280Lindsay, Lord,94Linné (lunar crater),205Liouville,190Lippershey,108Liquid-filled lenses,116Locksley Hall,296;Sixty Years After,109Lockyer, Sir Norman,73,94,236,335Loewy,119,206London, eclipses visible at,87–88,91–92Longfellow,88Lowell Observatory,215,219,233–234Lowell, Percival,155,212–213,215–221Lucifer,150Lynn, W.T.,219,263Lyra (constellation),177,283,294–295,307,315,347Mädler,206,284Magellanic Clouds,317Magnetism, disturbances of terrestrial,143,283Magnitudes of stars,287–289Major planets,229–230"Man in the Moon,"197Manual of Astronomy,166Maps of the moon,206Mare Imbrium,197Mare Serenitatis,205Mars,20,22–23,31–32,34,37,109,155,210–225,234;compared with earth and moon,221,225;polar caps of,212–214,216;satellites of,26,223–224;temperature of,213,216,221–222Mass,38;of a star, how determined,305Masses of celestial bodies, how ascertained,42;of earth and moon compared,42;of sun and planets compared,39Maunder, E.W.,87,143,219Maunder, Mrs., E.W.,96,144Maxwell, Clerk,237Mayer, Tobias,206,283McClean, F.K.,98Mean distance,46"Medicean Stars,"232Mediterranean, eclipse tracks across,94,97Melbourne telescope,118Melotte, P.,232Mercator's Projection,80–81Mercury (the metal),145Mercury (the planet),20,22,25–26,31–32,34,37,Chap. XIV.;markings on,156;possible planets within orbit of,25–26;transit of,62,151,154Metals in sun,145Meteor swarms,268–269,271,274–275Meteors,28,56,167,259,Chap. XXI.Meteors beyond earth's atmosphere,275–276Meteorites,276–277Meteoritic Hypothesis,335Metius, Jacob,108Michell,283,305Middle Ages,102,260,264Middleburgh,108Milky Way (or Galaxy),285,299,311,317,319–327;penetration of, by photography,325Million,47,51–52Minor planets.SeeAsteroids.Mira Ceti,307–308"Mirk Monday,"89Mirror (speculum),111,116Mizar,294,302Monck, W.H.S.,275Mongol Emperors of India,107Moon,26,Chap. XVI.;appearance of, in lunar eclipse,65,102–103;diameter of,189;distance of, how ascertained,58;distance of, from earth,48;full,63,86,149,184,189,190,206;mass of,200,202;mountains on,197–205;how their height is determined,201;movement of,40–42;new,86,149,183,185;origin of,339–341;plane of orbit of,63;possible changes on,204–205,221;"seas" of,197,206;smallest detail visible on,207;volume of,200Morning star,149–150,241Moulton, F.R.,31,118,128,302,335,337Moye,154Multiple stars,300Musa-ben-Shakir,44Mythology,105Neap-tides,179Nebulæ,314–318,328,335,345;evolution of stars from,317–318Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace,333–338Nebular hypotheses,Chap. XXVII.Nebulium,317Neison,206Neptune,20,25,31,34,37,243–246,249,252,274,304;discovery of,23–24,94,210,236,243–244;Lalande and,244;possible planets beyond,25,252;satellite of,26,245;"year" in,35–36"New" (or temporary), stars,310–314Newcomb, Simon,181,267,281,324,326–327,329Newton, Sir Isaac,40,44,91,111–113,115,165,172,237,255Newtonian telescope,112,114,116,119Nineveh Eclipse,84–85Nitrogen,145,156,166,346Northern Crown,295Nova Aurigæ,311Nova Persei,312–314Novæ.SeeNew (or temporary) starsNubeculæ,317"Oases" of Mars,216,220Object-glass,109Oblate spheroid,165Occultation,61–62,202,296Olaf, Saga of King,88Olbers,227,253,256,271"Old moon in new moon's arms,"185Olmsted,271Omicron (or "Mira") Ceti,307–308Opposition,209"Optick tube,"108–109,232Orange (rays of light),121Orbit of moon, plane of,63Orbits,32,36–37,66,150,157Oriental astronomy,107Orion (constellation),195,279,296–297,316;Great Nebula in,316,328Oxford,139Oxygen,145,156,166,346PacificOcean, origin of moon in,339Palitzch,255Pallas,225,227Parallax,57,173,280,305,320,326Paré, Ambrose,264–265Peal, S.E.,205Peary,277Pegasus (constellation),306Penumbra of sunspot,135Perennial full moon of Laplace,190Pericles,84Perrine, C.D.,232–233,315Perseids,270,273–275Perseus (constellation),273,279,307,312Phases of an inferior planet,149,160;of the moon,149,160,183–185Phlegon, Eclipse of,85–86Phobos,223Phœbe, retrograde motion of,240,250,336Phosphorescent glow in sky,323Phosphorus (Venus),150Photographic survey of sky, international,290–291Photosphere,130–131,134Piazzi,23Pickering, E.C.,302Pickering, W.H.,199,205–206,220–221,240,339–341Pictor, "runaway star" in constellation of,281–282,320,330Plane of orbit,36,150Planetary nebulæ,245,315Planetary and Stellar Studies,331Planetesimal hypothesis,337–338Planetoids.SeeAsteroidsPlanets, classification of,229;contrasted with comets,247;in Ptolemaic scheme,171;relative distances of, from sun,31–32Plato (lunar crater),198Pleiades,284,296–297,307Pliny,169,260Plough,284,291–296,302Plutarch,86,89,169,181"Pointers,"292Polaris.SeePole StarPole of earth, Precessional movement of,176–177,295,298–299Pole Star,33,163,177,292–296,300–301Poles,30,163–164;of earth, speed of point at,164Pollux,282,297Posidonius,186Powell, Sir George Baden,96Præsepe (the Beehive),307Precession of the Equinoxes,177,295,298–299Pre-telescopic notions,55Primaries,26Princess, The(Tennyson),334Princeton Observatory,258Prism,121Prismatic colours,111,121Procyon,284,290,297,303Prominences, Solar,72,93,131,139–140,143;first observation of, with spectroscope,94,140,236Proper motions of stars,126,281–285,326,329–330Ptolemæus (lunar crater),198–199,204Ptolemaic idea,319;system,18,19,158,171–172Ptolemy,18,101,171,290,296Puiseux, P.,206Pulkowa telescope,117Puppis, V.,310Quiescentprominences,139RadcliffeObserver,139"Radiant," or radiant point,269Radiation from sun,130,134Radium,129,138Rainbow,121"Rainbows, Bay of,"197Rambaut, A.,139Ramsay, Sir William,138Rays (on moon),204Recurrence of eclipses,74–80Red (rays of light),121,125,127,130Red Spot, the Great,230Reflecting telescope,111–116;future of,119Reflector.SeeReflecting telescopeRefracting and reflecting telescopes contrasted,118Refracting telescope,109–111,115–117;limits to size of,119–120Refraction,121,168–169Refractor,SeeRefracting telescopeRegulus,290,296Retrograde motion of Phœbe,240,250,336"Reversing Layer,"94,130,132,137–138Revival of learning,107Revolution,30;of earth around sun,170–173;periods of sun and planets,35Riccioli,198Rice-grain structure of photosphere,134Rigel,285,297Rills (on moon),204Ring-mountains of moon.SeeCraters"Ring" nebulæ,315,337"Ring with wings,"87Rings of Saturn,108,236–239,241–243,334Ritchey, G.W.,118Roberts, A.W.,308,310Roberts, Isaac,325"Roche's limit,"238Roemer,235Roman history, eclipses in,85–86Romulus,85Röntgen,120Rosse, great telescope of Lord,117,314Rotation,30;of earth,33,161–165,170;of sun,34,125,135–136,231;periods of sun and planets,35Royal Society of London,90–91,111Rubicon, Passage of the,85"Runaway" stars,281,326,330Sagittarius(constellation),316