Quæsita, in science, four heads of,238; order of,239; the four, compared,240.
Quality(Quale),third Category, treated fourth,65,72; varieties of,72; admits in some cases, contrariety and graduation,72; foundation of Similarity and Dissimilarity,73; illustrated fromRelata,73; First Essence shades through Second into,91; to Aristotle a mere predicate, highest of substances to Plato,503; is hardly Ens at all,593.
Quantity(Quantum), second. Category,65; Continual, Discrete,70; has no contrary,70; a mere appendage to Essence,595,596.
Quiddity,seeEssence.
Realism, first affirmed by Plato,552,555; problems of, as set out by Porphyry, and discussed before and after,552; scholastic formula of,555; objections, urged against, by Plato himself in Sophistes and Parmenides,556seq.; peculiarity in Plato’s doctrine of,557; impugned by Aristotle,558seq.; character of Aristotle’s objections to,500; counter-theory to, set up by Aristotle,500,501; standard against, raised by Aristotle in his FirstCategory,502; of Plotinus,563; of J. Scotus Erigena,564; of Remigius,564.
Reciprocation, among Terms of Syllogism,185.
Reduction, in Syllogism,153; object and process of,164seq.
Reductio ad ImpossibileorAbsurdum, used in proving modes of Second figure,152; nature of,155,160,168; a case of Reversal of Conclusion for refutation,175; abuse of, guarded against by the argumentNon per Hoc,179.
Regularity, principle of, in the Kosmos,seeNature.
Relata, defined,70.
Relation, fourth Category, treated third,65,70; admits, in some cases, contrariety and graduation,71; too narrowly conceived by Aristotle,80; covers all predicates,82; covers even Essence as Subject,83; an Universal comprehending and pervading all the Categories, rather than a Category itself,84; understood at the widest by some of the ancients,84; comprehensiveness of, conceded by Aristotle himself,84,88.
Relative-Opposita, should rather standOpposite-Relativa,104,105.
Relativity, or Relation,seeRelation; of knowledge, universal (in the sense of Protagoras), impugned by Aristotle,430seq.,589seq.; allowed by Aristotle to pervade all mind,493.
Remigius of Auxerre, went as far as Plato in Realism,564.
Reminiscence, Plato’s doctrine of,212,554; Aristotle’s Tract on Memory and,475; nature of, as distinguished from Memory,470; phenomena of,476.
Resemblances, study of, an organon of debate,280.
Respiration, organ and function of,408.
Reversal of Conclusion,174.
Rhabanus Maurus, followed Aristotle on Universals,503.
Rhetoric, place of, in Aristotle’s philosophy,54; modes of speech dealt with in,111,131; opposed by Plato to Dialectic,208,203; opposed with Dialectic to Science by Aristotle,208,265,266; developed before Aristotle,419.
Rose, Valentine, his view of the catalogue of Diogenes,32.
Sagacity, in divining Middle Term,237.
Sameness, three senses of,277,349.
Scholarchs, Peripatetic, their limited knowledge of Aristotle before Andronikus,30,38.
Science,seeKnowledge.
Sciences, some prior and more accurate than others,210,234,578; classified as Theoretical, Practical, Constructive,423,593; Theoretical subdivided,423,593.
Seneca, authority for Stoical creed,654; a Stoic engaged in active politics,662.
Sensation, knowledge begins from the natural process of,256,483,492; consciousness of, explained,473.
Senses, the five,465seq.; cannot be more than five,472.
Sentientsoul, involves functions of the Nutritive with sensible perception besides,461; distinguishes animals from plants,462; receives the form of theperceptumwithout the matter, as wax an impression from the signet;462; communicated by male in generation, and is complete from birth,463: differs from the Noëtic, in communing with particulars and being dependent on stimulus from without,463seq.,486; grades of,463; has a faculty of discrimination and comparison,464,483; heart, the organ of,464; cannot perceive two distinct sensations at once,473; at the lowest, subject to pleasure and pain, appetite and aversion,473;Phantasy belongs to the,475; Memory belongs to the,475.
Sepulveda, his use of “exoteric,�45.
Signs, Syllogism from,202; distinguished from Proof (τεκμήριον),203; in Physiognomy,204.
Simplikius, defended Aristotle’s Categories,563.
Simul, meaning of,105; as between parts and whole,602.
Skêpsis, Aristotle’s books and manuscripts long kept buried there,36.
Smell, operated through a medium,467; stands below sight and hearing,468; action of,469; organ of,470.
Sokrates, reference to his fate by Aristotle,16; his exposure of equivocal phraseology,58; called for, but did not supply, definitions,141; his conception and practice of Dialectic, to the neglect of Didactic,263; Elenchus of,263,437,441; did nothing but question,418; Greek philosophy before,426; first broke ground for Logic,426; his part in the development of Greek Philosophy,436seq.; peculiarities of, according to Aristotle,437; first inquired into the meaning of universal terms,551,552.
Sokrates, the younger, false analogy of, in defining animal,604.
Solecism, sophistic charge of,385; how to repel,413.
Sophist, the, as understood by Aristotle,376,377,381; as understood by Plato,376; five ends ascribed to,384; not really distinguished by Aristotle from the Dialectician,382,393seq.
Sophistes of Plato, theory of Proposition in,135.
Sophistic, busied about accidents,98,593; as understood by Aristotle,376,382; given as one of four species of debate,377; Aristotle’s conception of, both as to purpose and subject matter, disallowed,382,393seq.;Locibearing on,408; debate, difficulties in,416; borders on Dialectic,417.
Sophistici Elenchi, last book of Topica,56,262; subject of,376; last chapter of,417seq.
Sorites, what was afterwards so called,156.
Soul, according to Plato,446,449,451,461; Alkmæon,449; Herakleitus,449; Diogenes of Apollonia,449; Anaxagoras,449; Empedokles,449; Pythagoreans,450; Xenokrates, criticized by Aristotle,450; theory of Empedokles criticized,451; theory of, as pervading the whole Kosmos,451; all the foregoing theories of, rejected by Aristotle,452; requisites of a good theory of,452; Aristotle’s point of view with regard to,453; the problem of, stated to cover all forms of Life,453; resolved by metaphysical distinction of Form and Matter,454-7; defined accordingly,458; not a separate entity in itself,458; not really, but only logically, separable from body,458; thoroughgoing implication of, with Matter,459,478; is Form, Movent, and Final Cause, of the body as Matter,460,480; makes with body the Living or Animated Body,460,480; varieties of, in an ascending scale,460,481; the lowest or Nutritive,461; the Sentient (also nutritive),462-74,seeSentient; higher functions of, conditioned by lower,474; Phantastic department of,474; the Noëtic or Cogitant,478,seeNoûs, Noëtic; all varieties of, proceed from the region of Form or the Celestial Body,480; Noûs of the,487; not immortal, even the Noëtic, in the individual,489; is, in a certain way, all existent things,493; two parts of, the rational and the irrational,521.
Sound, cause of,467.
Species, is Second Essence,63,68; one of the Predicables in Porphyry’s, not in Aristotle’s, list,276; logically posterior to Genus and to Differentiæ,607.
Speech, significant by convention only,109,111; Enunciative, and other modes of,111.
Speusippus, succeeded Plato in the Academy,7,21; books of, at his death, bought by Aristotle,35; held it impossible to define anything without knowing everything,249; his enumeration of Essences,595,629; ascribed beauty and perfection to results, not to their originating principles,625.
Spinoza, his definition of Substance contrasted with Aristotle’s,93.
Spontaneity, source of irregularity in the Kosmos,115,205; affects the rule of Antiphasis,115; objective correlate to the Problematical Proposition,133,205; Generations and Constructions from,598,620.
Stageira, birthplace of Aristotle,2; destroyed by Philip, restored by Aristotle,6.
Stars, in their nature eternal Essences,626; whence the heat and light of,644; themselves at rest, are carried round in their circles,644; spherical in figure,645,646; (not planets) twinkle, why,645; rates of motion of (planets), as determined by their position,646; irregular sequence of (planets), in respect of complexity of motions,646; partakers of life and action,647; why so many, in the one single First Current,648.
Stilpon, merely disputed on Proposition,136.
Stoics, Categories of the,100,563; their doctrine copiously reported,654; points in which they agreed with the Epikureans,655,663; fatalism of,657; held Self-preservation to be the first principle of Nature,660; inculcated as primaryofficium, to keep in the State of Nature,660; their idea of the Good,660; their distinction of things in our power, and not in our power,661; held the will to be always determined by motives,661; their view of a free mind,661; allowed an interposing Providence,661; ethical purpose of, 662; urged to active life,662; subordinated beneficence, put justice highest,662,663; their respect for individual conviction,663.
Strabo, authority for story of the fate of Aristotle’s library,35,38.
Subject, to bepredicated ofa, distinguished from to beina,59,62,64; which is never employed as predicate,63,68,157; which may also be predicate,63,157; called Term in Analytica,141.
Substance,seeEssence.
Substratum,67,595;seeEssence.
Sun, ever at work,617; whence the heat and light of,644; why seen to move at rising and setting,644; motions of,646.
Sylla, carried library of Apellikon to Rome,37.
Syllogism, principle of, indicated in Categoriæ,65; theory of, claimed by Aristotle as his own work,140,153; defined,143,426; Perfect and Imperfect,143; meaning of, in Plato, specialized in Aristotle,143; conditions of valid,148,155; Premisses, Terms, Figures, &c, of,148seq.; Reduction of,153; mediaeval abuse of,153; Direct or Ostensive, and Indirect,155; has two (even number of) propositions, and three (odd number of) terms,156; how to construct a,157; method of, superior to logical Division,162; from an Hypothesis,168; plurality of conclusions from,171; inversion of,173; conversion of,174; liabilities to error in the use of,176; cases of Reciprocation among terms of,185; antithesis among terms of,185seq.; canons of, common to Demonstration, Dialectic, Rhetoric,186,210,265; the, from Induction,187; prior and more effective as to cognition, than Induction,191; the, from Example,191; relation of, to Induction,192seq.; varieties of Abduction, Objection, Enthymeme, &c,202seq.; Modal,204; theory of, applicable both to Demonstration and Dialectic,207,265; the Demonstrative or Scientific,215,219,265; of ὅτι, and of διότι,223; the unit in,231; scope and matter of the Dialectical,265,267; the Eristic,268,380; the Elenchus, or Refutative,376; the Pseudographic,380; inquiry into Axioms of, falls to First Philosophy,426.
Synonymous things,57.
Taste, operates through contact,469; a variety of Touch,471; organ of,471.
Tautology, sophistic charge of,385; how to repel,413.
Temperance, definition of,531.
Τεκμήριον (Proof), distinguished from Sign,203.
Terms, as such, subject of Categoriæ,57; things denoted by, distinguished as Homonymous (Equivocal), Synonymous (Univocal), Paronymous — importance of the distinction,57; viewed by Aristotle, as constituents of a Proposition,59; distinguished from Proposition in signification,109,110; the word, used instead of Noun and Verb in Analytica,141; Major, Middle, and Minor, in Syllogism,148; in Syllogism, are often masked,165; reciprocation of, in Syllogism,185; equivocation of, to be attended to in Dialectic,278.
Thales, character of his philosophy,435; supposed the Earth to float at rest on water,649.
Themison, correspondent of Aristotle,7.
Themistius, speaks of an “army of assailants� of Aristotle,26; on the order of theQuæsitain science,238.
Theodoras, developed Rhetoric,419.
Theology, alternative name for First Philosophy or Ontology,59,423.
Theophrastus, left in charge of Aristotle’s school and library,15,35; directions to, in Aristotle’s will,17,18; bought as well as composed books,35; disposition of his library,35,42; wrote on Logic,56; distinguished Affirmation ἐκ μεταθέσεως,122,169; followed Aristotle in treating of Modals,144; assumed convertibility of Universal Negative,146.
Theses, how to find arguments for,157; art of impugning and defending,180; in Dialectic, how open to be impugned,284; chiefly Universal Affirmative,281; comparison of, as subjects of attack and defence,285,352,300.
Thrasyllus, canon of,27,41; tetralogies of,44.
Thrasymachus, developed Rhetoric,419.
Thomas Aquinas, his use of “exoteric,�45.
Τί ἦν εἶναι, Τό,seeEssence(Quiddity).
Timæus, Platonic, summary of the psychological doctrine in the,446-9.
Timarchus, friend of Aristotle,17.
Time, none, outside of the Heaven,277.
Tisias, first writer on Rhetoric,419.
Topica, referred to in Analytica,56; presupposes contents of Categoriæ and De Interpretatione,56; part of one scheme with Analytica,142; design of, specially claimed by Aristotle as original,262; subject of,262,265; First Book of, preliminary to theLoci,283; distribution of,284.
Torstrick, his view of “exoteric discourse,�49.
Touch, most wisely diffused sense,464; operated through contact,468;i.e., apparently,472; most developed in man,471; an aggregate of several senses,471; organ of,471.
Trans-Olfacient, action of the, in Smell,467.
Trans-Sonant, action of the, in Hearing,467.
Trendelenburg, brings the Categories into relation with parts of speech,99.
Truth, Ens in the sense of,60, &c.,seeEns; a mental conjunction or disjunction of terms in conformity with fact,60,111,591,594,618; embodied in the Proposition or Enunciative Speech,109,130.
Tyrannion studied Aristotle’s MSS. At Rome,37-39,43.
Universal, The, knowledge of, with error as to particulars,183; knowledge of, better than of the Particular,231; not perceivable by sense,235; but cf.258; reveals the Cause,235; generated by a process of Induction from particulars,260; controversy about, began with Sokrates and Plato,551; questions as to, set out by Porphyry,552; Plato’s statements as to, collected,553seq.; scholastic formulae of the different theories of,555; Aristotle’s objection to Plato’s Realistic theory of,558seq.; Aristotle’s counter-theory as to,560; is to Aristotle a predicate in or along with the Particular,561,605; later history of the question of, till launched in the schools of the Middle Age,562-4; given as one of the varieties of Essence,595; arguments against its being Essence,605.
Universalia Prima, as premisses in Demonstrative Science,216.
Universe, extends every way,630.
Univocal terms,57.
Vacuum, exists potentially only,615; none, outside of the Heaven,636.
Verb, function of the,109,110,130; the indefinite,118,124.
Virtue, Aristotle’s definition of, examined,521seq.; intellectual and ethical,521; is a medium between two extremes.524.
Vision, most perfect sense,465; colours, the object of,465; effected through media having diaphanous agency,466.
Voice, The,468.
Voluntary and Involuntary actions,525.
Waitz, prints Sophistici Elenchi as last Book of Topica,56.
When,Quando, Category,65,73.
Where,Ubi, Category,65,73.
Words, subjective and objective aspects of,109.
Works of Aristotle, dates of, uncertain,54; in what order to be studied,55; cross-references in the logical,56.
Wyttenbach, started doubts as to Platonic Canon,27.
Xenokrates, fellow-pupil of Aristotle, accompanied him to Atarneus,4; head of the Academy,7; attached to Athenian democracy,10; character of,25; his view of the soul,450.
Xenophanes, improved on by Parmenides,551; his reason for the stationariness of the Earth,649.
Zeller, his view of “exoteric discourse,�49.
Zeno, the Eleatic, argument of, against Motion, paradoxical,365; uses equivocal names as univocal,414; defended the Parmenidean theory dialectically,551.
Zeno, the Stoic, a foreigner at Athens, without a sphere of political action,662.
Zoological Treatises, place of the, among the other works of Aristotle,54.