"Lowing herds on every side,Hapuka in every tide."
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, `Te Ika a Maui, p. 411:
"Hapuku, or whapuku, commonly called the cod, but a much richer fish in flavour: externally it more resembles the salmon, and is known in New Holland as the dew or Jew-fish. It attains a large size and is considered the best fish of New Zealand."
1862. Anon., `From the Black Rocks on Friday,' `All the Year Round,' May 17, 1862, No. 160:
"A kind of codfish called by the natives whapuku or hahpuka."
1878. P. Thomson, `Transactions of New Zealand Institute,' vol. XI. art. lii. p. 383:
"The hapuka, or groper, was in pretty regular supply."
1880. Guenther, `Study of Fishes,' p. 392:
"The second (Oligorus gigas) is found in the sea, on the coast of New Zealand, and called by the Maoris and colonists `Hapuku' . . . Dr. Hector, who has had opportunities of examining it in a fresh state, has pointed out anatomical differences from the Murray Cod."
1880. W. Colenso, `Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,' vol. XIII. art. ii. p. 46:
"A feast of good things prepared—eels, and hapuku (codfish), and taro."
1884. W. D. Hay, in the `Field,' May 10, p. 637, col. 1:
"The pakirikiri(Percis colias) is the fish to which settlers in the north of New Zealand generally give the name of whapuka."
1895. `Oxford English Dictionary' (s.v.Cod):
"In New Zealand, a serranoid fish Polyprion prognathus, called by the Maories hapuku."
1888. Candish, `Whispering Voices,' p. 108:
"Sitting on a block of hardwood . . . is the gray-haired forest feller."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, `Miner's Right,' c. iii. p. 24:
"It was a hammer-like piece of hardwood above a plate of tin."
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, `Sydney-side Saxon,' p. 93:
"A hardwood slab-door weighs a goodish deal, as any one may find out that has to hump it a hundred yards."
Hardyhead, n. name given in Sydney to the fish Atherina pinguis, Lacep., family Atherinidae.
1871. G. Krefft, `Mammals of Australia':
"The Hare-kangaroos, so called from their resemblance to that well known rodent, are the fleetest of the whole tribe, and though they do not exceed a common hare in bulk, they can make clear jumps of eight and ten feet high."
1847. L. Leichhardt, `Overland Expedition,' p. 296:
"Large flocks of Peristera histrionica (the harlequin- pigeon) were lying on the patches of burnt grass on the plains."
1878. A. Newton, `Encyclopaedia Britannica,' vol. iii. p. 731:
"There is a harpagornis, a bird of prey of stature sufficient to have made the largest dinornis its quarry."
1888. W. L. Buller, `Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 206:
"Circus Gouldi, Bonap., New Zealand harrier, or Gould's harrier."
1887. R. M. Praed, `Longleat of Kooralbyn,' c. xxviii. p. 277:
"Lord! if I were Mr. Dyson Maddox, I'd never let it be said that a black hat had cut me out sweetheartin'."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, `Colonial Reformer,' c. iii. p. 21:
"A `black hat' in Australian parlance means a new arrival."
1869. Brough Smyth, `Goldfields of Victoria,' p. 613 (`Glossary of Mining Terms'):
"One who works alone. He differs from the fossicker who rifles old workings, or spends his time in trying abandoned washdirt. The hatter leads an independent life, and nearly always holds a claim under the bye-laws."
1884. R. L. A.Davies, `Poems and Literary Remains,' p. 267:
"Oh, a regular rum old stick; . . . he mostly works a `hatter.' He has worked with mates at times, and leaves them when the claim is done, and comes up a `hatter' again. He's a regular old miser."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, `The Miner's Right,' p. 37:
"Instead of having to take to fossicking like so many `hatters' —solitary miners."
(2) By extension to other professions.
1893. `The Herald' (Melbourne), Aug. 28, p. i. col. 7:
"He had been a burglar of the kind known among the criminal classes as `a hatter.' That is to say, he burgled `on his own hook,' never in a gang. He had never, he told me, burgled with a companion."
1891. `The Age,' Nov. 25, p. 6, col. 7:
"Two old miners have been hatting for gold amongst the old alluvial gullies."
Brown-Hawk—Hieracadiea orientalis, Sehl.
Crested-H.—Baza subcristata, Gould.
Eagle-H.—Another name for Wedge-tailed Eagle. (See Eagleand Eagle-hawk.)
Fish-H.—Another name for Osprey. (See Fish-hawk.)
Gos-H.—Astur approximans, V. and H.
Grey Gos-H.—A. cinereus, Vieill.
Lesser Gos-H.—A. cruentus, Gould.
Lesser White Gos-H.—A. leucosomus, Sharpe.
Red Gos-H.—A. radiatus, Lath.
Sparrow-H.—Accipiter cirrhocephalus, Vieill.
Striped Brown-H.—Hieracidea berigora, V. and H. [See Berigora.]
Swamp-H. [See Harrier.]
White Gos-H.— Astur novae-hollandiae, Gm.
See also Nankeen-Hawk, and Night-Hawk.
In New Zealand, the varieties appear in the quotation, 1889.
1888. W. L. Buller, `Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 206:[A complete description.]
1889. Prof. Parker, `Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,' p. 117:
"Of the three species recognized, two, the quail-hawk (Harpa Novae Zealandiae) and the bush-hawk (H. ferox) [or sparrow-hawk], belong to a genus peculiar to New Zealand." [The third is the New Zealand harrier, Circus Gouldi, also found in Australia.]
1889. J. H. Maiden. `Useful Native Plants,' p. 590:
"Called `hazel' in `Victoria. A tall shrub, or small tree. The wood is excellent, of a beautiful satiny texture, and adapted for carvers' and turners' work. [Grows in] all the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland."
1890. `Goldfields of Victoria,' p.7:
"Forty additional heads will be shortly added to the crushing power, bringing the battery up to sixty heads."
1885. Mrs. Campbell Praed [Title]:
"The Head Station."
1835. W. Yate, `Account of New Zealand,' p. 151:
"The latter idea [that they are representatives of gods] was conceived from the hei-tiki being taken off the neck, laid down . . . and then wept and sung over."
1889. Dr. Hocken, `Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,' p. 81:
"Hei means ornament for the neck. Tiki was the creator of man, and these are the representations of him. By a sort of license, they are occasionally taken to represent some renowned ancestor of the possessor; but wooden Tikis, some of immense size, usually represented the ancestors, and were supposed to be visited by their spirits. These might be erected in various parts of a pa, or to mark boundaries, etc. The Maories cling to them as sacred heirlooms of past generations, and with some superstitious reverence."
1852. Mrs. Meredith, `My Home in Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 168:
"I also found three varieties of a singular green orchis, of a helmet shape, growing singly, on rather tall slender footstalks."
Heron, n. common English bird-name. The species present in Australia are—
Ashy Reef H.—Demiegretta asha, Sykes.
Great-billed H.—Ardea sumatrana, Rafll.
Grey H.—A. cinerea, Linn.
Night H.—Nycticorax caledonicus, Lath.
Reef H.—Demiegretta sacra, Gmel.
White-fronted H.—Ardea novae-hollandiae, Lath.
White-necked H.—A. pacifica, Lath.
The Cranes and the Herons are often popularly confused.
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, `Melbourne Memories,' p. 11:
"There did I shoot . . . a blue crane—the Australian heron."
1884. Rolf Boldrewood, `Melbourne Memories,' c. v. p. 35:
"The beautiful umbrageous blackwood, or native hickory, one of the handsomest trees in Australia."
1798. D. Collins, `Account of English Colony in New South Wales,' p. 612:
"E-lee-mong-shield made of bark."
1834. L. E. Threlkeld, `Australian Grammar,' p. 5:
"As an initial, h occurs in only a few words, such as hilaman, a `shield.'"
Ibid. p. 10:
"As a barbarism, `hillimung-a shield.'"
[A barbarism means with Mr. Threlkeld little more than "not belonging to the Hunter district."]
1839. T. L. Mitchell, `Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia,' vol. ii. p. 349:
"There is much originality in the shield or hieleman of these people. It is merely a piece of wood, of little thickness, and two feet, eight inches long, tapering to each end, cut to an edge outwards, and having a handle or hole in the middle, behind the thickest part."
1852. G. C. Mundy, `Our Antipodes' (edition 1355), p. 102:
"The hieleman or shield is a piece of wood, about two and a half feet long, tapering to the ends, with a bevelled face not more than four inches wide at the broadest part, behind which the left hand passing through a hole is perfectly guarded."
1865. S. Bennett, `Australian Discovery,' p. 251:
"Hieleman, a shield. Saxon, heilan; English, helm or helmet (a little shield for the head)."
[This is a remarkable contribution to philological lore. In no dictionary is the Saxon "heilan" to be found, and a misprint may charitably be suspected. There is no doubt that the h is an English Cockney addition to the aboriginal word. It would need an ingenious fancy to connect "e-leemong" with "helm."]
1873. J. B. Stephens, `Black Gin, etc.,' p. 26:
"No faint far hearing of the waddies bangingOf club and heelaman together clanging,War shouts and universal boomeranging."
1881. A. C. Grant, `Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 66:
"Nullah-nullahs, paddy-melon sticks, boomerangs, tomahawks, and heelimen or shields lay about in every direction."
1889. J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 426:
"`Heilaman [sic] tree.' The wood is soft, and used by the aborigines for making their `heilamans' or shields."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, `Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. ii. p. 317:
"Another export was much talked of. This was the bark of the hinau, a large forest tree which abounds all over the country near Cook's Strait. The natives extract from this bark the black dye for their mats."
1873. `Catalogue of Vienna Exhibition':
"Hinau—a white wood used for turner's work."
Ibid.:
"The natives produce the black dye for their flax-work, for which purpose the bark is first bruised and boiled for a short time. When cold the flax is put into the mixture . . . it is then steeped thoroughly for two days in red swamp mud, rich in peroxide of iron."
1883. J. Hector, `Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 130:
"Hinau, a small tree about fifty feet high and eighteen inches thick in stem, with brown bark which yields a permanent blue-black dye, used for tanning . . . used by Maoris for colouring mats and baskets. Wood a yellowish brown colour and close-grained; very durable for fencing and piles."
1875. R. and F. Hill, `What we Saw in Australia,' p. 264:
". . . including so many churches that we are at a loss to understand why Adelaide should, in virtue of her supposed superabundance, be nicknamed by her neighbours the Holy City."
1822. `Hobart Town Gazette,' Aug. 10 [Proclamation by Sir Thomas Brisbane, Governor-in-Chief of New South Wales and its dependencies, then including Van Diemen's Land]
"Whereas in the Year of our Lord 1813, it was deemed expedient to send a Quantity of Spanish Dollars to the Colony. . . . And whereas His Excellency, the then Governor, thought proper to direct, that every such Dollar, with a small circular Piece of Silver, struck out of its Centre, should be current within this Territory, and every part thereof, for the Sum of Five Shillings."
[These were called holy (holey) dollars, or ring dollars, though the name does not occur in the above quotation.]
1857. D. Bunce, `Australasiatic Reminiscences,' p. 59:
"We were more particularly struck with the character and various kinds of currency [in Tasmania in 1833]. Our first change for a pound consisted of two dumps, two holy dollars, one Spanish dollar, one French coin, one half-crown, one shilling, and one sixpence."
1896. W. W. Froggatt, `Horne Expedition in Central Australia,' pt. ii. p. 386:
"Our Australian honey ants belong to the genus Camponotus, members of which are found to all parts of the world, and are known as `sugar-ants,' from their fondness for all kinds of sweets."
Banded Honey-eater—Myzomela pectoralis, Gould.
Black H.—M. nigra, Gould.
Black-chinned H.—Melithreptus gularis, Gould.
Black-headed H.—M. melanocephalus, Gould.
Blue-faced H.—Entomyza cyanotis, Swain. [See Blue-eye.]
Bridled H.—Ptilotis frenata, Ramsay.
Broadbent H.—Stigmatops alboauricularis, Ramsay.
Brown H.—S. ocularis, Gould.
Brown-backed H.—Glyciphila modesta, Gray.
Brown-headed H.—Melithreptus brevirostrus.
Cockerill H.-Ptilotis cockerelli, Gould.
Crescent H.—Meliornis australasiana, Shaw.
Dusky H.—Myzomela obscura, Gould.
Fasciated H.—Ptilotis fasciogularis, Gould.
Fuscous H.—P. fusca, Gould.
Gay H.—Melithreptus vinitinatus, Gould.
Golden-backed H.—M. latior, Gould.
Helmeted H.—Ptilotis cassidix, Jard.
Least H.—Stigmatops subocularis,
Long-billed H.—Meliornis longirostris, Gould.
Moustached H.—M. mystacalis, Gould.
New Holland H.—M. novae-hollandiae, Lath.
Painted H.—Entomophila picta, Gould.
Pied H.—Certhionyx leucomelas, Cuv.
Red-headed Honey-eater—Myzomela erythrocephala, Gould.
Red-throated H.—Entomophila rufigularis,
Rufous-breasted H.—E. albigularis, Gould.
Sanguineous H.—Myzomela sanguineolenta, Lath. [See Blood-bird.]
Singing H.—Ptilotis vittata, Cuv.
Spiny-cheeked H.—Acanthochaea rufigularis, Gould.
Streak-naped H.—Ptilotis filigera, Gould.
Striped H.—Plectorhyncha lanceolata, Gould.
Strong-billed H.— Melithreptus validirostris, Gould. [See also Cherry picker.]
Tawny-crowned H.—Glyciphila fulvifrons, Lewin.
Varied H.—Ptilotis versicolor, Gould.
Warty-faced H.— Meliphaga phrygia, Lath. (Called also the Mock Regent-bird, q.v.)
Wattle-cheeked H.—Ptilotis cratitia, Gould.
White-breasted H.—Glyciphila fasciata, Gould.
White-cheeked H.—Meliornis sericea, Gould.
White-eared H.—Ptilotis leucotis, Lath.
White-fronted H.—Glyciphila albifrons, Gould.
White-gaped H.—Stomiopora unicolor, Gould.
White-naped H.—Melithreptus lunulatus, Shaw. [See also Golden-Eye.]
White-plumed H.—Ptilotis penicillata, Gould.
White-quilled H.—Entomyza albipennis, Gould.
White-throated H.—Melithreptus albogularis, Gould.
Yellow H.—Ptilotis flavescens, Gould.
Yellow-eared H.—P. lewini, Swains.
Yellow-faced H.—P. chrysops, Lath.
Yellow-fronted H.—P. plumula, Gould.
Yellow-plumed H.—P. ornata, Gould.
Yellow-spotted H.—P. gracilis, Gould.
Yellow-streaked H.—P. macleayana, Ramsay.
Yellow-throated H.—P. flavicollis, Vieill.
Yellow-tinted H.—P. flava, Gould.
Yellow-tufted H.—P. auricomis, Lath.
Gould enumerated the species, nearly fifty years ago, in his `Birds of Australia' (vol. iv.) as follows:—
Plate
Meliphaga Novae-Hollandiae, Vig. and Horsf, New Holland Honey-eater … … … … 23
M. longirostris, Gould, Long-billed H. … 24
M. sericea, Gould, White-cheeked H. … … 25
M. mystacalis, Gould, Moustached H. … … 26
M. Australasiana, Vig. and Horsf, Tasmanian H. 27
Glyciphila fulvifrons, Swains., Fulvous-fronted H. … … 28
G. albifrons, Gould, White-fronted H. … 29
G. fasciata, Gould, Fasciated H. … … 30
G. ocularis, Gould, Brown H. … … 31
Ptilotis chrysotis, Yellow-eared H…. … 32
P. sonorus, Gould, Singing H. … … 33
P. versicolor, Gould, Varied H. … … 34
P. flavigula, Gould, Yellow-throated H. … 35
P. leucotis, White-eared H. … … 36
P. auricomis, Yellow-tufted H. … … 37
P. cratilius, Gould, Wattle-cheeked H. … 38
P. ornatus, Gould, Graceful Ptilotis … 39
P. plumulus, Gould, Plumed P. … … 40
P. flavescens, Gould, Yellow-tinted H. … 41
P. flava, Gould, Yellow H. … … 42
P. penicillatus, Gould, White-plumed H. … 43
P. fuscus, Gould, Fuscous H. … … 44
P. chrysops, Yellow-faced H. … … 45
P. unicolor, Gould, Uniform H. … … 46
Plectorhyncha lanceolata, Gould, Lanceolate H. 47
Zanthomyza Phrygia, Swains., Warty-faced H. .. 48
Melicophila picata, Gould, Pied H. … … 49
Entomophila pitta, Gould, Painted H. … 50
E. albogularis, Gould, White-throated H. … 51
E. rufogularis, Gould, Red-throated H. … 52
Acanthogenys rufogularis, Gould, Spiny-cheeked H. … 53
Anthochaera inauris, Wattled H. … … 54
A. Carunculata, Wattled H. … … 55 [Buller, `Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 106.]
Myzomela sanguinolenta, Sanguineous H. … 63
M. erythrocephala, Gould, Red-headed H. … 64
M. pectoralis, Gould, Banded H. … … 65
M. nigra, Gould, Black H. … … 66
M. obscura, Gould, Obscure H. … … 67
Entomyza cyanotis, Swains., Blue-faced Entomyza 68
E. albipennis, Gould, White-pinioned H. … 69
Melithreptus validirostris, Gould, Strong-billed H. … … 70
M. gularis, Gould, Black-throated H. … 71
M. lunulatus, Lunulated H. … … 72
M. brevirostris, Gould,
M. chloropsis, Gould, Swan River H. … 73
M. albogularis, Gould, White-throated H. (as well as pl. 51) … … 74
M. melanocephalus, Gould, Black-headed H. … 75
Myzantha garrula, Vig. and Horsf, Garrulous H. 76
M. obscura, Gould, Sombre H. … … 77
M. lutea, Gould, Luteous H. … … 78
In the Supplement of 1869 Gould adds—
Plate
Ptilotis cassidix, Jard., Helmeted H. … 39
P. fasciogularis, Gould, Fasciated H. … 40
P. notata, Gould, Yellow-spotted H. … 41
P. filigera, Gould, Streaked H. … 42
P. Cockerelli, Gould, Cockerell's H. … 43
Tropidorhynchus buceroides, Helmeted H. … 44
[Note.—The Brush Wattle-birds, Friar-birds, Spine-bills, and the Yellow-throated Minah, are known as Honey-eaters, and the whole series are sometimes called Honey-birds.]
1897. A. J. Campbell (in `The Australasian,' Jan. 23), p. 180, col. i:
"The honey-eaters or meliphagous birds are a peculiar and striking feature in Australian ornithology. As Gould points out, they are to the fauna what the eucalypts, banksias, and melaleucas are to the flora of Australia. They are closely adapted to feeding on these trees. That great author asks:— `What can be more plain than that the brushlike tongue is especially formed for gathering the honey from the flower-cups of the eucalypti, or that their diminutive stomachs are especially formed for this kind of food, and the peculiar insects which constitute a portion of it?'"
1802. G. Barrington, `History of New South Wales,' c. iv. p. 101:
"They . . . returned . . . dreadfully exhausted, having existed chiefly by sucking the wild honey-flower and shrubs."
1889. J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 37:
"`Honey-flower' or `honeysuckle,' a plant as well known to small boys about Sydney as to birds and insects. It obtains its vernacular name on account of the large quantity of a clear honey-like liquid the flowers contain. After sucking some quantity the liquid generally produces nausea and headache."
Coast Honeysuckle—Banksia integrifolia, Linn.
Common H.—B. marginata, Cav.
Heath H.—B. serrata, Linn.
New Zealand H.—Knightia excelsa, R.Br.
Silvery H.—Grevillea striata, R.Br.
Tasmanian H.—Banksia margirata, Cav. /sic. Probably marginata/
1834. Ross, `Van Diemen's Land Annual,' p. 125:
"Some scattered honeysuckles, as they, are called, but which, being specimens of a ligneous evergreen shrub (Banksia Australis), my English reader will please not to assimilate in his mind's eye in any respect with the woodbine."
1846. G. H. Haydon, `Five Years in Australia Felix,' p. 84:
"The honeysuckle (Banksia integrifolia) will greatly disappoint those who, from its name, expect to see anything similar to the sweet-scented climbers of English hedges and gardens—this being a tree attaining to thirty or forty feet in height, with spiral yellow flowers. The blossoms at the proper seasons yield a great quantity of honey, which on a dewy morning may be observed dropping from the flowers."
1848. Letter by Mrs. Perry, given in Goodman's `Church in Victoria during Episcopate of Bishop Perry,' p. 83:
"In the course of our journey today we passed through a thin wood of honeysuckle trees, for, I should think, about three miles. They take their name from the quantity of honey contained in the yellow cone-shaped flower, which is much prized and sucked by the natives—the aborigines, I mean."
1852. Mrs. Meredith, 'My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 164:
"The honeysuckle-tree (Banksia latifolia) is so unreasonably named . . . so very unlike any sort or species of the sweet old flower whose name it so unfittingly bears. . . . The blossoms form cones, which when in full bloom, are much the size and shape of a large English teazel, and are of a greenish yellow. . . . The honeysuckle trees grow to about thirty feet in height."
1889. J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 10:
"Banksia, spp., N.O. Proteaceae. The name `honeysuckle' was applied to this genus by the early settlers, from the fact that the flowers, when in full bloom, contain, in a greater or lesser quantity, a sweet, honey-like liquid, which is secreted in considerable quantities, especially after a dewy night, and is eagerly sucked out by the aborigines."
1892. A. Sutherland, `Elementary Geography of British Colonies,' p. 271:
"It [banksia] is called the `honeysuckle' by the people of Australia, though it has no resemblance to an English honeysuckle. Many of the banksias grow into stately trees."
1896. `Truth' (Sydney), Jan. 12:
"There are several specimens of bush slang transplanted from the Maori language. `Hoot' is a very frequent synonym for money or wage. I have heard a shearer at the Pastoralist Union office in Sydney when he sought to ascertain the scale of remuneration, enquire of the gilt-edged clerk behind the barrier, `What's the hoot, mate?' The Maori equivalent for money is utu, pronounced by the Ngapuhi and other northern tribes with the last syllable clipped, and the word is very largely used by the kauri-gum diggers and station hands in the North Island. The original meaning of utu in Maori is `revenge.' When the missionaries first settled in New Zealand, they found that the savage inhabitants had no conception of any recompense except the grim recompense of blood. Under Christianizing influences the natives were induced to forego the blood-revenge for injuries, on receiving a solatium in goods or land, and so utu came to have the double meaning of revenge and recompense, and eventually became recognized as the Maori word for money."
1883. F. M. Bailey, `Queensland Flora,' Synopsis, p. 82:
"The capsules of many Dodonaeas are used for hops, and thus the shrubs are known as hop-bushes in Queensland."
1889. J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 621:
"`Hop-bush,' called `switch-sorrel' in Jamaica, and according to Dr. Bennett, `apiri' in Tahiti. Found in all the colonies."
1882. Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, `Fish of New South Wales,' p. 27:
"On the confines of the northern boundaries of New South Wales may be seen a very remarkable Goby called the `Hopping-fish.' The pectoral fins are developed into regular legs, with which the fish hops or leaps along the mud flats . . . The eyes are on the top of the head, and very prominent, and moreover they can be thrust very far out of their sockets, and moved independently of one another, thus the fish can see long distances around, and overtake the small crabs in spite of the long stalks to their optics. It is a tropical form, yet it is said to be found on the mud-flats of the Richmond River."
1889. J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 23:
"`Native hops,' on account of the capsules bearing some resemblance to hops, both in appearance and taste. In the early days of settlement the fruits of these trees were extensively used, yeast and beer of excellent quality being prepared from them. They are still so used to a small extent. D. attenuata, A. Cunn., for instance, was largely used in the Western District. In times of drought cattle and sheep eat them."
1896. A. B. Paterson, `Man from Snowy River,' p. 7:
"The wild-hop scrub grew thickly, and the hidden ground was fullOf wombat-holes, and any slip was death."
1888. R. M. Johnston, `Geology of Tasmania' [Introd. p. vii:
"The Horizontal is a tall shrub or tree. . . . Its peculiar habit—to which it owes its name and fame—is for the main stem to assume a horizontal and drooping position after attaining a considerable height, from which ascend secondary branches which in turn assume the same horizontal habit. From these spring tertiary branchlets, all of which interlock, and form . . . an almost impenetrable mass of vegetation."
1891. `The Australasian,' April 4: "That stuff as they calls horizontal, a mess of branches and root."
1830. R. Dawson, `Present State of Australia,' p. 20:
"I observed, too, that they used a stick, shaped thus __, \ called the hornerah (which assists them in throwing the spear)."
1847. G. F. Angas, `Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand,' vol. ii. p. 17:
A delicious fragrance, like that of hyacinth and jessamine mingled, filled the warm still air with its perfume. It arose from the petals of a straggling shrub, with bright green shining leaves resembling those of the nutmeg-tree; and a profusion of rich and delicate blossoms, looking like waxwork, and hanging in clusters of trumpet-shaped bells: I observed every shade of colour amongst them, from pinkish white to the deepest crimson, and the edges of the petals were irregularly jagged all round. The natives call this plant horopito."
Ibid. p. 75:
"The fuchsia and the horopito were also abundant."
1883. J. Hector, `Handbook of New Zealand, p. 129:
"Horopito, pepper-tree, winter's bark. A small slender evergreen tree, very handsome. Whole plant aromatic and stimulant; used by the Maoris for various diseases. Wood very ornamental in cabinet-work."
1889. T. Kirk, `Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 1:
"The Horopito, or pepper-tree of the settlers, is an ornamental shrub or small tree occurring in woods, on the margin of which it is sometimes found in great abundance."
1889. J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 164:
"`Quinine-tree,' `medicine-tree' of the interior. Called also `horse-radish tree' owing to the taste of the leaves. The bark contains a peculiar bitter, and no doubt possesses medicinal properties. The taste is, however, quite distinct from quinine."
1833. C. Sturt, `Southern Australia,' Vol. II. c. iii. p. 66:
"This was the only occasion upon which we felt the hot winds in the interior."
1846. J. L. Stokes, `Discoveries in Australia,' Vol. II. c. vi. p. 243:
"These squalls generally succeed the hot winds that prevail at this season in South Australia, coming from the interior."
Footnote—"During the hot winds we observed the thermometer, in the direct rays of the sun, to be 135 degrees."
1846. Ibid. c. xii. p. 403:
"A hot wind set in; . . . at one time the thermometer at the public offices [Adelaide] was 158 degrees."
1849. C. Sturt, `Expedition into Central Australia,' vol. ii. p. 90:
"I sought shelter behind a large gum tree, but the blasts of heat were so terrific that I wondered the very grass did not take fire. . . . Everything, both animate and inanimate, gave way before it: the horses stood with their backs to the wind, and their noses to the ground, without the muscular strength to raise their heads; the birds were mute, and the leaves of the trees, under which we were sitting, fell like a snow shower around us. At noon I took a thermometer, graduated to 127 degrees, out of my box, and observed that the mercury was up to 125 degrees. Thinking that it had been unduly influenced, I put it in the fork of a tree close to me, sheltered alike from the wind and the sun. In this position I went to examine it about an hour afterwards, when I found that the mercury had risen to the top of the instrument, and that its further expansion had burst the bulb. . . . We had reached our destination, however, before the worst of the hot wind set in."
1850. J. B. Clutterbuck, `Port Phillip in 1849,' p. 25:
"The immediate cause of the hot winds has given rise to much speculation. . . . The favourite theory is that they are generated in the sandy plains of the interior, which becoming powerfully heated, pour their glowing breath upon the fertile regions of the south."
1871. Dingo, `Australian Rhymes,' p. 7:
"A hot wind swift envelopes meIn dust from foot to head."
1879. A. R. Wallace, `Australasia,' (1893) vol. i. p. 39:
"They are evidently produced by the sinking down to the surface of that north-westerly current of heated air which . . . is always passing overhead. The exact causes which bring it down cannot be determined, though it evidently depends on the comparative pressure of the atmosphere on the coast and in the interior. Where from any causes the north-west wind becomes more extensive and more powerful, or the sea breezes diminish, the former will displace the latter and produce a hot wind till an equilibrium is restored. It is the same wind passing constantly overhead which prevents the condensation of vapour, and is the cause of the almost uninterrupted sunny skies of the Australian summer."
1879. Rev. J. H. Zillmann, `Australian Life,' p. 40:
"Scientific men, however, tell us that those hot winds are just what make Australia so healthy a climate—that they act as scavengers, and without them the death-rate of the colonies would be alarmingly great."
1871. Dingo, `Australian Rhymes,' p. 18:
"A spell that still makes me forgetThe dust and the hot-windy weather."
1883. J. Hector, `Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 130:
"Houhere, ribbonwood of Dunedin. [The name is now more general.] An ornamental shrub-tree ten to thirty feet high. Bark fibrous and used for cordage, and affords a demulcent drink. Wood splits freely for shingles, but is not durable. . . . Bark used for making a tapa cloth by the Maoris in olden times."
1889. T. Kirk, `Forest Flora of New Zealand,' p. 87:
"In one or other of its varied forms the `houhere' is found in nearly every district in N.Z. It is everywhere admired for its handsome foliage, and the beauty of its pure white flowers, which are produced in vast profusion during the early winter months. . . . The bark is capable of division into a number of layers. . . . By settlers all forms are termed `ribbonwood,' or less frequently `lace-bark'—names which are applied to other plants; they are also termed `thousand-jacket.'"
1895. `Longman's Geography Reader for New Zealand,' p. 231:
"The houhere is a small tree with beautiful white flowers, and the bark splits up into thin layers which look like delicate lace; hence the plant is called lace-bark or ribbon-wood by the colonists."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, `Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 91:
"The huia is a black bird about as large as a thrush, with long thin legs and a slender semi-circular beak, which he uses in seeking in holes of trees for the insects on which he feeds. In the tail are four long black feathers tipt with white. These feathers are much valued by the natives as ornaments for the hair on great occasions. . . . The natives attracted the birds by imitating the peculiar whistle, from which it takes the name of huia."
1883. F. S. Renwick, `Betrayed,' p. 36:
"One snow-tipped hui feather graced his hair."
1888. W. L. Buller, `Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 7:
[A full description.]
1855. W. Howitt, `Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 226:
"He `humped his swag,' in digger's phrase, that is, shouldered his pack and disappeared in the woods."
1857. `Geelong Advertiser,' quoted in `Argus,' Oct. 23, p. 5, col. 3:
"The despised old chum bought his swag, `humped it,' grumbled of course."
1891. Rolf Boldrewood, `Sydney-side Saxon,' p. 93:
"A hardwood slab-door weighs a goodish deal, as any one may find out that has to hump it a hundred yards."
1893. Haddon Chambers, `Thumbnail Sketches of Australian Life,' p. 224:
"I `humped my swag'—i.e. tied my worldly possessions, consisting of a blanket, a pannikin, and an odd pair of boots, upon my back-and `footed it' for the capital."
1896. H. Lawson, `When the World was Wide,' p. 134:
"But Bill preferred to hump his drumA-paddin' of the hoof."
1890. Rolf Boldrewood, `Miner's Right,' c. 3, p. 46:
"We get a fair share of exercise without a twenty-mile hump onSundays."
Gunyah ). . . New South Wales.Goondie )
Humpy (Oompi) . . . Queensland.
Mia-mia . . . Victoria and Western Australia.
Wurley (Oorla) . . . South Australia.
Whare . . . New Zealand.
1846. C. P. Hodgson, `Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 228:
"A `gunyia' or `umpee.'"
1873. J. Brunton Stephens, `Black Gin,' p. 16:
"Lo, by the `humpy' door, a smockless Venus."
(2) Applied to a settler's house, very small and primitive.
1881. A. C. Grant, `Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. i. p. 133:
"To dwell in the familiar old bark `humpy,' so full of happy memories. The roof was covered with sheets of bark held down by large wooden riders pegged in the form of a square to one another."