159]dónde se le han visto rastros al león,where the tracks of the lion(puma)have been seen.
[160]se fraterniza, lit.,it is fraternized; trans.,there drinking and the prodigality of those with means induce comradeship.
[160]se fraterniza, lit.,it is fraternized; trans.,there drinking and the prodigality of those with means induce comradeship.
[161]empiezan a echarse,begin to be laid.
[161]empiezan a echarse,begin to be laid.
[162]la Península,i.e., Spain.
[162]la Península,i.e., Spain.
[163]¡guerra a cuchillo!war to the knife!The Spanish general, José Palafox Melfi, defender of the city of Zaragoza against the besieging troops of Napoleon (1808-1809), being asked by the French general to surrender, answered with the famous words above mentioned. For this heroic defense of Zaragoza he was made Duke of Zaragoza.
[163]¡guerra a cuchillo!war to the knife!The Spanish general, José Palafox Melfi, defender of the city of Zaragoza against the besieging troops of Napoleon (1808-1809), being asked by the French general to surrender, answered with the famous words above mentioned. For this heroic defense of Zaragoza he was made Duke of Zaragoza.
[164]a más de un arma,besides being a weapon.
[164]a más de un arma,besides being a weapon.
[165]a la par de jinete. After the wordsa la parthe wordsde hacer alardeare understood andseris understood beforejineteandvaliente.
[165]a la par de jinete. After the wordsa la parthe wordsde hacer alardeare understood andseris understood beforejineteandvaliente.
[166]una esgrima,a form of dueling.
[166]una esgrima,a form of dueling.
[167]Así se ve a estos gauchos,thus these gauchos are seen.
[167]Así se ve a estos gauchos,thus these gauchos are seen.
[168]por brillar. V. 18, 15.
[168]por brillar. V. 18, 15.
[169]sicorre a la partida,if he gets the better of the rural guards.
[169]sicorre a la partida,if he gets the better of the rural guards.
[170]si su conducta posterior...,i.e., Rosas protected murderers because he himself turned out to be the greatest of murderers later on when he became dictator.
[170]si su conducta posterior...,i.e., Rosas protected murderers because he himself turned out to be the greatest of murderers later on when he became dictator.
[171]En cuanto a los juegos de equitación. Darwin, speaking of the horsemanship of the gaucho, says: “General Rosas is also a perfect horseman—an accomplishment of no small consequence in a country where an assembled army elected its general by the following trial: a troop of unbroken horses, being driven into a corral, were let out through a gateway, above which was a crossbar; it was agreed that whoever should drop from the bar on one of these wild animals, as it rushed out, and should be able, without saddle or bridle, not only to ride it, but also to bring it back to the door of the corral, should be their general. The person who succeeded was accordingly elected; and doubtless made a fit general for such an army. This extraordinary feat has also been performed by Rosas.”
[171]En cuanto a los juegos de equitación. Darwin, speaking of the horsemanship of the gaucho, says: “General Rosas is also a perfect horseman—an accomplishment of no small consequence in a country where an assembled army elected its general by the following trial: a troop of unbroken horses, being driven into a corral, were let out through a gateway, above which was a crossbar; it was agreed that whoever should drop from the bar on one of these wild animals, as it rushed out, and should be able, without saddle or bridle, not only to ride it, but also to bring it back to the door of the corral, should be their general. The person who succeeded was accordingly elected; and doubtless made a fit general for such an army. This extraordinary feat has also been performed by Rosas.”
[172]Uno le arroja un tiro de bolas,Some one takes a shot at him with the bolas. Thebolasused by the gauchos to catch cattle and game are of two kinds; they may consist of two round stones covered with leather and united by a leather thong about seven or eight feet long; or they may consist of three balls united to a common center. The balls differ in size and weight, depending on the kind of game the gauchos wish to catch. They are twirled around the head and hurled at the feet of the fleeing animal. Light bolas of the first kind are calledlives. Cf. 82, 12.
[172]Uno le arroja un tiro de bolas,Some one takes a shot at him with the bolas. Thebolasused by the gauchos to catch cattle and game are of two kinds; they may consist of two round stones covered with leather and united by a leather thong about seven or eight feet long; or they may consist of three balls united to a common center. The balls differ in size and weight, depending on the kind of game the gauchos wish to catch. They are twirled around the head and hurled at the feet of the fleeing animal. Light bolas of the first kind are calledlives. Cf. 82, 12.
[173]vese salir al jinete corriendo,the rider is seen to emerge running.
[173]vese salir al jinete corriendo,the rider is seen to emerge running.
[174]que han parado en bandidos,who have ended by becoming bandits.
[174]que han parado en bandidos,who have ended by becoming bandits.
[175]van a perderse en el crimen,are lost in crime.
[175]van a perderse en el crimen,are lost in crime.
[176]que conquistara, trans.,that once conquered.
[176]que conquistara, trans.,that once conquered.
[177]Lagos Pontinos,the Pontine Marshes, the low country surrounding Rome.
[177]Lagos Pontinos,the Pontine Marshes, the low country surrounding Rome.
[178]los Zumalacárregui, los Mina. Tomás de Zumalacárregui (1788-1835) and Javier Mina (1789-1817) were intrepid guerrilla fighters who distinguished themselves in the Peninsular War against Napoleon, and later died in struggles against their own compatriots.
[178]los Zumalacárregui, los Mina. Tomás de Zumalacárregui (1788-1835) and Javier Mina (1789-1817) were intrepid guerrilla fighters who distinguished themselves in the Peninsular War against Napoleon, and later died in struggles against their own compatriots.
[179]Sierra Leona, British colony on the western coast of Africa, between French Guinea and Liberia.
[179]Sierra Leona, British colony on the western coast of Africa, between French Guinea and Liberia.
[180]que, apocopated form ofporque.
[180]que, apocopated form ofporque.
[181]capataz de carretas,foreman of a train of ox-carts. For boldness and ruggedness these foremen may well be compared with the American pioneers who crossed the prairies in the forties.
[181]capataz de carretas,foreman of a train of ox-carts. For boldness and ruggedness these foremen may well be compared with the American pioneers who crossed the prairies in the forties.
[182]algún famoso de tiempo atrás,some one famous in former days.
[182]algún famoso de tiempo atrás,some one famous in former days.
[183]Por supuesto, que. Thequeis redundant.
[183]Por supuesto, que. Thequeis redundant.
[184]suele haber,there are wont to be.
[184]suele haber,there are wont to be.
[185]lo. Cf. 29, 2.
[185]lo. Cf. 29, 2.
[186]lo arbitrario,the arbitrariness.
[186]lo arbitrario,the arbitrariness.
[187]sin que sus secuaces duden de ello,without his followers doubting it. The student must bear in mind that, whereaswithoutin English is used only as a preposition, in Spanish its equivalentsinis used as a conjunction when, as in this case, it is followed byque. Spanish clauses introduced bysin que, therefore, must be translated by the prepositionwithoutplus thegerundof the verb.
[187]sin que sus secuaces duden de ello,without his followers doubting it. The student must bear in mind that, whereaswithoutin English is used only as a preposition, in Spanish its equivalentsinis used as a conjunction when, as in this case, it is followed byque. Spanish clauses introduced bysin que, therefore, must be translated by the prepositionwithoutplus thegerundof the verb.
[188]comandante de campaña, an officer exercising both civil and military authority in the country; trans.,country prefect.
[188]comandante de campaña, an officer exercising both civil and military authority in the country; trans.,country prefect.
[189]Todavía una circunstancia nueva,Still another circumstance.
[189]Todavía una circunstancia nueva,Still another circumstance.
[190]en su obediencia.Surefers toel gobierno.
[190]en su obediencia.Surefers toel gobierno.
[191]Así el gobierno papal. The pontificate of Gregory XVI (1831-1846) was notoriously ill-advised.
[191]Así el gobierno papal. The pontificate of Gregory XVI (1831-1846) was notoriously ill-advised.
[192]el sultán. Mustafa IV in 1806, by imperial firman, ratified the election of Mehemet Ali by the sheiks to the pashalik of Egypt. Mehemet Ali (1769-1849), pasha and afterwards viceroy of Egypt, though an illiterate of humble birth, was an extraordinarily clever and astute man. It was only through the intervention of the powers that in 1849, after the rout of the Ottoman forces at the battle of Nezib, he was forced to be satisfied with only the hereditary Viceroyalty of Egypt.
[192]el sultán. Mustafa IV in 1806, by imperial firman, ratified the election of Mehemet Ali by the sheiks to the pashalik of Egypt. Mehemet Ali (1769-1849), pasha and afterwards viceroy of Egypt, though an illiterate of humble birth, was an extraordinarily clever and astute man. It was only through the intervention of the powers that in 1849, after the rout of the Ottoman forces at the battle of Nezib, he was forced to be satisfied with only the hereditary Viceroyalty of Egypt.
[193]destronase. The subject isMehemet Ali.
[193]destronase. The subject isMehemet Ali.
[194]revolución,i.e., the social revolution after the war of independence.
[194]revolución,i.e., the social revolution after the war of independence.
[195]López e Ibarra, Artigas y Güemes, Facundo y Rosas. V. Introduction.
[195]López e Ibarra, Artigas y Güemes, Facundo y Rosas. V. Introduction.
[196]la ciudad,i.e., Buenos Aires.
[196]la ciudad,i.e., Buenos Aires.
[197]el camino que él había traído,the path he had followed.
[197]el camino que él había traído,the path he had followed.
[198]otros tantos,so many. The naming of such worthless men as those mentioned to the post of prefect was the equivalent of eliminating that number of prefects.
[198]otros tantos,so many. The naming of such worthless men as those mentioned to the post of prefect was the equivalent of eliminating that number of prefects.
[199]la revolución de las ciudades,i.e., against the Spaniards.
[199]la revolución de las ciudades,i.e., against the Spaniards.
[200]la desasociación,i.e.,de la campaña.
[200]la desasociación,i.e.,de la campaña.
[201]en la desocupación,originating in idleness.
[201]en la desocupación,originating in idleness.
[202]Estos focos,i.e.,la pulpería,la estancia,la venta.
[202]Estos focos,i.e.,la pulpería,la estancia,la venta.
[203]en Facundo Quiroga,... For translation rearrange the sentence thus:últimamente en Facundo Quiroga veremos(understood)la campaña triunfante en todas partes sobre las ciudades, y éstas, siendo(understood)dominadas en su espíritu, gobierno, civilización, veremos(understood)formarse, al fin, el gobierno, etc. In the seriesespíritu, gobierno, civilizaciónthe conjunctionyis omitted by asyndeton.
[203]en Facundo Quiroga,... For translation rearrange the sentence thus:últimamente en Facundo Quiroga veremos(understood)la campaña triunfante en todas partes sobre las ciudades, y éstas, siendo(understood)dominadas en su espíritu, gobierno, civilización, veremos(understood)formarse, al fin, el gobierno, etc. In the seriesespíritu, gobierno, civilizaciónthe conjunctionyis omitted by asyndeton.
[204]montaña,i.e., the Andes.
[204]montaña,i.e., the Andes.
[205]Santiago del Estero. V. map.
[205]Santiago del Estero. V. map.
[206]descollaran,had excelled.
[206]descollaran,had excelled.
[207]Cuzco, city in Peru, capital of the ancient empire of the Incas. V. map.
[207]Cuzco, city in Peru, capital of the ancient empire of the Incas. V. map.
[208]Es su... vagabunda,The entire forest traversed by him in his wanderings is the scene of his activities.
[208]Es su... vagabunda,The entire forest traversed by him in his wanderings is the scene of his activities.
[209]Si parece que, etc.,It seems indeed as if the treble string, etc.
[209]Si parece que, etc.,It seems indeed as if the treble string, etc.
[210]Zupay. It is of interest to note in this connection that the gaucho of the pampa calls this spiritMandinga, who, although evilly inclined toward men, does at times do them favors.
[210]Zupay. It is of interest to note in this connection that the gaucho of the pampa calls this spiritMandinga, who, although evilly inclined toward men, does at times do them favors.
[211]Salamanca. The University of Salamanca was famous in the Middle Ages as a great center of learning. Its motto wasSalamanca, maestra de todas las ciencias. In the thirteenth century Pope Alexander IV, by a bull, made it one of the four great academies of the world. In Argentina, the wordSalamancahas become synonymous with learning used for evil purposes, and means both witchcraft and the school where witchcraft is taught.
[211]Salamanca. The University of Salamanca was famous in the Middle Ages as a great center of learning. Its motto wasSalamanca, maestra de todas las ciencias. In the thirteenth century Pope Alexander IV, by a bull, made it one of the four great academies of the world. In Argentina, the wordSalamancahas become synonymous with learning used for evil purposes, and means both witchcraft and the school where witchcraft is taught.
[212]“payar”. Music plays an important part in all the gatherings among Argentine countrymen. Twopayadores, or bards, engage in a musical contest: each man sings in turn, accompanying himself on the guitar on any improvised subject, and at the end the audience expresses its approval of the winner by its applause.
[212]“payar”. Music plays an important part in all the gatherings among Argentine countrymen. Twopayadores, or bards, engage in a musical contest: each man sings in turn, accompanying himself on the guitar on any improvised subject, and at the end the audience expresses its approval of the winner by its applause.
[213]enano de la siesta,the dwarf of the noonday nap. Tradition has it that ghosts walk about in the quiet hours of the noonday nap. This is not surprising if one bears in mind the deep stillness that pervades small Spanish-American towns, particularly those in the interior.
[213]enano de la siesta,the dwarf of the noonday nap. Tradition has it that ghosts walk about in the quiet hours of the noonday nap. This is not surprising if one bears in mind the deep stillness that pervades small Spanish-American towns, particularly those in the interior.
[214]montes saladinos,saline mountains. Cf. 42, 14.
[214]montes saladinos,saline mountains. Cf. 42, 14.
[215]evoca. The subject isavein the preceding sentence.
[215]evoca. The subject isavein the preceding sentence.
[216]Turay, Quichua forbrother.
[216]Turay, Quichua forbrother.
[217]atrapado a garrote,clubbed to death.
[217]atrapado a garrote,clubbed to death.
[218]pescado en fisga en el remanso del río,harpooned in the still waters of the river.
[218]pescado en fisga en el remanso del río,harpooned in the still waters of the river.
[219]si no,if not;or else.
[219]si no,if not;or else.
[220]ashpa-mishqui,tiu-simi,cayanes,queyas,alsomoro-moros(83, 3), Quichua names of different varieties of bees.
[220]ashpa-mishqui,tiu-simi,cayanes,queyas,alsomoro-moros(83, 3), Quichua names of different varieties of bees.
[221]en escasez,without game.
[221]en escasez,without game.
[222]boleada a lives,brought down with lightbolas. Cf. 64, 5.
[222]boleada a lives,brought down with lightbolas. Cf. 64, 5.
[223]tupo, Quichua name for a measure of any sort; trans.,jar.
[223]tupo, Quichua name for a measure of any sort; trans.,jar.
[224]el locro de su refrigerio habitual,his customary ration oflocro.
[224]el locro de su refrigerio habitual,his customary ration oflocro.
[225]The brother has taken a position on some branch of the tree beneathla horqueta más alta, so that he could pull on his lasso in the manner of a pulley. From this point, when his sister had reached thehorqueta más alta, he could pretend he was going up, although in reality he was going down.
[225]The brother has taken a position on some branch of the tree beneathla horqueta más alta, so that he could pull on his lasso in the manner of a pulley. From this point, when his sister had reached thehorqueta más alta, he could pretend he was going up, although in reality he was going down.
[226]En progresiva nitidez de sombra,With gradual and clear-cut shadows.
[226]En progresiva nitidez de sombra,With gradual and clear-cut shadows.
[227]Note omission ofesafterninguna.
[227]Note omission ofesafterninguna.
[228]payador. Cf. 79, 16.
[228]payador. Cf. 79, 16.
[229]“payadas de contrapunto”. A contest such as the one described in the note to page 79, line 16, is called apayada de contrapunto.
[229]“payadas de contrapunto”. A contest such as the one described in the note to page 79, line 16, is called apayada de contrapunto.
[230]Hácese... silencio,Silence falls again.
[230]Hácese... silencio,Silence falls again.
[231]Juan sin Ropa, picturesque name given to the devil by the gauchos.
[231]Juan sin Ropa, picturesque name given to the devil by the gauchos.
[232]le ha encontrado,i.e.,a la leyenda; trans.,has found in it.
[232]le ha encontrado,i.e.,a la leyenda; trans.,has found in it.
[233]la doctrina bíblica delGénesis,i.e., the downfall of man.
[233]la doctrina bíblica delGénesis,i.e., the downfall of man.
[234]su orgullo,i.e.,the pride ofSantos Vega.
[234]su orgullo,i.e.,the pride ofSantos Vega.
[235]Juan Díaz de Solís, a famous Spanish explorer of the sixteenth century who discovered the Río de la Plata, in 1516, and called it Mar Dulce, thinking he had discovered a sea. Landing on the island of Martín García, he was killed by the Charrúa Indians, a very warlike tribe that occupied the Plata basin.
[235]Juan Díaz de Solís, a famous Spanish explorer of the sixteenth century who discovered the Río de la Plata, in 1516, and called it Mar Dulce, thinking he had discovered a sea. Landing on the island of Martín García, he was killed by the Charrúa Indians, a very warlike tribe that occupied the Plata basin.
[236]Sebastián Gaboto. The name Cabot is usually connected with Newfoundland, but it has historical importance for Argentina also. Sebastian was the son of the well-known North American explorer, John Cabot. He explored the Plata and Paraná rivers during the reign of Charles V.
[236]Sebastián Gaboto. The name Cabot is usually connected with Newfoundland, but it has historical importance for Argentina also. Sebastian was the son of the well-known North American explorer, John Cabot. He explored the Plata and Paraná rivers during the reign of Charles V.
[237]suyos,i.e.,los hombres de don Nuño de Lara.
[237]suyos,i.e.,los hombres de don Nuño de Lara.
[238]brindando... amistad,in which Spaniards and Indians, mingling freely, drank to the god of friendship.
[238]brindando... amistad,in which Spaniards and Indians, mingling freely, drank to the god of friendship.
[239]entrada ya la noche,when night had already fallen.
[239]entrada ya la noche,when night had already fallen.
[240]luego que supo su cautividad,as soon as he learned of her captivity.
[240]luego que supo su cautividad,as soon as he learned of her captivity.
[241]llegó a permitirles,went so far as to permit them.
[241]llegó a permitirles,went so far as to permit them.
[242]a saetazos,by arrow shots.
[242]a saetazos,by arrow shots.
[243]pudo. Translate as if it werehubiera podido.
[243]pudo. Translate as if it werehubiera podido.
[244]Corral. As with the English stage the first theatrical performances in Argentina were produced in a courtyard, or open lot.
[244]Corral. As with the English stage the first theatrical performances in Argentina were produced in a courtyard, or open lot.
[245]Una chispa... rancho. Religious holidays in Catholic countries are often celebrated with display of fireworks, particularly St. John’s day, June 24.
[245]Una chispa... rancho. Religious holidays in Catholic countries are often celebrated with display of fireworks, particularly St. John’s day, June 24.
[246]“pacui”. Quichua Indian name for owl, same askacuy.
[246]“pacui”. Quichua Indian name for owl, same askacuy.
[247]¿oísteis hablar de María?have you heard people speak of Mary?
[247]¿oísteis hablar de María?have you heard people speak of Mary?
[248]asomado,appearing or looking out.
[248]asomado,appearing or looking out.
[249]me habéis prometido. The pronoun understood isvos, equivalent here totú. This usage is very common in Argentina. From a very dignified form of address, employed as a rule in addressing kings, it has come to be used in Argentina as the most familiar and colloquial form of address.
[249]me habéis prometido. The pronoun understood isvos, equivalent here totú. This usage is very common in Argentina. From a very dignified form of address, employed as a rule in addressing kings, it has come to be used in Argentina as the most familiar and colloquial form of address.
[250]Será, trans.,Can it be?Note use of the future to denote probability or possibility.
[250]Será, trans.,Can it be?Note use of the future to denote probability or possibility.
[251]pero mientras más grande, mientras más sublime...,menos digna...,but the greater, the more sublime...,the less worthy....
[251]pero mientras más grande, mientras más sublime...,menos digna...,but the greater, the more sublime...,the less worthy....
[252]confiada,trustingorin confidence.
[252]confiada,trustingorin confidence.
[253]¡Vaya un gran mérito!Well, that is indeed a great virtue!
[253]¡Vaya un gran mérito!Well, that is indeed a great virtue!
[254]cámara,i.e.,de diputados,chamber of deputies.
[254]cámara,i.e.,de diputados,chamber of deputies.
[255]¡Bendición del cielo!Thank heaven!
[255]¡Bendición del cielo!Thank heaven!
[256]¡Dejar la fría...!The infinitive is used elliptically with exclamatory force: trans.,What a joy to leave...!
[256]¡Dejar la fría...!The infinitive is used elliptically with exclamatory force: trans.,What a joy to leave...!
[257]Manuela Rosas. The daughter of the Dictator Juan Manuel Rosas.
[257]Manuela Rosas. The daughter of the Dictator Juan Manuel Rosas.
[258]si su amistad con la mía,if her friendship toward me.
[258]si su amistad con la mía,if her friendship toward me.
[259]de esa austera integridad,i.e.,de Alberto.
[259]de esa austera integridad,i.e.,de Alberto.
[260]contra él,i.e.,Alberto.
[260]contra él,i.e.,Alberto.
[261]a lo alto de la sala,i.e., the speaker’s platform.
[261]a lo alto de la sala,i.e., the speaker’s platform.
[262]desolados,panic-stricken.
[262]desolados,panic-stricken.
[263]Palermo, a suburb of Buenos Aires.
[263]Palermo, a suburb of Buenos Aires.
[264]como Isaac. Reference to the sacrifice of Isaac. Cf. Genesis 22:9.
[264]como Isaac. Reference to the sacrifice of Isaac. Cf. Genesis 22:9.
[265]desolada,grief-stricken.
[265]desolada,grief-stricken.
[266]la mostró. The commoner usage (so also 100, 28,rasgóla) isle.
[266]la mostró. The commoner usage (so also 100, 28,rasgóla) isle.
[267]Luján. V. map.
[267]Luján. V. map.
[268]pudiendo... momento,since he might be recognized and denounced at any moment.
[268]pudiendo... momento,since he might be recognized and denounced at any moment.
[269]Amigo también,Being also a friend.
[269]Amigo también,Being also a friend.