II.

Fig. 4.

TheAmmonites Grenouilloxi(Fig. 5) offers another variety, which shows the folds gradually being elevated, as these approach the mouth of the shell, into bosses, by which, of course, increased strength is secured where the shell becomes more open, and consequently weaker; at the same time they give a pleasing variety to the form of the shell itself.

TheAmmonites contrarius(Fig. 6) presents many distinguishing characteristics, which are important to the naturalist as distinctive markings, and furnish the artist with a variety of simple elegance which deserves his study. The peculiar arrangement of the ribs, curving off right and left from a line running along the centre of the shell, gives rise to the formation of a series of festoon-like ribs, which add much to the general beauty of this species.

Fig. 5.

“The general principle,” remarks Dr. Buckland, “of dividing and subdividing the ribs, in order to multiply supports as the vault enlarges, is conducted nearly on the same plan, and for the same purpose, as the divisions and subdivisions of the ribs beneath thegroin workin the flat vaulted roofs of the florid Gothic architecture.” In all these arrangements, and also in the bosses or tubercles, we have varieties giving both additional strength and beauty. A striking uniformity is found to prevail in even those shells of the Ammonites which seem the most complicated; andthe elegance of their general appearance will be found to be due to the repetition, at regular intervals, of one symmetrical system of forms. In many of these fossil shells the pearly plates are dovetailed together in a curious and beautiful manner, the regular disposition of the sutures producing a very elegant foliated appearance. The charm of all these forms, and also of those fossil shells which are allied to the Ammonites, consists in the pleasing impression which is given by the gracefully curved outline, and the waving lines by which the shells are banded.

Fig. 6.

Among the Pectens—a class of shells common to the Sussex chalk—will also be found a great number of forms which, although not unlike many modern species, differ from them in some striking features, and which, independently of their novelty, are so very elegant that they seem peculiarly fitted for ornamental purposes. It has been with much difficulty that we have chosentwo or three illustrations from this class, and we still feel doubtful if our selections exhibit the most favourable samples of their symmetry.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

ThePecten quinquccostatusof Forbes, theJanira Atavaof D’Orbigny (Fig. 7), is a beautiful semicircular shell, with a regularly denticulated edge, its surface being covered with fine transverse striæ. The woodcuts of thePectenorJanira striatacostataand thePecten Dujardinii(Fig. 8and9), serve to exhibit other varietiesof these fossils, and at the same time to show the elegant curvatures of these shells, when viewed in different positions.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.Fig. 11.

TheTrigonia carinata(Fig. 10and11), one of a class of fossils which has particularly engaged the attention of Agassiz, is alsofound in the Cretacean series. It is figured in two different positions, that the elegant outline and the ornamental radiating striæ, regular tubercles, and denticulated margin may be fully seen.

In theCarditawe have the same heart-shaped form, but the ornamental surface is in many respects different. The regular curved lines proceeding from the hinge of the shell, which is itself most delicately formed, present in theCardium mutonianum(Fig. 12), thetuberculataof Sowerby, a most pleasing arrangement of striations. The regularity of these, as shown in the woodcut, particularly recommends this specimen and others of its class as admirably adapted for ornamental purposes, where very delicate and elaborate workmanship can be admitted.

Fig. 12.

TheOpis Sabandiana(Fig. 13) is another of these elegant shells more remarkable for the regular form of its outline than for anyelaboration of the striæ which traverse it, in this respect standing in pleasing contrast with the preceding figure.

Fig. 13.

Among theTrigoniawill be found a vast variety of the most symmetrical forms, most of which are elegantly ornamented.

Fig. 14.

The two representations which we have given of theTrigoniascabra(Fig. 14and15) will convey a general idea of the more striking characteristics of this class of fossils, which are found distributed abundantly over the Portland rocks. The manner in which the folds of the shells overlap each other is singular, and gives to them often a very striking resemblance to the foldings of leaves in the leaf-bud of plants. The curved lines, formed by the small bosses regularly elevated from the striæ, running transversely to these lines in many species, give an exceedingly pleasing outline, which certainly adapts these Trigonia, from the variety of forms thus produced, to the purposes of the art-manufacturer in a peculiar manner.

Fig. 15.

By the wonderful transmutation of organic structures, by those natural processes

“Which turned the ocean-bed to rock,And changed its myriad living swarmsTo the marble’s veined forms,”

we have preserved specimens of the early creations, rivalling in beauty any of those which now exist.

If we can but show that a series of novelties for art may be found by searching over the charnel-houses of the ancient world, possessing the charm of symmetry and that beauty of arrangement and decoration which adapts them, as we believe, to numerous ornamental purposes, we shall be satisfied. We do but suggest an examination. We have confined ourselves to a few of the numerous remains of animal life. “The sermons in stones” are varied beyond the conception of those who have not attempted to read them. Between the earliest attempts of Nature to form a cell in which life should exert its mysteries, up to the most elaborated and gigantic form which ever swam in the ancient waters or roamed in the wide savannahs, there is one unceasing, never-failing effort to multiply the beautiful, and to make it conformable to the useful. In conclusion, we may again remark that whether we seek to copy from Nature her older or her more recent works, we shall find in them all that peculiar charm which

“Can so informThe mind that is within us—so impressWith quietness and beauty—and so feedWith lofty thoughts,”

that the results of that study will be the production of beautiful works, all tending, by their spells, to elevate humanity.

Inthe previous chapter we confined ourselves to a selection of a few fossil shells, with the hope of drawing the attention of the art-manufacturer to a source whence he may gather, from thousands of examples, forms of the utmost symmetry, which appear to fit themselves in a peculiar manner for his especial purposes. The beauty of vegetable forms has, through all time, won the attention of the artist. The lotus and the acanthus are rendered classical by their numerous adaptations to ornamental uses. The ivy and the laurel, the nepenthe and the convolvulus, with numerous other plants and flowers, are to be found moulded and painted on works of ornament and utensils for domestic use through all ages.

Numerous and ever graceful as are the forms of the living vegetable world—and these have been extensively copied—there is a vast field within which diligent search will discover a great variety of plants, which are no less beautiful and far less common than their living analogues, in the bygone flora preserved so strangely in those strata which mark the mutations of our mysterious world.

The flora of the Carboniferous period was of a most extraordinary character, and luxuriant to an extent far exceeding even that which is now exhibited in the forests of equatorial climes. Growing most rapidly and of a lax tissue, these plants were of short duration, and were after death rapidly converted into a mass of uniform structure, such as we have now exhibited in every bedof fossil fuel. Three hundred species of plants belong to the Coal formations of Great Britain alone; and it is found that local causes, with which we are not acquainted, have modified in a strange manner the plastic vegetation of this period; and in what appear to be analogous positions we find whole genera and even orders of plants of very opposite botanical character, presenting a greater disparity of vegetation than countries the most remote in geographical position.[B]Thus within a small area we have a variety of strange forms, few of which do not adapt themselves for ornamental purposes.

Fig. 16.

Fig. 16is thePecopteris lonchiticaorMantelli, a fern abundantly found in thecoal-beds of Newcastle-on-Tyne, which is indeed allied to some of the existing ferns of New Zealand, but differing from them in many of its markings. The graceful arrangement of the frond particularly distinguishes this species.

Our next figure, thePecopteris orcopteridius(Fig. 17), is copied from a specimen found in the coal shale of France, as is alsoFig. 18, theAsplenites nodosus, although this singularly and prettily marked plant is frequently found in other coal districts. In the ferns of the present period we have none which exactly resemble these varieties, and they appear capable of being arranged by the artist into ornaments of an exquisitely graceful character.

Fig. 17.Fig. 18.

Of these kinds numerous varieties exist in the fossil state, in which the alternating arrangements of the fronds, and the systemsof venation, present many pleasing differences. These petrified plants, which grew in the enormous deltas of our island and the Continent which now form the known coal-fields, are often preserved with a delicacy which we could scarcely have expected from the conditions of putrefaction and rapid disintegration which must have gone on around them. And not unfrequently we have singularly beautiful remains of the dissected leaves of these plants (Fig. 19), this being effected doubtless by the action of water on the softer portions of the leaf.

Fig. 19.

TheSphenopteris tridactylites, which exhibits in the arrangement of its fronds one of the most symmetrical forms to be found among this elegant class of plants, can scarcely be sufficiently exhibited in the space we are enabled to afford. It is abundant inthe shales of the mines of Montrelais. In the same district is also found theNeuropteris Heterophylla(Fig. 20), which is remarkable for the arrangement of its fleshy leaves and the regularity of its venations. It must be remembered that our drawing only represents one of the fronds. The grouping of the whole on the straight and slender stem is very beautiful.

Fig. 20.

ThePecopteris Whitbiensis(Fig. 21), which presents manydifferences from the other forms, is copied from a specimen found in a nodule of argillaceous ironstone from the lower shale at Cloughton, and certainly it presents many points of interest.

Among the most remarkable and characteristic plants of the coal formation is theSigillaria, of which extraordinary trailing plant upwards of sixty species have been described.

Fig. 21.

These plants are generally but a few feet in height, though sometimes two yards broad.

Although of universal occurrence, it is singular that it is unaccompanied by any evidence of branches, leaves, flowers, or fruit. The peculiarly lax condition of this enormous tree fern has prevented the preservation of many of the beautiful markings by which the trunk must have been distinguished.

In our selection from such as have been discovered we have given two striking varieties, the first theSigillaria elegans(Fig. 22), as it is figured by Brongniart, and theSigillaria Defrancii(Fig. 23) from St. Ambroise, both of them distinguished by the beauty of their markings. It will be evident upon examination that these strange vegetable wonders of an early world bear a relation to the recent Coniferæ; but this subject, which is one of anxious dispute among fossil botanists, need not detain us. Amid the many varieties of Sigillariæ and Lepidodendrons which are associated with them numerous exquisitely delicate markings occur. The sections of these plants too present, in their medullary rays and slender vascular tissue, systems of arrangement which are curious and ornamental.

Fig. 22.

Having suggested—and we aim at nothing more—that the fossil flora might furnish many tasteful ornaments to the art-manufacturer, we pass hastily to an equally brief and merely

Fig. 23.

suggestive notice if the immense variety of fossil forms allied to those of the coral formations now progressing in the Pacific. The modern corals present to us a great diversity of structure, but they are excelled in all respects by those of the old world. The remains of these labours of insect life are exceedingly numerous; entire mountains are built, for the most part, with them; and the coral animals appear to have been as busy in the ocean which washed the cliffs of the Silurian boundary as it is at the present time on the reefs of Torres Straits and over the Indian Seas.Fig. 24and25represent the external appearance and the interior arrangement of theCalamopora polymorphusorFavosites, which is found at Combe Martin, Ilfracombe, and Plymouth. The arrangement of the tubes or cells, giving to the whole the characterof some of the vegetable productions of the tropics, is very graceful.

Fig. 24.Fig. 25.

Fig. 26.

ThePleurodictyum problematicum(Fig. 26), from the ironstone bands on the banks of the Rhine, is singularly elegant. The disposition of the denticulated channels presenting the appearance of a delicate bead-like tracery, marking out a series of leaf-shaped divisions, gives great beauty to this variety. In the figure copied theSerpyllumcurved in the centre adds too, rather than detracts from, the beauty of the fossil. Indeed, the manner in which Serpylladispose themselves over many of the corals is singularly graceful and capable of many applications.

The following figures of theAstræa geminata(Fig. 27) and theAstræa rotula(Fig. 28), showing their external character and the radiations as exhibited in section, are only intended to display the novel and elegant character which prevails through an almost infinite variety of these coralline forms.

These beautiful creations are produced by animals of the polyp kind, which, possessed of a power of separating the carbonate of lime from sea-water, are constantly engaged in building up around themselves those stone structures which, if not geometrical in all their arrangements, are strikingly varied and beautiful. The coral animal has left traces of its work on the earliest fossil rocks, but in the more recent or Oolitic series the corals are most abundant.

Fig. 27.Fig. 28.

It is almost impossible to select a specimen from any cabinetof the corals of the Oolitic period without being struck with the regularity of arrangement and the variety of beautiful forms produced. It is true that our existing corals bear a strong resemblance to those of the seas of the ancient world, but they differ in specific, and often in generic character, and the fossil remains present forms and dispositions of parts widely varied from those of the recent coral. It is curious and interesting to observe, however, in both species, the same contrivances adapted to provide that resistance to the waves so necessary for the protection of the coral animal, and which especially marks its work.

The extent to which these coralline formations have gone on will be indicated by the fact that the coralline crag at Oxford is exposed at the surface, and the bottom of it has not been reached at the depth of fifty feet. One of the limestone beds of the middle Oolite series of England is a continuous bed of petrified corals, retaining the position in which they grew at the bottom of the sea; and beside these we find scattered through our Oolitic formations an immense quantity of coral remains. Indeed, if we examine the stones of which some of our most admired churches are built, as at Oxford and Cambridge, we shall find that the firmly integrated mass is little else than shells and corals. Thus the labours of hosts of insect architects, working in the ocean which overflowed this island myriads of ages since, are now employed to form those temples which religion consecrates to the Creator of all things.

The elegance of these fossil remains is still further illustratedby the three cuts of thePentacrinites subangularis, the sections of thePentacrinites dubius, and of theEncrinites moniliformis(Fig. 29).

Fig. 29.

An examination of the numerousCystideæ—the class of fossils which are allied to the sea-urchins of our own seas—will convince any one of the constant tendency towards the beautiful in all natural objects. The arrangements of the plates of the Cystideans, ornamented as they are with grooves, striæ, and pores, presenting a very highly ornamented system of sculpture, cannot be excelled by any imaginary design. TheEchino-encrinites, with their curious plate ornaments and radiating bands, are all in the highest degree symmetrical, as are also the star-fishes found in a fossil state, and the numerous animal and vegetable remains of a former world, to which we cannot do more than thus cursorily allude. Many hundreds of similar creations possessing the utmostvariety in their arrangements, and rivalling in geometric regularity and beauty the images of the kaleidoscope, are to be found locked within the stony structure of our fossiliferous rocks.

TheCidaris Blumenbachii(Fig. 30), found in the Jura, is the only specimen of either of those classes of fossil forms which our space will allow of our giving.

Fig. 30.

The elegant form of the Lily Encrinites, as they have been called, is well illustrated by the drawing of theEncrinites moniliformis(Fig. 31), the sections of the stems of which have been already shown (Fig. 29), and theBourgueticrionis crinoidalis(Fig. 32), which at once unites the perfection of lightness and elegance in the disposition of its jointed stem and its crowning inflorescence. These curious links between the animal and the vegetable kingdoms, presenting in their singularly delicate structures the most desirable forms for ornamental disposition, are to be found in great abundance and diversity.

Distributed through every phase of being, the creations of Nature present a chain, each link of which is symmetrical in formand beautiful in its arrangement. If we commence our examination with these forms of the lowest organization, which appear to mark the dawn of vitality on this planet, and trace series after series through the distinguishing strata—each one marking a new epoch in the order of animal existence, and exhibiting new and constantly varied forms—we shall find that order and elegance mark the whole. Many of those strange creations, the Trilobites—and indeed those monsters of that ocean which appears to have prevailed over the dry land, the Saurians—do not appear, upon the first inspection, to bear out this assertion; but an examination of their wonderful armour will at once show that Nature, in her works, never neglects to add to their adornment after she has provided for the necessities of each condition.

Fig. 31.

Fig. 32.

The influence of the study of Nature in refining and purifying the human mind has been often insisted on, and its truth is evident. No effort of human thought, which is of a merely terrestrial character, can ever rise to the truly beautiful. Whether the artist desires to paint upon hiscanvas, to chisel out of marble, to mould in clay, or to cast in metal, forms which shall possess the charm, the secret of inspiring a feeling of the beautiful, he must go to Nature for his inspiration. Looking into the mirror of her works, like the influence of gazing into loving eyes, he draws from it a pure, a holy inspiration, which he may, if his practised hand be obedient to his creative mind, transfer to the gross element which is to express to mankind the power of the true.

Persuaded that but few of those who are engaged on works of art or of art-manufacture have had their attention directed to any of the results of palæontological studies, and feeling confident that an immense store of novelties was to be found amongst the fossil remnants of those days when man was not, the remarks now submitted for their consideration, with every feeling of their imperfections and necessarily sketchy character, will not, it is thought, be without interest.

While dealing with the applications of science to the economic purposes of life, it was thought that a step beyond this mere utilitarian purpose might be allowed, and that the studies of the natural philosopher might be made to minister to the

“Spirit of Beauty, that does consecrateWith its own hues all that it shines uponOf human thought or form.”

These essays were produced twenty-four years since. They were written to serve a special purpose—the subject of art manufacture; being, in 1848, one which was engaging generalattention. With a few verbal corrections the essays remain in the condition in which they were first published. They indicate, however—and they aim at nothing more—with sufficient clearness, a source from which the ingenious artist might multiply his forms for ornamentation. It must not be forgotten that during the past twenty-four years the science of geology has achieved wonders, and the cabinets of the palæontologist have been crowded with the most beautiful forms of organic creation. Ifthenthere existed a store of choice and rare forms, these are multiplied by thousandsnow.

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Illustrated with a Steel Engraving ofChalon’s“MAID OF ATHENS.” Elegantly printed, with Woodcut Head-pieces and Vignettes by Kenny Meadows and others. In square super-royal 16mo, elegantly bound, 3s. 6d.SHAKSPERE’S SONGS,Selected from his Poems and Plays. THE FIRST COMPLETE COLLECTION in a Single Volume. Illustrated with a Steel Engraving of the CHANDOS PORTRAIT. Elegantly printed, with Woodcut Headpieces and Vignettes by Kenny Meadows and others. In square super-royal 16mo, elegantly bound, 3s. 6d.CURIOSITIES OF THE PULPIT AND PULPIT LITERATURE.Memorabilia, Anecdotes, &c., of Celebrated Preachers, from the Fourth Century of the Christian Era to the Present Time. ByThomas Jackson, M.A., Prebendary of St. Paul’s Cathedral, and Rector of Stoke Newington, London. 3s. 6d.A LIFE’S MOTTO.By the Rev.T. Pelham Dale, M.A. Illustrated by Biographical Examples. With a Frontispiece by J. D. Watson. 3s. 6d.St. Augustine—St. Bernard—John Wesley—John Newton—Charles Simeon—Henry Kirke White—Henry Martyn, and Frederick Mackenzie.WATCHERS FOR THE DAWN,AND OTHER STUDIES OF CHRISTIAN CHARACTER. By Mrs.W. R. Lloyd. With Eight Illustrations by James Godwin, printed on Toned Paper, 3s. 6d.THE PATH ON EARTH TO THE GATE OF HEAVEN.Essays of Counsel and Encouragement for the Christian Life of the Present Day. By the Rev.Frederick Arnold, of Christ Church, Oxford. With a Frontispiece. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.THE PILGRIM’S PROGRESS.ByJohn Bunyan. With Twelve Illustrations by C. A. Doyle, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD.ByOliver Goldsmith. With Twelve Full-page Illustrations, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.SANDFORD AND MERTON.ByThomas Day. Small crown 8vo, with Illustrations, 3s. 6d.HOLIDAY ADVENTURES;OR, THE STRETTONS’ SUMMER IN NORMANDY. By Mrs.James Gambier. With Eight Illustrations by Charles Altamont Doyle, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.These Adventures are founded upon Fact.THE STAR OF HOPE AND THE STAFF OF DUTY.TALES OF WOMANLY TRIALS AND VICTORIES. With Eight Illustrations by Julian Portch, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.AUNT AGNES;OR, THE WHY AND THE WHEREFORE OF LIFE. An Autobiography. By aClergyman’s Daughter. With Eight Illustrations by Keeley Halswelle. Printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.A story replete with incident and character.PICTURES OF HEROES, AND LESSONS FROM THEIR LIVES.By Mrs.W. R. Lloyd, Author of “Watchers for the Dawn,” &c. With Eight Illustrations by C. A. Doyle, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.THE SEA AND HER FAMOUS SAILORS.ByFrank B. Goodrich. With Eight Illustrations, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.THE BUSY HIVES AROUND US.A Variety of Trips and Visits to the Mine, the Workshop, and the Factory. With Popular Notes on Materials, Processes, and Machines. With Seven Illustrations, by William Harvey and others, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.ADVENTURES IN THE ICE.A Comprehensive Summary of Arctic Exploration, Discovery, and Adventure, including Experiences ofCaptain Penny, the Veteran Whaler,now first published. ByJohn Tillotson. Crown 8vo, with Portraits of Sir John Franklin—Captain Penny—Dr. Elisha Kent Kane—Dr. Isaac I. Hayes—and Fourteen other Illustrations, 3s. 6d.PIONEERS OF CIVILISATION.By the Author of “Lives of Eminent Men,” &c. With Portraits of Dr. Livingstone—Captain Clapperton—William Penn—Captain Cook—Lord Robert Clive—Captain Flinders—Rev. Henry Martyn—and Ten other Page Illustrations. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.MEN WHO HAVE RISEN.A BOOK FOR BOYS. With Eight Illustrations by Charles A. Doyle. Printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.A boy can hardly fail to be the better for perusing the graphic stones of the rise of the Peel family, and the struggles of such men as Hugh Miller, Wilson the ornithologist, Smeaton the engineer, and Stephenson the railway pioneer.SMALL BEGINNINGS;OR, THE WAY TO GET ON. With Eight Illustrations, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.THE STEADY AIM.A BOOK OF EXAMPLES AND ENCOURAGEMENTS. From Modern Biography. ByW. H. Davenport Adams, Author of “Famous Regiments of the British Army,” &c. With Eight Illustrations by C. A. Doyle, printed on Toned Paper, 3s. 6d.FAMOUS LONDON MERCHANTS.With Life-Portraits of George Peabody—Sir Richard Whittington—Sir Thomas Gresham—Sir Hugh Myddelton—Sir Josiah Child—Paterson, Founder of the Bank of England—Coutts, the Banker—and Seventeen other Illustrations. ByH. R. Fox Bourne, Author of “Merchant Princes of England,” &c. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.WOMEN OF WORTH.A BOOK FOR GIRLS. With Eight Illustrations by William Dickes. Printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, elegantly bound, 3s. 6d.The “Women of Worth” selected include Charlotte Bronté, Elizabeth Fry, Lady Russell, Lady Hutchinson, the Lady Jane Grey, the Empress Maria Theresa, and Caroline Herschel.THE HABITS OF GOOD SOCIETY.A HANDBOOK OF ETIQUETTE for Ladies and Gentlemen. With Thoughts, Hints, and Anecdotes concerning Social Observances, Nice Points of Taste and Good Manners, and the Art of making One’s self agreeable. The whole interspersed with humorous Illustrations of Social Predicaments, Remarks on the History and Changes of Fashion, and the Differences of English and Continental Etiquette. (Frontispiece.) Small crown 8vo, in elegant binding, 3s. 6d.The unanimous opinion of the press has pronounced this accurate, racy, and elegant volume the most complete and trustworthy of all books upon Social Etiquette.

WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED,

HOMES, HAUNTS, AND WORKS OF RUBENS, VANDYCK, REMBRANDT, and CUYP; of the DUTCH GENRE PAINTERS; and of MICHAEL ANGELO and RAFFAELLE. ByF. W. Fairholt, F.S.A. Small 4to, with 133 Woodcut Illustrations, elegantly bound, 12s.

RAMBLES OF AN ARCHÆOLOGIST

AMONG OLD BOOKS AND IN OLD PLACES; being Papers on Art, in relation to Archæology, Painting, Art-Decoration, and Art-Manufacture. ByF. W. Fairholt, F.S.A., small 4to, with 259 Wood Engravings, elegantly bound, 12s.

LIFE OF OUR BLESSED LORD AND SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST.

By the Rev.John Fleetwood, D.D. New Edition, complete in one vol., post 8vo, with Eight full-page Illustrations, 3s. 6d.

FOXE’S BOOK OF MARTYRS.

Being a History of Christian Martyrdom from the Earliest Times. Carefully revised by the Rev.J. M. Crombie, M.A. Post 8vo, price 3s. 6d.

BURNET’S HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION.

Abridged by the Authorfor the Use of Students. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

BYRON’S SONGS,

NOW FIRST COLLECTED IN A SEPARATE VOLUME. Illustrated with a Steel Engraving ofChalon’s“MAID OF ATHENS.” Elegantly printed, with Woodcut Head-pieces and Vignettes by Kenny Meadows and others. In square super-royal 16mo, elegantly bound, 3s. 6d.

SHAKSPERE’S SONGS,

Selected from his Poems and Plays. THE FIRST COMPLETE COLLECTION in a Single Volume. Illustrated with a Steel Engraving of the CHANDOS PORTRAIT. Elegantly printed, with Woodcut Headpieces and Vignettes by Kenny Meadows and others. In square super-royal 16mo, elegantly bound, 3s. 6d.

CURIOSITIES OF THE PULPIT AND PULPIT LITERATURE.

Memorabilia, Anecdotes, &c., of Celebrated Preachers, from the Fourth Century of the Christian Era to the Present Time. ByThomas Jackson, M.A., Prebendary of St. Paul’s Cathedral, and Rector of Stoke Newington, London. 3s. 6d.

A LIFE’S MOTTO.

By the Rev.T. Pelham Dale, M.A. Illustrated by Biographical Examples. With a Frontispiece by J. D. Watson. 3s. 6d.

St. Augustine—St. Bernard—John Wesley—John Newton—Charles Simeon—Henry Kirke White—Henry Martyn, and Frederick Mackenzie.

WATCHERS FOR THE DAWN,

AND OTHER STUDIES OF CHRISTIAN CHARACTER. By Mrs.W. R. Lloyd. With Eight Illustrations by James Godwin, printed on Toned Paper, 3s. 6d.

THE PATH ON EARTH TO THE GATE OF HEAVEN.

Essays of Counsel and Encouragement for the Christian Life of the Present Day. By the Rev.Frederick Arnold, of Christ Church, Oxford. With a Frontispiece. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

THE PILGRIM’S PROGRESS.

ByJohn Bunyan. With Twelve Illustrations by C. A. Doyle, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD.

ByOliver Goldsmith. With Twelve Full-page Illustrations, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

SANDFORD AND MERTON.

ByThomas Day. Small crown 8vo, with Illustrations, 3s. 6d.

HOLIDAY ADVENTURES;

OR, THE STRETTONS’ SUMMER IN NORMANDY. By Mrs.James Gambier. With Eight Illustrations by Charles Altamont Doyle, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

These Adventures are founded upon Fact.

THE STAR OF HOPE AND THE STAFF OF DUTY.

TALES OF WOMANLY TRIALS AND VICTORIES. With Eight Illustrations by Julian Portch, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

AUNT AGNES;

OR, THE WHY AND THE WHEREFORE OF LIFE. An Autobiography. By aClergyman’s Daughter. With Eight Illustrations by Keeley Halswelle. Printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

A story replete with incident and character.

PICTURES OF HEROES, AND LESSONS FROM THEIR LIVES.

By Mrs.W. R. Lloyd, Author of “Watchers for the Dawn,” &c. With Eight Illustrations by C. A. Doyle, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

THE SEA AND HER FAMOUS SAILORS.

ByFrank B. Goodrich. With Eight Illustrations, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

THE BUSY HIVES AROUND US.

A Variety of Trips and Visits to the Mine, the Workshop, and the Factory. With Popular Notes on Materials, Processes, and Machines. With Seven Illustrations, by William Harvey and others, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

ADVENTURES IN THE ICE.

A Comprehensive Summary of Arctic Exploration, Discovery, and Adventure, including Experiences ofCaptain Penny, the Veteran Whaler,now first published. ByJohn Tillotson. Crown 8vo, with Portraits of Sir John Franklin—Captain Penny—Dr. Elisha Kent Kane—Dr. Isaac I. Hayes—and Fourteen other Illustrations, 3s. 6d.

PIONEERS OF CIVILISATION.

By the Author of “Lives of Eminent Men,” &c. With Portraits of Dr. Livingstone—Captain Clapperton—William Penn—Captain Cook—Lord Robert Clive—Captain Flinders—Rev. Henry Martyn—and Ten other Page Illustrations. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

MEN WHO HAVE RISEN.

A BOOK FOR BOYS. With Eight Illustrations by Charles A. Doyle. Printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

A boy can hardly fail to be the better for perusing the graphic stones of the rise of the Peel family, and the struggles of such men as Hugh Miller, Wilson the ornithologist, Smeaton the engineer, and Stephenson the railway pioneer.

SMALL BEGINNINGS;

OR, THE WAY TO GET ON. With Eight Illustrations, printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

THE STEADY AIM.

A BOOK OF EXAMPLES AND ENCOURAGEMENTS. From Modern Biography. ByW. H. Davenport Adams, Author of “Famous Regiments of the British Army,” &c. With Eight Illustrations by C. A. Doyle, printed on Toned Paper, 3s. 6d.

FAMOUS LONDON MERCHANTS.

With Life-Portraits of George Peabody—Sir Richard Whittington—Sir Thomas Gresham—Sir Hugh Myddelton—Sir Josiah Child—Paterson, Founder of the Bank of England—Coutts, the Banker—and Seventeen other Illustrations. ByH. R. Fox Bourne, Author of “Merchant Princes of England,” &c. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

WOMEN OF WORTH.

A BOOK FOR GIRLS. With Eight Illustrations by William Dickes. Printed on Toned Paper. Small crown 8vo, elegantly bound, 3s. 6d.

The “Women of Worth” selected include Charlotte Bronté, Elizabeth Fry, Lady Russell, Lady Hutchinson, the Lady Jane Grey, the Empress Maria Theresa, and Caroline Herschel.

THE HABITS OF GOOD SOCIETY.

A HANDBOOK OF ETIQUETTE for Ladies and Gentlemen. With Thoughts, Hints, and Anecdotes concerning Social Observances, Nice Points of Taste and Good Manners, and the Art of making One’s self agreeable. The whole interspersed with humorous Illustrations of Social Predicaments, Remarks on the History and Changes of Fashion, and the Differences of English and Continental Etiquette. (Frontispiece.) Small crown 8vo, in elegant binding, 3s. 6d.

The unanimous opinion of the press has pronounced this accurate, racy, and elegant volume the most complete and trustworthy of all books upon Social Etiquette.

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