Arithmetic,præcognitarequired in,212; abstracted from material conditions,234; simpler, and therefore more accurate, than geometry,234.
Art, Generation from,598,620.
Asklepiads, traditional training of,2.
Association of Ideas, principles of,477; Aristotle’s account of, perplexed by his sharp distinction of Memory and Reminiscence,478.
Astronomy, the mathematical science most akin to First Philosophy,626.
Atarneus, Aristotle there,4.
Attalid kings of Pergamus, Aristotle’s library at Skepsis buried, to be kept hidden from,36.
Axioms, assumed in Demonstration,212,215,220; a part of Demonstration,219; not always formally enunciated,221; those common to all sciences, scrutinized by Dialectic,221,575; and by First Philosophy,221,425,575,584; the common, not alone sufficient for Demonstration in the special sciences,236; use of the word before, and by, Aristotle,566,575,584.
Bees, partake in Noûs,483,576.
Belief, at variance with Knowledge,182; founded on evidence either syllogistic or inductive,187.
Berlin edition of Aristotle,27,30.
Bernays, his view of “exoteric discourses,�49,52.
Body, animate and inanimate,456; Matter with Aristotle may be, but is not necessarily,456; thorough-going implication of Soul with, in animated subject,458seq.; has three and only three dimensions,630; no infinite,633.
Boëthius, translated Aristotle’s Categoriæ and defended its position,563.
Boêthus the Sidonian, student of Aristotle,38; his recommendation as to order of studying the works,55.
Bonitz, his view of the canon of the Metaphysica,583.
Brain, specially connected with the olfactory organ,470; function of the,480.
Brandis, refers catalogue of Diogenes to Alexandrineliterati,34,40; his view of the canon of the Metaphysica,583.
Bryson, his quadrature of the circle,381.
Canon, Aristotelian,seeAristotle.
Categoriæ, the treatise, not mentioned in Analytica or Topica,56; subject of, how related to that of De Interpretatione,57,59,108,109; deals with Ens in a sense that blends Logic and Ontology,62,108; difference of Aristotle’s procedure in, compared with Physica and Metaphysica,65,103; probably an early composition,80; remained known, when other works of Aristotle were unknown or neglected,563.
Categories, Ten, assumed in Analytica and Topica,56; led up to by a distinction of Entia (Enunciata),59; blending together Logic and Ontology,62; Ens according to the,61,425,594seq. (Metaph.Z.,Η.); enumerated,65; all embodied in First or Complete Ens,66,595; each a Summum Genus, and some wider still,66; not all mutually exclusive,66,73,81,89; may be exemplified, not defined,66; how arrived at,66,76seq.; joined by later logicians with the Predicables,73; stress laid by Aristotle upon the first four,74; why Ten in number — might have been more,74seq.; obtained by logical, not metaphysical, analysis,76; heads of information or answers respecting an individual,77; inferenceasto true character of, from case ofHabereandJacere,79; all, eventhefirst, involve Relativity,80seq.; Mr. J. S. Mill on,90 n.; capital distinction between the first and all the rest,91seq.,563,594; Trendelenburg’s view of their origin,99, likely and plausible,99; compared with Categoriesof the Stoics,100,563, of Plotinus,102,563, of Galen,103.
Cause, Knowledge of, distinguished from knowledge of Fact,223; knowledge of, the perfection of cognition,224,235; one of the four heads of Investigation,238; nature of the question as to,239,608; substantially the same enquiry withCur,Quid, and the Middle Term,240,246; four varieties of,245,611,621; relation among the varieties of,246; how far reciprocal with thecausatum,247,254; has an effect only one?254; the General Notion viewed by Aristotle as a,422.
Chance, source of irregularity in the Kosmos,114,206; affects the rule of Antiphasis,115; Aristotle’s doctrine of, challenged,116; objective correlate to the Problematical Proposition,133,205; principle or cause of Accidents,594; Generations and Constructions proceeding from,598,620.
Change, four varieties of,609.
Chrysippus, on the determination of will by motives,661; his reverence for divination, &c.,662; a foreigner at Athens, without a sphere of political action,662.
Cicero, his encomium on Aristotle’s style,30,41; how far he knew Aristotle’s works,30,31,33,40,50; his use of the word “exoteric,�44,51.
Claudian, referred to,13.
CÅ“lo, Treatise de, connected with what other works,54,653.
Colour, object of vision, action of,466; varieties of, proceeding all from white and black,467.
Common Sense, or Opinion, opposed to Science in Plato and Aristotle,207; Sir W. Hamilton on,565; legitimate meaning of,567; authoritative character of, in one place allowed by Aristotle,569; Aristotle’s conception of, as devoid of scientific authority,573,574.
Compound, The (τὸ σύνολον), of Form and Matter, or the Individual,445,456,599seq.
Concealment, how to be practised by dialectical questioner,356.
Conclusion, of Syllogism, indicates Figure,152,164,167; when more than one,171; true, from false premisses,172use to demonstrate premisses,173; reversed to refute premisses,174; kinds of, in Demonstration, compared,231.
Concomitants, non-essential, no demonstration of,219; no definition of,220; near to Non-Entia,561; little more than a name,593;seeAccident.
Concrete, and Abstract, appellatives not used by Aristotle,65; the, as compound of Form and Matter,456seq.;seeCompound.
Conjunction, Fallacy of,385; how to solve,408.
Consequentis Fallacia,388; not understood before Aristotle,390; how to solve,412.
Construction, kind of Generation,598.
Contradiction, Maxim or Axiom of, depends upon knowledge of quantity and quality of propositions,137,441; not self-evident,144; among thepræcognitaof Demonstration,212,427; not formally enunciated in any special science,221; discussion of, belongs to First Philosophy,422,425, why,426,579; enunciated, as highest and firmest of all principles,425,585; controverted by Aristotle’s predecessors, Herakleitus, Anaxagoras, &c.,427,429,441; Aristotle’s indirect proof of,427seq.,585seq.; applied in the Sokratic Elenchus,441; remarks on Aristotle’s defence of,442; can be supported only by an induction of particular instances,443; enunciated both as a logical and as an ontological formula,579; defended by Aristotle specially against Herakleitus,579.
Contradictory Opposites, pair of, make Antiphasis,111; distinguished from Contrary Opposites,111,124,134; rule of, as to truth and falsity,112; related pairs of, set forth in quaternions,118seq.,170; distinction of from Contrary, fundamental in Logic,137;seeAntiphasis.
Contrariorum,Petitio, in Dialectic,372.
Contrary Opposites (terms),104; Opposites (propositions), distinguished from Contradictory,111,124,134; rule of as to truth and falsity,112.
Conversion (1) of Propositions, import of,144; rules for, with Aristotle’s defective proof thereof,144seq.; can be proved only by Induction,146,147; (2) of Syllogism,174.
Copula,Estas,127,591.
Courage, definition of,525.
Debate, four species of,377.
Definition, among thepræcognitaassumed in Demonstration,212,214,220,221; propositions declaring, attained only in First figure,224; of Essence that depends on extraneous cause,240-44; of Essence without such middle Term,245; three varieties of,245; how to frame a,249; as sought through logical Division,250; to exclude equivocation,251; one of the Predicates, according to Aristotle,276; thesis of,easiest to attack, hardest to defend,285,353; dialecticalLocibearing on,329seq.; how open to attack or defence,330; defects in the setting out of,330; faults in the substance of,332-48; the genuine and perfect,333; general rule for dialectically testing,349; is primarily of Essences, of the other Categories not directly,597; none, of particular Concretes,602,606; is of the Universal or Form,603; whence the unity of the,604,612; none, of eternal Essences,607; analogy of, to Number,611.
Delbœuf, Prof., on indemonstrable truths,229 n.
Demades, with Phokion at the head of the Athenian administration under Alexander,12.
Demochares, nephew of Demosthenes, accuser of Aristotle,14.
Demokritus, disregarded experience,436; his view of the soul,449; made intelligence dependent on sense, which is ever varying,588; recognized one primordial body with three differences — figure, position, arrangement,609; got partial hold of the idea of Ens Potentiâ or Matter,620; atomic doctrine of,634; his reason for the stationariness of the Earth,649; how followed by Epikurus,656-58.
Demonstrative Science,seeDemonstration.
Demonstration, ultimately reducible to two first modes of First figure,155; circular,173,215; subject of Analyt. Post.207; how opposed to Dialectic,209,573; is teaching frompræcognitaassumed,211,214; undemonstrable principles of,215; two doctrines of, opposed by Aristotle,215,228; necessary premisses of,216; conclusion of, must be necessary,218; none, of nonessential concomitants,219; the parts of,219; premisses of, must be essential and appropriate,220; requires admission of universal predicates,221; premisses for, obtained only from Induction,226,258,260,576; implies some truths primary or ultimate,227,230; the unit in,231; of the Universal better than of the Particular,231; Affirmative better than Negative,233; Direct better than Indirect,234; is of the necessary or customary, not of the fortuitous,235,606; none, through sensible perception,235; in default of direct observation,230; relation of, to Definition,240;principiaof, not innate,256;principiaof, how developed upon sensible perception,256,575.
Demophilus, joined in indicting Aristotle for impiety,12.
Demosthenes, reproached for conversing with the bearer of Alexander’s rescript to the Greek cities,11; suicide of,12.
Desire,seeAppetite.
Dexippus, vindicated Aristotle’s Categories,103,563.
Dialectic, how related to Science or Philosophy,47,210,272,273; form of putting questions in,125,275; theses in, variously liable to attack and defence,156,285,352; as conceived by Plato,208,263; by Aristotle placed with Rhetoric in the region of Opinion,208,266,573; opposed to Demonstrative Science and Necessary Truth,209,573; concerned about the Common Axioms of all Science,221,272,574,584; Aristotle claims to be specially original in his theory of,262,418; as conceived and practised by Sokrates,263,436; opposed by Aristotle to Didactic,264,377; province of,266,573; essentially contentious,266,378,397; uses of,271,574; propositions, how classified in,276; procedure of, in contrast with that of Philosophy,353,584; conditions and aims of the practice of,354,361,378; to be practised as a partnership for common intellectual profit,355,367; part of the questioner in,355seq.; part of the respondent in,361seq.; respondent at fault in,366; questioner at fault in,367; four kinds of false argument in,370; outfit for practice of,372; one of four species of debate,377; when and why called eristic or sophistic by Aristotle,379; Aristotle’s distinction of Sophistic from, contested,382,393seq.
Dialogues of Aristotle lost,30,32,49.
Diaphanous, action of the, in vision,466.
Dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter,Fallacia a,386; how to solve,412.
Didactic, confounded by Plato with Dialectic,264; distinguished from Dialectic by Aristotle,264,377; species of Debate,377; scope and conditions of,377;seealsoDemonstration.
Differences, study of, an organon of debate,280.
Differentia, notin, butpredicated of, a Subject,68; ranked with Genus in Aristotle’s list of Predicables,276; discriminated from Genus,313; definition of Species through Genus and,333,601; is Form in the definition,604; logically prior to the Species,607.
Diogenes of Apollonia, his view of the soul,449.
Diogenes Laertius, his catalogue of Aristotle’s works,28, compared with that of Anonymus,29; ignorant of theprincipal works of Aristotle known to us,31; catalogue of, probably of Alexandrine origin,34,41.
Dionysius, younger of Syracuse, visited by Plato,4; corresponded with Plato,7.
Dionysodorus, the Sophist,383.
Dioteles, friend of Aristotle,17.
Διότι, Τό, theWhy, knowledge of,223, one of the four heads of Investigation,238; in search for a middle term,239; relation of, to the questionQuid,239;seeCause.
Disjunction, Fallacy of,385; how to solve,408.
Division Logical, weakness of,163,242; use of, to obtain a definition,250.
Ear, structure of the,468.
Earth, opinions as to positions of,648; opinions as to its state of motion or rest, figure, &c.,649seq.; at rest in the centre of the Kosmos,652; necessarily spherical,652.653; size of,653.
Eclipse, lunar, illustration of Causation from,254,611.
Education of the citizen,543.
Efficient Cause,245.
Elenchus, of Sokrates,263,437; in general,376; the Sophistical,376,404; directions for solving the Sophistical,404.
Emotions, not systematically treated by Aristotle as part of Psychology, but in Ethics and Rhetoric,492.
Empedokles, his disregard of experience,436; his view of the soul,449; criticized by Aristotle,451; made intelligence dependent on sense,588; got partial hold of the idea of Ens Potentiâ or Matter,620; his principle of Friendship,623,628; held the Kosmos to be generated and destroyed alternately,637; held the Heaven to be kept in its place by extreme velocity of rotation,639,650.
End,seeFinal Cause.
Endoxa, premisses of Dialectic,269; not equivalent to the Probable,270; collections to be made of,275, as anorganonof debate,278.
Energy,seeEntelechy.
Ens, four kinds of, viewed with reference to Proposition, and as introductory to the Categories,59;quatenusEns, subject of First Philosophy,59,422,583; a homonymous, equivocal, or multivocal word,60,424,594; not aSummum Genus, but aSummum Analogon,60,584; four main aspects of, in Ontology,60,424; (1)Per Accidens,593; (2) in the sense of Truth,108,594,618; (3) Potential and Actual,614-18 (Metaph.Θ); (4) according to the Categories,594seq. (Metaph.Z,Η; relation among the various aspects of,61,424; aspects (1) and (2) lightly treated in Metaphysica, belonging more to Logic,61; in aspect (4) Logic and Ontology blended,62; in the fullest sense,66,67,96; first analyzed in its logical aspect by Aristotle,97; as conceived in earliest Greek thought,97,436; Plato’s doctrine of,552seq.; Aristotle’s doctrine of,561.
Enstasis(Objection),202.
Entelechy, Soul the first, of a natural organized body,458;seeActuality.
Enthymeme, The,202.
Enunciative speech,109;seeProposition.
Epictetus, authority for Stoical creed,654; his distinction of things in, and not in, our power,661; his respect for dissenting conviction,663.
Epikurus, doctrine of, imperfectly reported,654; his standard of Virtue and Vice,654; ethical theory of, anticipated,654; subordinated bodily pain and pleasure to mental,654; fragment of his last letter,654; his views on Death and the Gods,655,657; founded Justice and Friendship upon Reciprocity,655; specially inculcated Friendship,656; duration and character of his sect,656; his theory misnamed, and hence misunderstood,656; modified atomic theory of Demokritus with an ethical purpose,657; his writings,657,658; provided by atomic deflection (not for Freedom of Will but) for the unpredictable phenomena of nature,658; his view of the nature of Truth,658; disregarded logical theory,658.
Equivocation, of terms,57; detection of, an organon of debate,279; Fallacy of,385; how to solve Fallacy of,407; perhaps most frequent of all fallacies,414.
Eric, of Auxerre, followed Aristotle on Universals,563.
Eristic, given as one of the four Species of Debate,377; really a variety or aspect of Dialectic,377,379.
Error, liabilities to, in (the form of) Syllogism,176; in the matter of premisses,181; particular, within knowledge of the universal,183; three modes of,184, modes of, in regard to propositions as Immediate or Mediate,225.
Esoteric doctrine, as opposed to Exoteric,52.
Essence (Substance), degrees of,63,561; first and fundamental Category,65,67; First, or Hoc Aliquid, subject, never predicate,67,18,561; Second,predicatedof, notin, First,68; Third,68; has itself no contrary, but receives alternately contrary accidents,69,83; relativity of, as a subject for predicates,83,91seq.; First, shades through Second into quality,91; priority of, as subject over predicate, logical, not real,93; treated in Metaphys.Z,595seq.
Essence(Quiddity), propositions declaring, attained only in First figure of Syllogism,224; one of the fourquæsitain Science,238; nature of the question as to,239; how related to the questionCur,240; in all cases undemonstrable, but declared through syllogism, where it has an extraneous cause,244; variously given in the Definition,245; a variety of Cause (Formal)245,611; treated in Metaphys.Z,595seq.