Chapter 9

[1]I am greatly indebted to Prof. W. H. Dall, of the Coast Survey, for assistance in the identification of Pacific coast varieties.

[2]Putnam: in Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 251.

[3]Reiss and Stübel: Necropolis of Ancon, Peru, Plate 83.

[4]De Bry: Collectio Pars 2. Brevis Narratio, 1591, Plate 29.

[5]Kohl: Kitschi-Gami, vol. I, p. 186, Rau, trans.

[6]Cabeça de Vaca: Relation et Naufrages. Paris, 1837, p. 121. Spanish ed., 1555.

[7]Rau, in Smithsonian Report for 1872, p. 376.

[8]Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 233.

[9]Jones: Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee, p. 59.

[10]Ibid., p. 60.

[11]Ibid., p. 45.

[12]Putnam, in Eleventh Annual Report, Peabody Museum, p. 355.

[13]Wyman, in Third Annual Report, Peabody Museum, p. 7.

[14]Wyman, in Third Annual Report, Peabody Museum, p. 8.

[15]Foster: Prehistoric Races of the United States, p. 78.

[16]Since the shell here named is quite small it is probable that the specimens found wereBusycons.

[17]Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Vol. I, p. 361.

[18]Atwater, in Transactions American Antiquarian Society, Vol. I.

[19]Squier and Davis: Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 283.

[20]Ibid., p. 284.

[21]Farquharson, in Proceedings of the Am. Association, 1875, page 296.

[22]Ibid., p. 297.

[23]Putnam, in Eleventh Annual Report, Peabody Museum, p. 235.

[24]I am indebted to Dr. Charles A. White, of the Geological Survey, for the identification of the numerous specimens ofUnionidæmentioned in this paper.

[25]Archæological Explorations by the Literary and Scientific Society of Madisonville, 1879.

[26]Putnam, in Eleventh Annual Report, Peabody Museum, p. 334.

[27]Ibid., p. 344.

[28]Jones: Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 64.

[29]Beverly: History of Virginia, 1722, pl. 10, p. 154.

[30]Strachey, in Hakluyt Society Publications, vol. VI, p. 52.

[31]Ibid., vol. VII, p. 67.

[32]Kalm's Travels, London, 1772, vol. I, p. 341.

[33]Collections New York Historical Society, vol. I, 2nd series, p. 198.

[34]Beverly: History of Virginia, 1722, p. 197.

[35]Drake, in Hakluyt Society Publications, vol. XVI, p. 74.

[36]Ibid., p. 78.

[37]Sproat's Savage Life, p. 86.

[38]De Bry: Collectio Pars 1. "Admiranda Narratio," Plate 12.

[39]Catlin: Indians of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, page 101.

[40]Wood: New England Prospect, p. 102.

[41]Archæological Explorations by the Literary and Scientific Society of Madisonville, Ohio, Part I, p. 17.

[42]Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. VII, p. 193.

[43]Wood: New England Prospect, p. 87.

[44]Wood: New England Prospect, p. 106.

[45]Archæological Explorations by the Literary and Scientific Society, part II, p. 38, fig. 31.

[46]Putnam, in Explorations West of the 100th Meridian, vol. VII, p. 223.

[47]Cook: Voyage Around the World, 1770, vol. II, p. 218.

[48]Rau: Archæological Collection of the National Museum, page 67.

[49]Knight: Savage Weapons at the Centennial Exhibition, page 10.

[50]Wyman: American Naturalist for October, 1878, p. 453.

[51]Adair: History of the American Indians, p. 6.

[52]Beverly: History of Virginia, p. 140.

[53]Heckewelder's Indian Nations, p. 205.

[54]Reiss and Stübel: Necropolis of Ancon, Plate 83, fig. 17–1/2.

[55]Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 234, 518.

[56]Wyman, in the American Naturalist, November, 1868, Plate X, p. 455.

[57]Putnam, in Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 230.

[58]Putnam, in Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 259.

[59]Perkins, on An Ancient Burial-Ground in Swanton, Vt., Proceedings of the American Association, 1873.

[60]Squier and Davis: Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 232.

[61]Putnam, in Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 266.

[62]Schoolcraft: History of the Indian Tribes, Vol. III, p. 79, Plate 25.

[63]Schoolcraft: Notes on the Iroquois, p. 233.

[64]Beverly: History of Virginia, p. 145, Plate VI.

[A]Schoolcraft: Notes on Iroquois, p. 233.

[B]From sketch by Mr. Beauchamp.

[65]Haldeman, in Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 263.

[66]Atwater: Western Antiquities, p. 86. In the early days of mound exploration shell was usually mistaken for bone or ivory.

[67]Kip: Jesuit Missions, p. 25.

[68]Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1794, Vol. III, pp. 231, 232.

[69]Worsley:A View ofthe American Indians, p. 65.

[70]Collections of the New York Historical Society, 1841; vol. I, 2nd Series, p. 194.

[71]Thought to be raccoon skins.

[72]Smith: True Relation of Virginia, pp. 33, 34.

[73]Wood: New England Prospect, p. 74.

[74]Du Pratz: History of Louisiana, p. 364.

[75]Lewis and Clark: Expedition up the Missouri, &c., p. 537.

[76]Harmon's Journal, p. 287.

[77]Swan: The Northwest Coast, p. 158.

[78]Powers: Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. III, p. 263.

[79]Drake: Book of Indians, p. 27.

[80]Morgan, in Fifth Annual Report on the New York State Cabinet of Natural History, pp. 71, 73.

[81]Loskiel: Mission of the United Brethren, Latrobe trans., p. 34.

[82]Hutchinson: History of Mass., Vol. I, p. 406.

[83]Thomas Morton, in Historical Tracts, Vol. II, p. 29.

[84]Williams: A Key into the Language of America, p. 144.

[85]Penna: Historical Society, Vol. III, p. 131.

[86]Beverly: History of Virginia, p. 195.

[87]Lawson: History of North Carolina; Raleigh reprint, 1860, p. 315.

[88]On this point, however, the author quoted is apparently at fault, as there is abundance of proof that the whites often engaged successfully in the manufacture of this shell money.

[89]Adair: History of the American Indians, p. 170.

[90]Kalm's Travels, London, 1772, Vol. II, p. 100.

[91]Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 190, 191.

[92]Ruttenber: Indian Tribes of the Hudson River, p. 26.

[93]Lewis and Clark: Expedition up the Missouri, p. 73.

[94]Ruttenber: Indian Tribes of the Hudson River, page 43.

[95]Morgan, in Fifth Annual Report on the condition of the New York State Cabinet of Natural History, page 73.

[96]Brice: History of Fort Wayne, 1868, page 28.

[97]Events in Indian History, Lancaster, Pa., 1841, page 143.

[98]History and description of New France, Vol. II, page 256.

[99]Penn, in Memoirs Hist. Soc. Penn'a, Vol. VI, p. 222.

[100]In order to make the authors meaning quite clear, a free translation has been given of such words asporcelaine,branches,colliers, etc., as his use of them is somewhat confusing.

[101]Lafitau: Mœurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, 1724, tom. II, pp. 502–'3 and 506–'7.

[102]Loskiel: Missions of the United Brethren. Trans. by La Trobe,Book I, p. 26.

[103]Brice: History of Fort Wayne, p. 118.

[104]Gilpin, in Memoirs of the Hist. Soc. of Penna. Vol. VI, p. 248.

[105]Heckewelder: Indian Nations, 1876, p. 110.

[106]Parkman: Jesuits in North America, p. xxxiii.

[107]Events in Indian History, Lancaster, Pa., 1841, p. 143.

[108]Hunter: Indian Manners and Customs, p. 192.

[109]Gumilla: Histoire de Orinoque, Vol. III, p. 91.

[110]Molina: History of Chili, Vol. I, p. 119.

[111]From an original sketch by Mr. Beauchamp.

[112]Pike: Travels through the Western Territories of N. A., 1805–'7, p. 103.

[113]Morgan, in Fifth Annual Report on the Condition of the New York State Cabinet of Natural History, 1852, p. 72.

[114]Morgan: League of the Iroquois, p. 387.

[115]Heckewelder: Indian Nations, 1876, pp. 108–'9–'10.

[116]Beatty: Journal of Two Months Tour, 1768, p. 67.

[117]Loskiel: Missions of the United Brethren. Trans, by La Trobe, 1794. Book I, p. 26.

[118]Lafitau: Mœurs des Sauvages Ameriquains,Tome II, p. 314.

[119]Mr. Beauchamp has published many interesting facts in regard to these belts in the American Antiquarian, Vol. II, No. 3.

[120]Present chief of the Onondagas.

[121]The proceedings attending the presentation are fully recorded in the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, volume iii, page 207. A full size lithographic illustration of the belt printed in color is also given.

[122]Clavigero: History of Mexico, Trans. by Cullen, vol. I, p. 437.

[123]Davis: Spanish Conquest of New Mexico, p. 121.

[124]Beverly: History of Virginia, p. 196.

[125]Lafitau: Mœurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, p. 61.

[126]Wood: New England Prospect, p. 74.

[127]Kalm: Travels in North America, 1772, vol. ii, p. 320.

[128]VideKingsborough, Waldeck, Bancroft, &c.

[129]Schoolcraft, in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., Vol. II, Plate 1.

[130]Tomlinson, in The American Pioneer, Vol. II, p. 200.

[131]Matson, in Ohio Centennial Report, p. 131.

[132]Schoolcraft: History of the Indian Tribes, &c., part I, plate XIX.

[133]The ossuaries here mentioned are in the township of Beverly, twenty miles from Dundas, at the head of Lake Ontario. They are situated in a primitive forest, and were discovered upwards of thirty years ago through the uprooting of a tree. Large numbers of skeletons had been deposited longitudinally in trenches, with many implements, utensils, and ornaments. Two brass kettles were found in one of the graves. (Schoolcraft: Red Races of America, p. 326.)

[134]Rau: Archæological Collection of the National Museum, p. 33.

[135]The handsome illustrations presented in the accompanying plates were mostly drawn by Miss Kate C. Osgood, who has no superior in this class of work.

[136]Jones: Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee, pp. 42–3.

[137]Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 373–5.

[138]Anderson, in the Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, October, 1875, p. 378.

[139]Abbott: Primitive Industry, pp. 70, 72, and 73.

[140]Ibid., p. 207.

[141]Since this paragraph has been in type I have seen the specimen, and find that the looped figure is clearly defined.

[142]Kingsborough: vol. II, Plate 20.

[143]Let any one who thinks lightly of such a work undertake, without machinery or well-adapted appliances, to cut a groove or notch even, in a moderately compact specimen ofBusycon, and he will probably increase his good opinion of the skill and patience of the ancient workman if he does nothing else.

[144]E. G. Squier: Serpent Symbol, page 69, quoting MSS. of J. H. Payne.

[145]I am very much indebted to Prof. F. F. Hilder, of Saint Louis, for photographs of three of these specimens as well as for much information in regard to their history.

[146]Croswell, in Transactions Academy of Science of Saint Louis, vol. III, p. 537.

[147]Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indian, plate XXX.

[148]Archæological Collection of the National Museum, p. 69.

[149]Squier: Peru, p. 186.

[150]Bancroft: Native Races of the Pacific States, vol. IV., p. 37.

[151]Carr, in Tenth Annual Report Peabody Museum, p. 87.

[152]Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 430.

[153]Schoolcraft: Notes on the Iroquois, p. 235.

[154]Kingsborough, Vol. III, pl. 22.

INDEX.

Abbott, C. C., describes bird totems284Adair, James, describes shell tweezers212Adair, James, on use of shell money237Agricultural implements. (SeeImplements.)Amiantis shells, Manufacture of beads from226Art, Antiquity of shell works of187Art, Burial of shell works of187Art, Evolution of185,192,202,210,213,225Art, Inception of186Art, Materials employed in185,188Art, Preservation of shell works of186Asphaltum used by California Indians191,209,218Atwater, Caleb, describes shell necklace231Atwater, Caleb, describes shellvessel197

Beads of other materials219,232,235Beads ofshell219Beads, Classification of219Beadsdiscoidal in form221Beads, Kinds of, used in belts247Beads, Manner of stringing234,236,244,248Beads, Manufacture of236Beads, Manufacture of, by whites238Beadsmassive in form223Beads, Mnemonic use of240,254Beadsor "Runtees"228Beads, Perforated219Beadstubular in form226Beadsused as money219,233Beads used asornaments219,230,234Beatty, Charles, describes wampum belts250Beauchamp, W. M., Beads sketched by228Beauchamp, W. M., on belts of wampum252Beauchamp, W. M., onstrings of wampum248Belts, wampum, Character of the patterns woven into240,246,248Belts, wampum, Dimensions of250,253Belts, wampum, Keeper of the Iroquois241,244Belts, wampummade by Indian women249Belts, wampum, Manufacture of248Belts, wampum, Method of handling, in councils241,246Belts, wampum, Number of beads in233,251Belts, wampum, Profuse use of242Belts, wampum, Rarity of, in collections249Belts, wampum; the Penn belt253Belts, wampum, Use of, as mnemonic records240,254Belts, wampum, W. A. Brice on use and repudiation of242,246Beverly, R., describes shell beads229Beverly, R., describes shellmoney237Beverly, R., describes shellpendants256Beverly, R., describes shellspoon201Beverly, R., mentions shell knives202Beverly, R., mentions shelltweezers212Bird; carving of eagle's head285Bird, Embodiment of the, in art280Birdengraved on bone284Bird engraved onstone284Bird engraved onshell gorgets280Bird, Examples of the, engraved on shell gorgets281Bird, Gold ornament representing head of285Bird, Myths of the280Bird, Significant character of the, in engraved designs281,284Bird, Species of, represented282,284Bird, Superstitions in regard to the280Bird, The Dakotas' thunder281Bird, Totemic use of the284Bourke, Lieut. John G., on Moqui shell vessels193Bowers, Stephen, Shell objects collected by209,226Brakebill mound215,275,292,296Brice, W. A., on repudiation of wampum246Brice, W. A., onuse of wampum belts242Brinton, D. G., on the origin of the cross270Busycon shells, Columellæ of, used as pendants209,258Busycon shells, Columellæ of, used aspins213Busycon shells, Gorgets derived from273,276,282,290,292,294,296Busycon shells, Pendants derived from209,259Busycon shells, Perforated plates derived from265Busycon shellsused as beads220,224Busycon shells used ascelts204Busycon shells used asvessels194,197Busycon shells used asweapons211Busycon shells usedin the arts191

Cabeça de Vaca on trade in shells194Cabrillo, João, visits Island of Santa Rosa260Calendars, Pictographic symbols of the Sioux279Calendars, Probable use of shell disks as268,273,278Calendarsused by ancient Mexicans279Calendars used bymodern tribes279Carr, Lucien, describes shell gorget295Cassis shells used as vessels191,194,196Catlin, George, describes shell adze205Celts, Examples of203Celts, Manufacture of203Celtsof shell203,205Clam shells used as implements190,205,207Clam shells used asutensils190Clam shells usedin manufacture of ornaments263Clam shells used in manufacture ofwampum190,226,238,257Clark, J. S., Photographs made by252Clavigero, F. X., on use of shell ornaments256Clavigero, F. X., on use of shellvessels in Mexico193Cleveland, F., describes shell vessels197Columellæ, Manner of extracting, from shell214Columellæused in manufacture of heads219,223Columellæ used in manufacture ofpins213,218Conant, A. J., describes shell gorgets300Conant, A. J., mentions shell gorgets287Cross design associated with others270Cross designcombined with spider design288Cross designin Aztec paintings285Cross designengraved on shell gorgets268Cross design, Evolution or derivation of the270Cross design, Examples of the, combined with birds282,283Cross design, Examples of the, from mounds271,273Cross design, Introduction of the Christian269Cross design, Occurrence of the, in ancient Mexican art270Cross design, Occurrence of the, inYucatan270Cross, Origin of the, among mound builders269Cross, Prehistoric use of the, in America268,270Cross, Symbolic character of the269Croswell, C., describes shell gorgets286Curtis, Dr., Shell gorgets collected by283Cyprea shells used as beads219Cyprea shells used asornaments263

Dall, W. H., use of pins217Dall, W. H., Shells identified by190Davis, W. H. H., mentions shell pendants256Dentalium shells used for money191,220,227,239Dentalium shells used forornament191,218,220,227Dentalium shells usedin bushing218,227Disks, Scalloped, probably time symbols273Disks, Scalloped, Relation of, to human remains276Disks, Scallopedshell, from mounds275,278Disks, Scalloped, Shell gorgets in the shape of268,273,279Disks, Scallopedstone277Disks, Scalloped stonewith engravings of knotted serpents278Disks, Scalloped, Table of280Disks, Scalloped, The sun suggested by273Disks, Scalloped, Type example of273Disks, Scalloped; use of sun symbols of similar shape273Drake, Daniel, describes shell vessel197Dunning, E. O., Shell ornaments collected by272Dunning, E. O., Shellpins collected by215

Ely mound in Virginia295Engraved gorgets. (SeeGorgets.)

Face, Human, Description of shell gorgets representing the294Face, Humanengraved and carved on shell gorgets293,297Face, Humanmodeled in clay296Face, Human, Portions of shell used for representing293Face, Human, Use or significance of shell gorgets representing295Fain's Island mound215,272,288Farquharson, B. J., describes shell vessel197Fasciolaria shells, Columellæ of, used for pins213Fasciolaria shellsused as vessels194Figure, Human. (SeeHuman figure.)Fishing appliances, Shell207Fishing appliances, Shell; hooks208Fishing appliances, Shell, Manufacture of210Fishing appliances, Shell; sinkers208Fissurella shells used as ornaments191,220,261,263Frey, S. L., describes shell vessel198

Gilpin, H. D., on the use of wampum belts246Gorgets, Engraved, Classification of267Gorgets, Engraveddesign on, character of267Gorgets, Engraveddescribed by Beverly256Gorgets, Engraved, Modern examples of268Gorgets, Engravedof shell267,305Gorgets, Engraved, Significance of designs on267,274,278,282Gorgets, Engravedused as amulets267Gorgets, Engraved used asinsignia267,273Gorgets, Engraved used assymbols268,273Gorgets, Engraved used astotems268Grave Creek mound234,264Gray's mound, Oldtown, Tenn.283Gumilla, Joseph, concerning emblems in treaties247

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