1890. `Goldfields of Victoria,' p. 21:
"From recent assays of the tailing-sand, scarcely one quarter of the pyrites has been extracted."
1891. `The Argus,' June 16, p. 6, col. 2:
"A hundred and fifty tons of tailings are treated at theSandhurst pyrites works every month."
"No such Maori word as taipo, meaning devil, exists. It would mean evening-tide—tai-po. Probably the early sailors introduced attached meaning of devil from the Maori saying, `Are you not afraid to travel at night?' referring to the danger of tidal rivers."
On the other hand, Mr. Tregear says, in his `Maori ComparativeDictionary,' s.v.—
"Taepo, a goblin, a spectre. Cf. tae, to arrive; po, night."
The Rev. W. Colenso says, in his pamphlet on `Nomenclature' (1883), p. 5:
"Taepo means to visit or come by night,—a night visitant,—a spectral thing seen in dreams,—a fancied and feared thing, or hobgoblin, of the night or darkness; and this the settlers have construed to mean the Devil!—and of course their own orthodox one."
Taipo or taepo is also a slang term for a surveyor's theodolite among the Maoris, because it is the "land-stealing devil."
1848. Rev. R. Taylor, `Leaf from the Natural History of New Zealand,' p. 43:
"Taipo, female dreamer; a prophetess; an evil spirit."
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, `Te Ika a Maui,' p. 49:
"There is the Taringa-here, a being with a face like a cat; and likewise another, called a Taipo, who comes in the night, sits on the tops of houses, and converses with the inmates, but if a woman presumes to open her mouth, it immediately disappears."
1878. B. Wells, `History of Taranaki,' p. 3:
"The similarity in sound and meaning of the Egyptian word typhon with that of the Maori taipo, both being the name of the Spirit of Evil, is also not a little remarkable."
[Ingenious, but worthless.]
1886. T. H. Potts, `Out in the Open,' `New Zealand Country journal,' vol. x. p. 262:
"His wife became seriously affected, declaring that Taipo had entered into her. Reasoning was wholly useless. She declared that Taipo was in the smoke of the wood, which smoke she had inhaled; soon she became prostrated by illness and was expected to die."
1887. J. C. Crawford, `Travels in New Zealand and Australia,' p. 107:
"After dinner Watkins requested the loan of a tomahawk to defend himself on going up to the Pa on the hill above. He said he knew that there was a taipo (devil) about; he felt it in his head."
1888. P. W. Barlow, `Kaipara,' p. 48:
"They were making the noises I heard to drive away the `Taipo,' a sort of devil who devotes his attention exclusively to Maoris, over whom, however, he only possesses power at night."
1891. W. H. Roberts, `Southland in 1856,' p. 72:
"They believed it was the principal rendez-vous of the fallen angel (Taipo) himself."
1896. Modern. Private Letter (May):
"Taipo, for instance, of course one knows its meaning, though it has been adopted chiefly as a name as common as `Dash' or `Nero' for New Zealand dogs; all the same the writers upon Maori superstitions seem to have no knowledge of it. Polach, Dieffenbach, Nicholas, Yates, call their evil spirits whiros or atuas. Tepo, the place of darkness, is the nearest they have come to it. I think myself it is South Island Maori, often differing a little in spelling and use; and so very much the larger proportion of New Zealand literature is the literature of the North."
1894. R. Lydekker, `Marsupialia,' p. 120:
"The Long-snouted Phalanger, which derives its scientific name from a certain resemblance of its hind feet to those of a Malayan Lemur-like animal known as the Tarsier, is one of the most interesting of the phalangers. . . . Known to the natives by the names of Tait and Nulbenger, it is, writes Gould, `generally found in all situations suited to its existence, from Swan River to King George's Sound.'"
1889. Prof. Parker, 'Catalogue of New Zealand Exhibition,' p. 116:
"The Takahe is the rarest of existing native birds, if indeed it is not already extinct."
1895. `The Argus,' Dec. 5, p. 5, col. 2:
"It appeared that [the plaintiff] had a particular fancy for a [certain] horse, and in an evil hour induced [the defendant] to lay him a wager about this animal at the long odds of two shillings to threepence. When the horse had romped triumphantly home and [the plaintiff] went to collect his two shillings [the defendant] accused him of having `taken him down,' stigmatised him as a thief and a robber, and further remarked that [the plaintiff] had the telegram announcing the result of the race in his pocket when the wager was made, and in short refused to give [the plaintiff] anything but a black eye."
1889. J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 493:
"In Queensland it is known as `Peppermint,' the foliage being remarkably rich in volatile oil. But its almost universal name is Tallow-wood. North of Port Jackson it bears the name of `Turpentine Tree' and `Forest Mahogany.' The aboriginals of the Brisbane River, Queensland, call it `tee.'"
Ibid. p. 494:
"Tallow-wood.—Used . . . for flooring, e.g. in ball-rooms; for this purpose it is selected on account of its greasy nature. This greasiness is most marked when it is fresh cut. (General Report, Sydney International Exhibition, 1879.)"
1897. `The Argus,' Feb. 22, p. 5, col. 4 (Cable message from London):
"Mr. Richards stated that the New South Wales black butt and tallow wood were the most durable and noiseless woods for street-paving."
1882. A. J. Boyd, `Old Colonials,' p. 63:
"The exciting game of tambaroora . . . Each man of a party throws a shilling, or whatever sum may be mutually agreed upon, into a hat. Dice are then produced, and each man takes three throws. The Nut who throws highest keeps the whole of the subscribed capital, and out of it pays for the drinks of the rest."
1820. `Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand' (Church Missionary Society), p. 206:
"Tamure s. Bream fish."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, `Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 93:
"There are many other sorts of fish, including the tamure, or snapper, the manga, or barracouta, the mango, or dog-fish, of which the natives catch large quantities, and the hapuka. This last fish is caught in pretty deep water, near reefs and rocks. It often attains a great size, attaining as much as 112 pounds. It bears a considerable resemblance to the cod in form, but is, however, of far finer flavour."
1855. Rev. R. Taylor, `Te Ika a Maui,' p. 413:
"Tamure, kouarea (the snapper), is a large fish like the bream."
1879. W. Colenso, `Transactions of New Zealand Institute,' vol. xii. art. vii. p. 118:
"The tamure is the snapper (Pagrus unicolor), a common fish on all the coasts."
1838. T. Mitchell, `Three Expeditions,' pp. 44, 45, pl. 5:
"In this piece of water we caught some small fish, two of them being of a rather singular kind, resembling an eel in the head and shape of the tail."
[p. 45]: "On my return to the camp in the evening, I made a drawing of the eel fish which we had caught early in the day (fig. 2, pl. 5)."
1875. T. Laslett, `Timber and Timber Trees,' p. 306:
"The Tanakaha Tree (Podocarpus asplenifolius) is found scattered over a large portion of the northern island of New Zealand. . . Height, sixty to eighty feet. . . The wood is close and straight in the grain. . . It works up well, is tough and very strong; so much so that the New Zealanders say it is the `strong man' among their forest trees."
1883. J. Hector, `Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 125:
"Tanakaha. A slender, handsome tree, sixty feet high; trunk rarely exceeds three feet in diameter; wood pale, close-grained, and excellent for planks and spars; resists decay in moist positions in a remarkable manner."
1820. `Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand' (Church Missionary Society), p. 207:
"Tangi, s. a cry or lamentation."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, `Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 194:
"They wrapped the mutilated corpse in his red blanket, and bore it, lashed to a tree, to the village, where the usual tangi took place."
1873. Lieut.-Colonel St. John, `Pakeha Rambles through Maori Lands,' p. 154:
"Shortly afterwards a `tangi' was held over those of the party whose remains could be identified."
1881. J. L. Campbell, `Poenamo,' p.191:
"Perhaps some old woman did a quiet tangi over his grave."
1883. F. S. Renwick, `Betrayed,' p. 41:
"'Tis the tangi floats on the seaborne breeze,In its echoing notes of wild despair."
1820. `Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand' (Church Missionary Society), p. 207:
"Taniwa, s. a sea-monster so called."
1842. W. R. Wade, `Journey in New Zealand' (Hobart Town), p. 34:
"Hearing us use the word tapu, as we looked towards it, one of our boatmen quickly repeated that the place was tapued for the tanewa (a water demon). `And I wonder,' was his irreverent addition, `what this same tanewa may be! An old pot leg, perhaps!'"
1896. `Otago Witness,' Jan. 23, p. 51, col. 2:
"The river at one time is reported as having been infested with taniwhas—gigantic fish that used to swallow the natives—and a Maori pointed out a deep pool under some willows, and told me his grandfather had been seized by one of these monsters at that spot, dragged to the bottom and eaten. This taniwha, which was about forty feet in length and had a long mane, was in the habit of sometimes standing almost erect in the water, and frightening the women and children out of their wits. It had a tremendous-sized head, and its mouth somewhat resembled the beak of a very large bird. Its neck was about six feet in circumference and was covered with scales, as likewise its body down to its tail, which was formed by a series of fin-shaped projections, and somewhat resembled in form the tail of a grey duck. It had two short legs which were as big around as the body of a half-grown pig, and with one kick it could knock a hole through the stoutest canoe."
1896. `Oamaru Mail,' June 13:
"Tannergrams is the somewhat apt designation which the new sixpenny telegrams have been christened in commercial vernacular."
1886. `Art journal: Exhibition Supplement,' p. 24:
"The Tappa, or native cloth [of Fiji], made from the bark of a tree. . . Has been extensively used in the draping of the court."
1888. H. S. Cooper, `The Islands of the Pacific,' p. 9:
"Tappa, a native cloth of spotless white, made from the bark of the mulberry-tree.'
1820. `Grammar and Vocabulary of Language of New Zealand' (Church Missionary Society), p. 208:
"Tapu, a. sacred, inviolable."
1835. W. Yate, `Some Account of New Zealand,' p. 84:
"This system of consecration—for that is the most frequent meaning of the term `tapu'—has prevailed through all the islands of the South Seas, but nowhere to a greater extent than in New Zealand."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, `Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 194:
"They wrapped the mutilated corpse in his red blanket, and bore it, lashed to a tree, to the village, where the usual tangi took place after it had been deposited in the wahi tapu, or sacred ground.'"
1859. A. S. Thomson, M.D., `Story of New Zealand,' p. 100:
"The primary meaning of the Maori word tapu is `sacred'; tabut is a Malay word, and is rendered `the Ark of the Covenant of God'; taboot is a Hindoo word signifying `a bier,' `a coffin,' or `the Ark of the Covenant'; ta is the Sanscrit word `to mark,' and pu `to purify.'"
[There is no authority in this polyglot mixture.]
1879. Clement Bunbury, `Fraser's Magazine,' June, `A Visit to the New Zealand Geysers,' p. 767:
"I had not much time to examine them closely, having a proper fear of the unknown penalties incurred by the violation of anything `tapu' or sacred."
1893. `Otago Witness,' Dec. 21, p. 10, col. 1:
"He seeks treasures which to us are tapu."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, `Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 25:
"We found no natives, the cove being under tapu, on account of its being the burial-place of a daughter of Te Pehi, the late chief of the Kapiti, or Entry Island, natives."
1847. A. Tennyson, `Princess,' canto iii. l. 261:
". . . Women up till thisCramp'd under worse than South-Sea-Isle taboo,Dwarfs of the gynaeceum."
1851. Mrs. Wilson, `New Zealand,' p. 24:
"But chiefly thou, mysterious Tapu,From thy strange rites a hopeful sign we draw."
1852. G. C. Mundy, `Our Antipodes' (edition 1855), p. 281:
"The tapu, which either temporarily or permanently renders sacred an object animate or inanimate, is the nearest approach to the Hindoo religious exclusive-ism."
1872. A. Domett, `Ranolf,' p. 89:
"His sole `tapu' a far securer guardThan lock and key of craftiest notch and ward."
Ibid. p. 100:
"Avenge each minor breach of this taboo."
1852. G. C. Mundy, `Our Antipodes' (edition 1855), p. 284:
"The tapued resting-place of departed chieftains."
1875. `Spectator' (Melbourne), May 29, p. 40, col. 2:
"I . . . found the telegraph office itself tabooed."
1893. R. L. Stevenson, `Island Nights' Entertainments,' p. 39:
"By Monday night I got it clearly in my head I must be tabooed."
(2) A Tasmanian aboriginal name for the fern Pteris aquilina, L., N.O. Polypodeae.
1834. Ross, `Van Diemen's Land Annual,' p. 129:
"The most extensively diffused eatable roots of Van Diemen's Land are those of the tara fern . . . greatly resembles Pteris aquilina, the common fern, brake, breckon, or brackin, of England . . . it is known among the aborigines by the name of tara . . . the root of the tara fern possesses much nutritive matter."
1873. `Catalogue of Vienna Exhibition':
"Tarairi. Used for most of the purposes for which sycamore is applied in Europe."
1883. J. Hector, `Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 129:
"Tarairi. A lofty forest tree, sixty to eighty feet high, with stout branches. Wood white, splits freely, but not much valued."
1876. W. n. Blair, `Transactions of New Zealand Institute,' vol. ix., art. x. p. 143:
"A small tree seldom exceeding thirty feet in height, and twelve inches in diameter. It has pale green shining leaves and purple flowers. The wood of a dirty white colour, is tough and fibrous."
1879. J. B. Armstrong, `Transactions of New Zealand Institute,' vol. xii. art. xlix. p. 329:
"The tarata or Lemon-wood, a most beautiful tree, also used for hedges."
1889. E. H. and S. Featon, `New Zealand Flora,' p. 35:
"The Tarata. This elegant tree is found on the east coast of both islands. It attains a height of from twenty to thirty feet, and has a stem from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter. It is known to the settlers in some parts as `Lemon-wood.' When displaying its profuse masses of pale golden flowers, it is very pretty."
1846. J. Lindley, `Vegetable Kingdom,' p. 128 [Stanford]:
"Whole fields of Colocasia macrorhyza are cultivated in the South Sea Islands under the name tara or kopeh roots."
1872. A. Domett, `Ranolf,' p. 374:
"Many a bed,That late in such luxurious neatness spread,Of melons, maize and taro—now a wreck."
1878. Lady Brassey, `Voyage in the Sunbeam,' p. 263:
"A good-looking man was busy broiling beef-steaks, stewing chickens and boiling taro, and we had soon a plentiful repast set before us."
1820. Lieut. Charles Jeffreys, `Delineation of the Island of Van Dieman's Land,' p. 1:
"Van Dieman's Land, or Tasmania, is an island of considerable extent."
1823. `Godwin's Emigrant's Guide to Van Diemen's Land, more properly called Tasmania':
[Title.]
1827. P. Cunningham, `Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i. p. 8:
"Over Van Diemen's Land (or Tasmania, as we love to call it here), New South Wales enjoys also many advantages."
1852. G. C. Mundy, `Our Antipodes' (edition 1855), p. 491:
"Tasmania is a more musical alias adopted by the island. It has been given in titular distinction to the first bishop, my excellent and accomplished friend Dr. Nixon, and will doubtless be its exclusive designation when it shall have become a free nation."
1892. A. and G. Sutherland, `History of Australia,' p. 41:
"The wild country around the central lakes of Tasmania."
1825. A. Bent, `The Tasmanian Almanack for the Year of our Lord 1825'
[Title.]
1894. R. Lydekker, `Marsupialia,' p. 156:
"Like many of its kindred, the Tasmanian Devil is a burrowing and nocturnal animal. In size it may be compared to a Badger, and owing to its short limbs, plantigrade feet, and short muzzle, its gait and general appearance are very Badger or Bear-like."
1813. `History of New South Wales' (1818), p. 430:
"About Port Dalrymple an animal was discovered which bore some resemblance to the hyena both in shape and fierceness; with a wide mouth, strong limbs, sharp claws and a striped skin. Agreeably to the general nature of New South Wales quadrupeds, this animal has a false belly. It may be considered as the most formidable of any which New South Wales has been yet found to produce, and is very destructive; though there is no instance of its attacking the human species."
1832. Ross, `Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 85:
"During our stay a native tiger or hyena bounded from its lair beneath the rocks."
1880. Mrs. Meredith, `Friends and Foes,' p. 65:
"There is another charming fellow, which all the people here call the Tiger, but as a tiger is like a great cat, and this beast is much more like a dog, you will see how foolish this name is. I believe naturalists call it the dog-faced opossum, and that is not much better . . . the body is not a bit like that of an opossum."
1892. A. Sutherland, `Elementary Geography of British Colonies,' p. 273:
"The `Tasmanian tiger' is of the size of a shepherd's dog, a gaunt yellow creature, with black stripes round the upper part of its body, and with an ugly snout. Found nowhere but in Tasmania, and never numerous even there, it is now slowly disappearing."
1894. `The Argus,' Jan. 26, p. 3, col. 5:
"To-day Tassy—as most Victorian cricketers and footballers familiarly term our neighbour over the straits—will send a team into the field."
1773. `Hawkesworth's Voyages' (Cook's First Voyage; at Tahiti, 1769), vol. ii. p. 191:
"They have a custom of staining their bodies . . . which they call Tattowing. They prick the skin, so as just not to fetch blood, with a small instrument, something in the form of a hoe. . . . The edge is cut into sharp teeth or points . . . they dip the teeth into a mixture of a kind of lamp-black . . . The teeth, thus prepared, are placed upon the skin, and the handle to which they are fastened being struck by quick smart blows, they pierce it, and at the same time carry into the puncture the black composition, which leaves an indelible stain."
1777. Horace Walpole, `Letters,' vol. vi. p. 448:
"Since we will give ourselves such torrid airs, I wonder we don't go stark and tattoo ourselves."
1845. E. J. Wakefield, `Adventures in New Zealand,' vol. ii. p. 109:
"A very famous artist in tatu came with the party, and was kept in constant and profitable employment. Everybody, from the renowned warrior to the girl of twelve years old, crowded to be ornamented by the skilful chisel. . . . The instruments used were not of bone, as they used formerly to be; but a graduated set of iron tools, fitted with handles like adzes, supplied their place. . . . The staining liquid is made of charcoal."
1847. A. Tennyson, `Princess,' canto ii. l. 105:
". . . Then the monster, then the man;Tattoo'd or woaded, winter-clad in skins,Raw from the prime, and crushing down his mate."
1859. A. S. Thomson, `Story of New Zealand,' vol. i. c. iv. p. 74:
"First among the New Zealand list of disfigurations is tattooing, a Polynesian word signifying a repetition of taps, but which term is unknown in the language of the New Zealanders; moko being the general term for the tattooing on the face, and whakairo for that on the body." [But see Moko.]
1872. A. Domett, `Ranolf,' p. 17:
"Lips no stain of tattoo had turned azure."
Ibid. p. 104:
"A stick knobbed with a carved and tattoo'd wooden head."
1873. J. B. Stephens, `Black Gin,' p. 3:
"Thy rugged skin is hideous with tattooing."
1883. J. Hector, `Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 129:
"Tawa. A lofty forest tree, sixty to seventy feet high, with slender branches. The wood is light and soft, and is much used for making butter-kegs."
1873. `Catalogue of Vienna Exhibition':
"Tawhai. Large and durable timber, used for sleepers."
1883. J. Hector, `Handbook of New Zealand,' p. 125:
"Tawhai, Red-birch (from colour of bark). A handsome tree, eighty to one hundred feet high. Fagus Menziesii, Hook. [also called large-leaved birch]. Tawhai, Tawhairaunui, Black-birch of Auckland and Otago (from colour of bark), Fagus fusca, Hook."
1872. A. Domett, `Ranolf,' p. 108:
"Its floor . . . with faint tawhiri leaves besprent "
1884. T. Bracken, `Lays of Maori,' p. 21:
"The early breeze that . . . stoleThe rich Tawhiri's sweet perfume."
Billy-tea, or Bush-tea. Tea made in a billy (q.v.). There is a belief that in order to bring out the full flavour it should be stirred with a gum-stick.
New Zealand tea. Tea made of the leaves of Manuka (q.v.). See Tea-tree.
1788. D. Considen, letter to Sir Joseph Banks, Nov. 18, in `Historical Records of New South Wales,' vol. i. part ii. p. 220:
"I have sent you some of the sweet tea of this country, whichI recommend, and is generally used by the marines and convicts.As such it is a good anti-scorbutic, as well as a substitutefor that which is more costly."
1790. J. White, `Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 195:
"The sweet-tea, a creeping kind of vine . . . the taste is sweet, exactly like the liquorice-root of the shops. Of this the convicts and soldiers make an infusion which is tolerably pleasant, and serves as no bad succedaneum for tea."
1889. J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 203:
"`Sweet tea' . . . The decoction made from its leaves . . . is similar in properties, but more pleasant in taste, than that obtained from the roots of S. officinalis, or Jamaica sarsaparilla. The herb is a common article of trade among Sydney herbalists."
1872. A. Domett, `Ranolf,' [Notes] p. 505:
"Manuka. . . . The settlers often call it `tea-broom.'"
1847. L. Leichhardt, `Overland Expedition,' p. 291:
"Brown returned with . . . four teals (Querquedula castanea)." [The old name.]
Although not all of the species of these two genera were used for making tea, yet, as a tree-name, the word Tea-tree is indifferently and loosely used to denote nearly all of them, especially in the form Tea-tree scrub, where they grow, as is their habit, in swamps, flat-land, and coastal districts. Other trees or plants to which the name of Tea-tree was occasionally given, are species of the genera Kunzea and Callistemon.
The spelling Ti-tree is not only erroneous as to the origin of the name, but exceedingly misleading, as it confuses the Australian Tea-tree with another Ti (q.v.) in Polynesia (Cordyline ti). This latter genus is represented, in Australia and New Zealand, by the two species Cordyline australis and C. indivisa, the Cabbage-trees (q.v.), or Cabbage palms (q.v.), or Ti-palms (q.v.), or Ti (q.v.), which are a marked feature of the New Zealand landscape, and are of the lily family (N.O. Liliaceae), while the genera Leptospermum and Melaleuca are of the myrtle family (N.O. Myrtaceae).
As to the species of the Australian Tea-tree, that first used by Cook's sailors was either—Leptospermum scoparium, R. and G. Forst.,
or L. lanigerum, Smith.
The species most used for infusions was—
L. fravescens, Smith (syn. L. thea, Willd., and Melaleuca thea, Willd.).
The Coast Tea-tree, common on the Victorian shores, and so useful as a sand-binder, is—
L. laevigatum, F. v. M.
The Common Australian Tea-tree (according to Maiden) is Melaleuca leucodendron, Linn.; called also White Tea-tree, Broad-leaved T.-t., Swamp T.-t., and Paper-bark T.-t.
The name, however, as noted above, is used for all species of Melaleuca, the Swamp Tea-tree being M. ericifolia, Smith, and the Black, or Prickly-leaved Tea-tree, M. styphelioides, Smith.
Of the other genera to which the name is sometimes applied, Kunzea pedunculata, F. v. M., is called Mountain Tea-tree, and Callistemon salignus, De C., is called—
Broad-leaved, or River Tea-tree.
In New Zealand, the Maori name Manuka (q.v.) is more generally used than Tea-tree, and the tree denoted by it is the original one used by Cook's sailors.
Concerning other plants, used in the early days for making special kinds of infusions and drinking them as tea, see under Tea, and Cape-Barren Tea.
1777. Cook's `Voyage towards the South Pole and Round the World' [2nd Voyage], vol. i. p. 99:
"The beer certainly contributed not a little. As I have already observed, we at first made it of a decoction of the spruce leaves; but finding that this alone made the beer too astringent, we afterwards mixed with it an equal quantity of the tea plant (a name it obtained in my former voyage from our using it as tea then, as we also did now), which partly destroyed the astringency of the other, and made the beer exceedingly palatable, and esteemed by every one on board."
[On page 100, Cook gives a description of the tea-plant, and also figures it. He was then at Dusky Bay, New Zealand.]
1790. J. White, `Voyage to New South Wales,' p. 229:
"Tea Tree of New South Wales, Melaleuca (?) Trinervia. This is a small shrub, very much branched. . . . It most nearly approaches the Leptospermum virgatum of Forster, referred by the younger Linnaeus, perhaps improperly, to Melaleuca."
1820. C. Jeffreys, R.N., `Geographical and Descriptive Delineations of the Island of Van Dieman's Land,' p. 133:
"Of course they [the Bushrangers] are subject to numerous privations, particularly in the articles of tea, sugar, tobacco, and bread; for this latter article, however, they substitute the wild yam, and for tea they drink a decoction of the sassafras and other shrubs, particularly one which they call the tea-tree bush."
1820. W. C. Wentworth, `Description of New South Wales,' p. 175:
"On Monday the bushrangers were at a house at Tea-tree Brush."
1827. P. Cunningham, `Two Years in New South Wales,' vol. i. p. 200:
"The leaves of the tea-tree furnished the colonists with a substitute for the genuine plant in the early period of the colony, and from their containing a saccharine matter required no sugar."
1830. R. Dawson, `Present State of Australia,' p. 78:
"This boy got some bark from a tree called the tea-tree, which makes excellent torches."
1832. J. Bischoff, `Van Diemen's Land,' c. ii. p. 25:
"The tea-tree grows in wet situations . . . the leaves infused make a pleasant beverage, and with a little sugar form a most excellent substitute for tea."
1834. Ross, `Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 134:
"Leptospermum lanigerum, Hoary tea-tree; Acacia decurrens, Black wattle; Conaea alba, Cape-Barren tea. The leaves of these have been used as substitutes for tea in the colony, as have also the leaves and bark of Cryptocarya glaucescens, the Australian Sasafras" (sic) [q.v.].
1845. J. O. Balfour, `Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 39:
"The Australian myrtles, or tea-trees, are to be found in thick clusters, shading rocky springs. . . . Its leaves I have seen made into a beverage called tea. It, however, was loathsome, and had not the slightest resemblance to any known Chinese tea."
1845. R. Howitt, `Australia,' p. 85:
"Often we had to take the boat down the river several miles, to cut reeds amongst the tea-tree marshes, to thatch our houses with."
1846. G. H. Haydon, `Five Years in Australia Felix;' p. 33:
"A great quantity of the tea-tree (Leptospermum) scrubs, which formerly lined both banks of the Yarra."
(p. 84): "It is allied to the myrtle family (Melaleuca) . . . A decoction of the leaves is a fair substitute for tea, yielding a beverage of a very aromatic flavour."
1855. W. Howitt, `Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 210:
"Dense with tea-trees and wattles shrouding the courses of the stream."
1862. H. C. Kendall, `Poems,' p. 126:
"Half-hidden in a tea-tree scrub,A flock of dusky sheep were spread."
1870. A. L. Gordon, `Bush Ballads,' p. 14:
"Through the tea-tree scrub we dashed."
1871. C. L. Money, `Knocking About in New Zealand,' p. 70:
"Chiefly covered with fern and tea-tree (manuka) scrub."
1871. T. Bracken, `Behind the Tomb,' p. 60:
"Sobbing through the tea-tree bushes,Low and tender, loud and wild,Melancholy music gushes."
1875. T. Laslett, `Timber and Timber Trees,' p. 2o6:
Table of Tasmanian woods found in low marshy ground.
Hgt. Dia. Used.
Swamp Tea-tree 12 ft. 6 in. Useless.
Tea-tree 30 " 9 " } Turners' and} AgriculturalMusk Tea-tree 12 " small } Implements.
1877. Baron von Mueller, `Botanic Teachings,' p. 18:
"We have among them [the Myrtaceae] . . . the native tea-trees, inappropriately so called, as these bushes and trees never yield substitutes for tea, although a New Zealand species was used in Captain Cook's early expedition, to prepare a medicinal infusion against scurvy; these so-called tea-trees comprise within our colony [Victoria], species of Leptospermum, Kunzea, Melaleuca and Callistemon, the last-mentioned genus producing flowers with long stamens, on which the appellation of `Bottle-brushes' has been bestowed."
1880. W. Senior, `Travel and Trout,' p. 78:
"Numerous flowering shrubs, such as the tea-tree, native lilac, and many another that varies the colour and softly scents the atmosphere."
1880. Mrs.Meredith, `Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 221:
"Thickets of tea-tree, white with lovely hawthorn-like flowers."
1881. A. C. Grant, `Bush Life in Queensland,' vol. ii. p. 19:
"Along the water's edge, noble titrees, whose drooping branches swept the stream, formed a fringe, the dark green of their thick foliage being relieved."
1883. C. Harpur, `Poems,' p. 78:
"Why roar the bull-frogs in the tea-tree marsh?"
1884. R. L. A. Davies, `Poems and Literary Remains,' p. 84:
"Shading a brook the tea-trees grew,Spangled with blossoms of whitish hue,Which fell from the boughs to the ground below,As fall from heaven the flakes of snow."
1885. R. M. Praed, `Australian Life,' p. 112:
"The bottle-brush flowers of the ti-trees."
1888. Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, `Select Extra-Tropical Plants,' p. 221:
"The somewhat aromatic leaves of Liscoparium (Forster) were already in Captain Cook's Expedition used for an antiscorbutic Tea, hence the name tea-tree for this and some allied plants."
1888. D. Macdonald, `Gum Boughs,' p. 76:
"The intrusive ti-tree. . . . The dark line of ti-tree in the foreground . . ."
1889. T. Kirk, `Forest Flora of New Zealand,' pp. 235, 236:
"Leptospermum scoparium, Forster, the Manuka. . . . It is commonly termed `tea-tree' by the settlers, but must not be confounded with the `ti' or `toi' of the Maories, which is a handsome palm-lily, Cordyline australis, often termed `cabbage-tree' by the bushmen."
1889. J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 38:
"Leptospermum scoparium, Tea Tree. It is said that this is the shrub the leaves of which were utilized by the crews of Captain Cook's ships for the purpose of making `tea,' and that they were also used with spruce leaves in equal quantity for the purpose of correcting the astringency in brewing a beer from the latter. It is exceedingly common about Sydney, so large quantities would therefore be available to the sailors. Species of this genus are exceedingly abundant not far from the coast, and the leaves would be very readily available, but the taste of the infusion made from them is too aromatic for the European palate."
[In Maiden's admirable book slips are very rare. But he is mistaken here in the matter of the abundance of the tree at Sydney having any reference to the question. Captain Cook had but one ship, the Endeavour; and it never entered Port Jackson. It is true that L. scoparium was the tree used by Cook, but he was then at Dusky Bay, New Zealand, and it was there that he used it. See quotations 1777 and 1877.]
1890. C. Lumholtz, `Among Cannibals,' p. 24:
"The well-known Melaleuca Leucadendron, called by the colonists tea-tree, from which is extracted what is known in medicine as cajeput oil."
1893. `The Australasian,' Jan 14:
"The ti-tree on either side of the road was in bloom, its soft, fluffy, creamy bushes gathering in great luxuriance on the tops of the taller trees, almost hiding the green."
1893. `The Argus,' April 29, p. 4, col. 4:
"There was many a shorthorned Hereford hidden in the innermost recesses of that tick and sand-fly infested ti-tree that knew not the cunning of a stockman's hand."
1894. `Melbourne Museum Catalogue—Economic Woods':
"No. 133, Coast tea-tree, Leptospermum laevigatum,F. v. M. No. 142, Swamp tea-tree, Melaleuca ericifolia,Smith."
1835. Ross, `Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 110:
"The beautiful crimson flowering shrub, with dark green rhododendron-like leaves, which grows in the upper region of Mount Wellington. . . . The generic name is derived from telopos, seen at a distance. It has been corrupted into tulip tree, to which it bears not the least resemblance."
Tena and Tera both mean `that'; but tena implies the idea of nearness, `that near you,' tera the idea of distance, `that (or there) away yonder.' Hence, while Tena koe is a welcome, Tera koe would be an insult.
1859. Caroline Leakey, `The Broad Arrow,' vol. ii. p. 32:
"Prisoners' barracks, sir—us calls it Tench."
The Banded ThickheadPachycephala pectoralis, Vig. and Hors.
Black T.—P. melanura, Gould.
Gilbert's T.—P. gilbertii, Gould.
Grey-tailed T.—P. glaucura, Gould (confined to Tasmania).
Lunated T.—P. falcata, Gould.
Olivaceous T.—P. olivacea, Vig. and Hors. (confined to Tasmania).
Pale-breasted T.—P. pallida, Ramsay.
Plain-coloured T.—P. simplex, Gould.
Red-throated T.—P. rufigularis, Gould.
Rufous-breasted T.—P. rufiventris, Lath.
Shrike-like T.—Pachycephala lanoides, Gould.
Torres-straits T.—P. fretorum, De Vis.
Western T.—P. occidentalis, Ramsay.
White-throated T.— P. gutturalis, Lath.; called also the Thunder-bird (q.v.).
1890. `Victorian Statutes—Game Act' (Third Schedule):
"Thick-heads. [Close season.] From the first day of August to the twentieth day of December next following in each year."
1875. `Melbourne Spectator,' Aug. 28, p. 201, col. 3:
"A thornback skate . . . weighing 109 lbs., has been caught . . . at North Arm, South Australia."
1888. Cassell's `Picturesque Australasia,' vol. iii. p. 210:
"Koninny [sic], raupo, toi-toi, supplejack, thousand-jacket, and the like, are names of things known well enough to the inhabitants of Napier and Taranaki, but to the average stay-at-home Englishman they are nouns which only vexatiously illustrate the difference between names and things."
1889. T. Kirk, `Flora of New Zealand,' p. 87:
"Hoheria populnea. The Houhere. Order—Malvaceae. . . In the north of Auckland the typical form is known as `houhere'; but Mr. Colenso informs me the varieties are termed `houi' and `whau-whi' in the south . . . By the settlers all the forms are termed `ribbon-wood,' or less frequently `lace-bark'— names which are applied to other plants: they are also termed `thousand-jacket.'"
1896. `The Australasian,' Aug. 28, p. 407, col. 5:
"`Thousand-jacket' is a picturesque name for a many-named New Zealand tree, the bark of which peels, and peels, and peels again, though in the number chosen there is certainly a note of exaggeration."
1802. G. Barrington, `History of New South Wales,' c. i. p. 12:
"The principals who perform it come from, Cammer-ray, armed with shields, clubs, and throwing-sticks."
Ibid. c. i. p. 26:
"The throwing-stick is used in discharging the spear. The instrument is from two to three feet in length, with a shell on one end and a hook on the other."
1846. J. L. Stokes, `Discoveries in Australia,' vol. i. p. 72:
"Natives . . . seemingly ignorant of the use of the throwing-stick."
1879. J. D. Woods, `Native Tribes of South Australia,' Introd. p. xviii:
"The spear is propelled by a wommerah or throwing-stick, having at one end a kangaroo's tooth, fixed so as to fit into a notch at the end of the spear. This instrument gives an amount of leverage far beyond what would be excited by unaided muscular strength."
1880. Fison and Howitt, `Kamilaroi and Kurnai,' p. 251:
"It is supposed that if the hair of a person is tied on the end of the throwing-stick. . . and roasted before the fire with some kangaroo fat, the person to whom it belonged will pine away and die."
1885. H. H. Hayter, `Carboona,' p. 24:
"Warrk Warrk, having a dart on his throwing-stick ready adjusted, hurled it."
(1) Collyriocincla, the Shrike-Thrushes (q.v.); the name Collyriocincla is a compound of two Greek bird-names, kolluriown /corr. from kolluriowu in Morris/, `a bird, probably of the thrush kind, Arist. H. A. 9, 23, 2' (`L. & S.' /1869 p.864/), and kigalos, `a kind of wag-tail or water-ousel' (`L. & S.'). The next two genera are derived in a similar way from gaer, earth, and 'opos, mountain.
(2) Geocincla, the Ground-Thrushes (q.v.).
(3) Oreocincla, the Mountain-Thrush (q.v.).
(4) Pachycephala (q.v.); called Thrushes, but more often Thickheads (q.v.).
(5) Turnagra (the New Zealand Thrushes), viz.—
T. hectori, Buller, North Island Thrush. T. crassirostris, Gmel., South Island Thrush.
The name Thrush was also applied loosely, by the early writers and travellers, to birds of many other genera which have since been more accurately differentiated. The common English thrush has been acclimatised in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.
1827. Vigors and Horsfield, `Transactions of Linnaean Society,' vol. xv. p. 239:
"`This species,' Mr. Caley says, `is called Thunder-bird by the colonists. . . . The natives tell me, that when it begins to thunder this bird is very noisy.'"
1848. J. Gould,' Birds of Australia,' vol. ii. pl. 64:
"Pachycephala Gutturalis, Thunder Bird, Colonists of New South Wales."
1896. A. J. North, `List of the Insectivorous Birds of New South Wales,' part i. p. 3:
"Pachycephala gutturalis, Latham. `Yellow-breasted Thick-head.' . . . From its habit of starting to sing immediately after a clap of thunder, the report of a gun, or any other loud and sudden noise, it is known to many residents of New South Wales as the Thunder-bird.'
"Pachycephala rufiventris, Latham. `Rufous-breastedThickhead.' . . . Also known as the `Thunder-bird.'"