Fig. 105—PALAEOZOIC CEPHALOPODA.A—Endoceras warburtoni, Eth. fil. Ordovician. South AustraliaB—Orthoceras lineare, Münster sp. Silurian (Yer.) VictoriaC—Cycloceras ibex, Sow. sp. Silurian (Melb.) VictoriaD—Phragmoceras subtrigorium, McCoy. Mid Devonian. VictoriaE—Gastrioceras jacksoni, Eth. fil. Carbopermian. W. AustraliaF—Agathiceras micromphalum, Morris sp. Carbopermian. N.S.W.
A—Endoceras warburtoni, Eth. fil. Ordovician. South AustraliaB—Orthoceras lineare, Münster sp. Silurian (Yer.) VictoriaC—Cycloceras ibex, Sow. sp. Silurian (Melb.) VictoriaD—Phragmoceras subtrigorium, McCoy. Mid Devonian. VictoriaE—Gastrioceras jacksoni, Eth. fil. Carbopermian. W. AustraliaF—Agathiceras micromphalum, Morris sp. Carbopermian. N.S.W.
Silurian Cephalopods.—
Silurian cephalopods are more generally distributed, and in Victoria constitute an important factor in the molluscan fauna of that system.OrthocerasandCyclocerasare the best known genera, represented byOrthoceras capillosum, found near Kilmore, Victoria;O. lineare(Fig. 105 B), from the Upper Yarra;Cycloceras bullatum, from the Melbournian of Collingwood and Whittlesea; andC. ibex(Fig. 105 C) from South Yarra and Flemington, in both Melbournian shale and sandstone. The latter species occurs also at Rock Flat Greek, New South Wales. Other Victorian species areKionoceras striatopunctatum, a well-known European fossil with a reticulatedand beaded ornament, found near Warburton and at McMahon’s Creek, Upper Yarra.
Orthocerasis also recorded from Tasmania and from the Wangapeka beds of Baton River, New Zealand.Cyclolituites, a partially coiled nautilian is recorded from Bowning, near Yass, New South Wales; whilst the closely relatedLituitesis noted from the Silurian of Tasmania.
Devonian Cephalopods.—
The only genus of cephalopoda at present recorded from the Devonian of Victoria isPhragmoceras(P. subtrigonum) (Fig. 105 D), which occurs in the Middle Devonian Limestone of Buchan, E. Gippsland. From beds of similar age in New South WalesOrthoceras,CyrtocerasandGoniatiteshave been noted; whilst the latter genus also occurs near Kimberley, Western Australia. In QueenslandGyroceras philpiis a characteristic shell, found in the Fanning and Reid Gap Limestones of the Burdekin Formation (Middle Devonian).
Carbopermian Cephalopods.—
The Carbopermian rocks of New South Wales have yieldedOrthoceras striatum,Cameroceras,NautilusandAgathiceras micromphalum(Fig. 105 F). In Queensland the Gympie Formation containsOrthoceras,Gyroceras,Nautilus,Agathiceras micromphalumandA. planorbiforme. In Western Australia the Kimberley rocks containOrthoceras,Glyphioceras sphaericumandAgathiceras micromphalum; whilst the largest known Australian goniatite,Gastrioceras jacksoni(Fig. 105 E) is found in the Irwin River District.Actinoceras hardmaniis an interestingfossil from the Carbopermian of Lennard River, N.W. Australia. In Tasmania the generaOrthocerasandGoniatiteshave been recorded from beds of similar age.
Triassic Cephalopods.—
For Triassic cephalopoda we look to New Zealand, where, in the Mount PottsSpiriferinaBeds of the Kaihiku Series a species ofOrthocerashas been recorded. The Wairoa Series next in succession containsOrthocerasand an Ammonite.
Fig. 106—MESOZOIC and CAINOZOIC CEPHALOPODA.A—Perisphinctes championensis, Crick. Jurassic. West AustraliaB—Nautilus hendersoni, Eth. fil. L. Cretaceous. QueenslandC—Haploceras daintreei, Eth. sp. L. Cretaceous. QueenslandD—Crioceras australe, Moore. L. Cretaceous. QueenslandE—Aturia australis, McCoy. Cainozoic. VictoriaF—Spirulirostra curta, Tate. Cainozoic (Janjukian). Victoria
A—Perisphinctes championensis, Crick. Jurassic. West AustraliaB—Nautilus hendersoni, Eth. fil. L. Cretaceous. QueenslandC—Haploceras daintreei, Eth. sp. L. Cretaceous. QueenslandD—Crioceras australe, Moore. L. Cretaceous. QueenslandE—Aturia australis, McCoy. Cainozoic. VictoriaF—Spirulirostra curta, Tate. Cainozoic (Janjukian). Victoria
Jurassic Cephalopods.—
The Jurassic of Western Australia yields a rich cephalopod fauna, from which may be selected astypical examples theNautilus,N. perornatusand the following Ammonites:Dorsetensia clarkei;Normanites australis; andPerisphinctes championensis(Fig. 106 A). These all occur in the Greenough River District, and at several other Jurassic localities in Western Australia.
The Jurassic system of New Zealand (Putataka Series) containsAmmonites aucklandicusandBelemnites aucklandicus, both from the upper marine horizon of that series.
Upper Jurassic Ammonites belonging to the generaMacrocephalites(M.cf.calloviensis) andErymnoceras(E.cf.coronatum) have been recorded from Papua.
Lower Cretaceous Cephalopods.—
Remains of Cephalopoda are fairly abundant in the Lower Cretaceous of Australasia. From amongst them may be selected the following—Nautilus hendersoni(Fig. 106 B) (Q.);Haploceras daintreei(Fig. 106 C) (Q. and N.S.W.);Desmoceras flindersi(Q. and N.S.W.);Schloenbachia inflatus(Q.);Scaphites cruciformis(N. Terr.);Ancyloceras flindersi(Q. and N.S.W.);Crioceras australe(Fig. 106 D) (Q. and S.A.);Belemites australis(Q.);B. oxys(Q., N.S.W., and S.A.);B. sellheimi(Q. and S.A.);B. diptycha, =canhami, Tate, (Q., N.S.W., and S.A.); andB. eremos(Centr. S.A.).
Upper Cretaceous Cephalopods.—
In the Upper Cretaceous (Desert Sandstone) of Queensland there occurs a Belemnite somewhat resemblingBelemnites diptycha, but with a very pointed apex.
Cretaceous Cephalopods, New Zealand.—
In New Zealand the Amuri System (Cretaceous) contains fossils which have been referred to the generaAmmonites,Baculites,Hamites,AncylocerasandBelemnites, but probably these determinations require some further revision. A species of Belemnite has also been noted from probable Cretaceous beds in Papua.
The Cainozoic System in Victoria contains a trueNautilus, N. geelongensis; andAturia australis(Fig. 106 E), a nautiloid shell having zig-zag suture lines and septal necks enclosing the siphuncle.A. australisis also found in the Oamaru Series of New Zealand; in Victoria it has an extensive vertical range, from Balcombian to Kalimnan (Oligocene to Lower Pliocene). Species ofNautilusare also found in the Janjukian of the Murray River Cliffs; where, in some cases the shell has been infilled with clear gypsum or selenite, through which can be seen the tubular siphuncle in its original position.Spirulirostra curta(Fig. 106 F) is an interesting cuttle-bone of rare occurrence. The genus is represented by two other species only, occurring in the Miocene of Italy and Germany. In Victoria it is occasionally found in the Janjukian marly limestone at Bird Rock near Torquay.
COMMON OR CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS OF THE FOREGOING CHAPTER.
PELECYPODA.
Ambonychia, macroptera, Tate. Cambrian: S. Australia. (?)Modiolopsis knowsleyensis, Chapm. L. Ordovician: Victoria.
Orthonota australis, Chapm. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
Grammysia cuneiformis, Eth. fil. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
Leptodomus maccoyianus, Chapm. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
Edmondia perobliqua, Chapm. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
Cardiola cornucopiae, Goldfuss sp. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
Panenka gippslandica, McCoy sp. Silurian (Tanjilian): Victoria.
Ctenodonta portlocki, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
Nuculites maccoyianus, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
Nucula melbournensis, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
Palaeoneilo victoriae, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
Pterinea lineata, Goldfuss. Silurian (Yeringian): Victoria.
Lunulicardium antistriatum, Chapm. Silurian (Tanj.): Victoria.
Conocardium costatum, Cressw. sp. Silurian: Victoria.
Conocardium davidis, Dun. Silurian: New South Wales.
Actinopteria boydi, Conrad sp. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
Aviculopecten spryi, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
Modiolopsis complanata, Sowerby sp. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
Goniophora australis, Chapm. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
Cypricardinia contexta, Barrande. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
Paracyclas siluricus, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
Actinopteria australis, Dun. Devonian: New South Wales.
Lyriopecten gracilis, Dun. Devonian: New South Wales.
Leptodesma inflatum, Dun. Devonian: New South Wales.
Stutchburia farleyensis, Eth. fil. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
Edmondia nobilissima, de Koninck. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
Deltopecten limaeformis, Morris sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales, Queensland and Tasmania.
Aviculopecten squamuliferus, Morris sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales and Tasmania.
Aviculopecten tenuicollis, Dana sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales and W. Australia.
Chaenomya etheridgei, de Koninck sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales and Queensland.
Maeonia elongata, Dana. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
Pachydomus globosus, J. de C. Sow. sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales, Tasmania and Queensland.
Eurydesma cordatum, Morris. Carbopermian: New South Wales and Queensland.
Unio dunstani, Eth. fil. Trias: New South Wales.
Unionella carnei, Eth. fil. Trias: New South Wales.
Corbicula burrumensis, Eth. fil. Trias: Queensland.
Daonella lommeli, Wissm. sp. Trias: New Zealand.
Mytilus problematicus, Zittel. Trias: New Zealand.
Monotis salinaria, Zittel. Trias: New Zealand.
Cucullaea semistriata, Moore. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Trigonia moorei, Lycett. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Ctenostreon pectiniforme, Schlotheim sp. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Astarte cliftoni, Moore. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Unio dacombei, McCoy. Jurassic: Victoria.
Unio eyrensis, Tate. Jurassic: S. Australia.
Nucula truncata, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and S. Australia.
Maccoyella reflecta, Moore sp. L. Cretaceous: New South Wales, Queensland (also U. Cretaceous), and S. Australia.
Maccoyella barkleyi, Moore sp. L. Cretaceous: New South Wales, Queensland and S. Australia.
Fissilunula clarkei, Moore sp. L. Cretaceous: New South Wales, Queensland, and S. Australia; also Up. Cret. in Queensland and South Australia.
Inoceramus carsoni, McCoy. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.
Trigonia cinctuta, Eth. fil. Lower Cretaceous: S. Australia.
Mytilus rugocostatus, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and S. Australia.
Cyrenopsis opallites, Eth. fil. Upper Cretaceous: New South Wales.
Conchothyra parasitica, Hutton. Cretaceous: New Zealand.
Dimya dissimilis, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and South Australia.
Spondylus pseudoradula, McCoy. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and South Australia.
Pecten polymorphoides, Zittel. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and South Australia; also New Zealand.
Cucullaea corioensis, McCoy. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and South Australia.
Leda vagans, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and South Australia.
Corbula ephamilla, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and South Australia.
Modiola praerupta, Pritchard. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
Pecten praecursor, Chapm. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
Modiola pueblensis, Pritchard. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
Limopsis insolita, Sow. sp. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria and S. Australia. Also Oamaru Ser., N.Z.
Cardita tasmanica, Tate. Cainozoic (Janj.): Tasmania.
Lucina planatella, Tate. Cainozoic (Janj.): Victoria and Tasmania.
Pecten novaeguineae, T. Woods. Cainozoic (?Lower Pliocene), Yule Island, Papua.
Ostrea manubriata, Tate. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
Glycimeris halli, Pritch. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
Limopsis beaumariensis, Chapm. Cainozoic (Kalimnan and Werrikooian): Victoria.
Trigonia howitti, McCoy. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
Meretrix paucirugata, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
Venus (Chione) subroborata, Tate, sp. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria and South Australia.
SCAPHOPODA.
Dentalium tenuissimum, de Koninck. Mid. Devonian: New South Wales.
Dentalium huttoni, Bather. Jurassic: New Zealand.
Dentalium wollumbillensis, Eth. fil. L. Cretaceous: Queensland.
Dentalium, mantelli, Zittel. Cainozoic: Victoria, S. Australia and New Zealand.
POLYPLACOPHORA.
Chelodes calceoloides, Eth. fil. Silurian: New South Wales.
Ischnochiton granulosus, Ashby and Torr sp. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
Lorica duniana, Hull. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Tasmania.
Cryptoplax pritchardi, Hall. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
GASTEROPODA.
Ophileta subangulata, Tate. Cambrian: S. Australia.
Platyceras etheridgei, Tate. Cambrian: S. Australia.
Salterella planoconvexa, Tate. Cambrian: S. Australia.
Salterella hardmani, Foord. Cambrian: W. Australia.
Hyolithes communis, Billings. Cambrian: S. Australia.
Scenella tenuistriata, Chapm. Cambrian (Upper): Victoria.
Ophileta gilesi, Tate. Ordovician: S. Australia.
Raphistoma browni, Tate. Ordovician: S. Australia.
Hyolithes leptus, Chapm. Lower Ordovician: Victoria.
Helicotoma johnstoni, Eth. fil. Ordovician: Tasmania.
Coleolus (?) aciculum, J. Hall. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
Hyolithes spryi, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
Conularia ornatissima, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
Phanerotrema australis, Eth. fil. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
Gyrodoma etheridgei, Cressw. sp. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
Trematonotus pritchardi, Cressw. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
Bellerophon cresswelli, Eth. fil. sp. Silurian (Yer.) Victoria.
Euomphalus northi, Eth. fil. sp. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
Cyclonema australis, Eth. fil. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
Trochonema montgomerii, Eth. fil. sp. Silurian: Tasmania.
Bellerophon jukesii, de Koninck. Silurian: New South Wales.
Conularia sowerbii, Defrance. Silurian: Victoria and New South Wales.
Euomphalus culleni, Dun. Devonian: New South Wales.
Gosseletina australis, Eth. fil. Carboniferous: New South Wales.
Yvania konincki, Eth. fil. Carboniferous: New South Wales; and Carbopermian: Queensland.
Bellerophon costatus, Sow. Carbopermian: W. Australia.
Mourlonia humilis, de Koninck. Carbopermian: West Australia and New South Wales.
Pleurotomaria (Ptychomphalina) morrisiana, McCoy. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
Keeneia platyschismoides, Eth. fil. Carbopermian (Lower Marine): New South Wales.
Platyschisma oculum, Sow. sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales and Queensland.
Macrocheilus filosus, Sow. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
Loxonema babbindonensis, Eth. fil. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
Conularia tenuistriata, McCoy. Carbopermian: New South Wales and Queensland.
Conularia tasmanica, Carbopermian: Tasmania.
Murchisonia carinata, Etheridge. Carbopermian: Queensland.
Pleurotomaria greenoughiensis, Eth. fil. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Turbo australis, Moore. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Rissoina australis, Moore. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Cinulia hochstetteri, Moore. Cretaceous: Queensland and S. Australia.
Natica ornatissima, Moore. Cretaceous: S. Australia.
Pseudamaura variabilis, Moore sp. Cretaceous: New South Wales, Queensland and S. Australia.
Anchura wilkinsoni, Eth. fil. Cretaceous: Queensland and S. Australia.
Rostellaria waiparensis, Hector. Cretaceous: New Zealand.
Niso psila, T. Woods. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and S. Australia.
Crepidula unguiformis, Lam. Cainozoic (Balc.-Recent): Victoria and Tasmania.
Natica hamiltonensis, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Recent): Victoria and South Australia.
Turritella murrayana, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria, S. Australia and Tasmania.
Cerithium apheles, T. Woods. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria.
Volutilithes antiscalaris, McCoy sp. Cainozoic (Balc.-Werrikooian): Victoria.
Ancilla pseudaustralis, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria, S. Australia and Tasmania.
Cypraea ampullacea, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
Murex didyma, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
Eburnopsis aulacoessa, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
Cancellaria calvulata, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
Vaginella eligmostoma, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
Eutrochus fontinalis, Pritchard. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
Turbo atkinsoni, Pritchard. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Tasmania and Victoria.
Scala lampra, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Janjukian): S. Australia.
Natica gibbosa, Hutton. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria. Also Oamaru and Wanganui Series: New Zealand.
Morio wilsoni, Tate. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
Voluta heptagonalis, Tate. Cainozoic (Janjukian): S. Australia.
Volutilithes anticingulatus, McCoy sp. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria and Tasmania. Also Papua.
Bathytoma paracantha, T. Woods sp. Cainozoic (Janj.): Victoria and Tasmania. Also Papua.
Dolium costatum, Deshayes. Cainozoic. (? Lower Pliocene): Yule Island, Papua.
Bankivia howitti, Pritch. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
Eglisia triplicata, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
Voluta masoni, Tate. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
Ancilla papillata, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
Drillia wanganuiensis, Hutton. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria. Also Petane Series: New Zealand.
Terebra geniculata, Tate. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
Pleurotomaria tertiaria, McCoy. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria. Also Oamaru Series: New Zealand.
Scala lyrata, Zittel sp. Cainozoic (Oamaru): New Zealand.
Natica darwinii, Hutton. Cainozoic (Oamaru): New Zealand.
Turritella cavershamensis, Harris. Cainozoic (Oamaru): New Zealand.
Ancilla hebera, Hutton sp. Cainozoic (Oamaru): New Zealand. Also (Balc. and Janj.): Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.
Pleurotoma hamiltoni, Hutton. Cainozoic (Oamaru): New Zealand.
Natica ovata, Hutton. Cainozoic (Awatere Series): New Zealand.
Struthiolaria sulcata, Hutton. Cainozoic (Awatere Series): New Zealand.
Trophon expansus, Hutton. Cainozoic (Petane Series): New Zealand.
Pisania drewi, Hutton. Cainozoic (Petane Series): New Zealand.
Bankivia fasciata, Menke. Cainozoic (Werrikooian-Recent): Victoria.
Astralium aureum, Jonas sp. Cainozoic (Werrikooian-Recent): Victoria.
Natica subinfundibulum, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Werr.): Victoria and S. Australia.
Nassa pauperata, Lam. Cainozoic (Werr.-Rec.): Victoria.
Helix tasmaniensis, Sow. Cainozoic (Pleistocene): Tasmania.
Helix geilstonensis, Johnston. Cainozoic (Pleistocene): Tasmania.
Panda atomata, Gray sp. Cainozoic (Pleist.-Rec.): Victoria and New South Wales.
CEPHALOPODA.
Endoceras warburtoni, Eth. fil. Ordovician: S. Australia.
Orthoceras gossei, Eth. fil. Ordovician: S. Australia.
Orthoceras ibiciforme, Tate. Ordovician: S. Australia.
Trochoceras reticostatum, Tate. Ordovician: S. Australia.
Actinoceras tatei, Eth. fil. sp. Ordovician: S. Australia.
Orthoceras capillosum, Barrande. Silurian: Victoria.
Orthoceras lineare, Münster sp. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
Cycloceras bullatum, Sow. sp. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
Cycloceras ibex, Sow. sp. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
Kionoceras striatopunctatum, Münster sp. Silurian (Tanjilian): Victoria.
Phragmoceras subtrigonum, McCoy. Mid. Devonian: Victoria.
Gyroceras philpi, Eth. fil. Mid. Devonian: Queensland.
Orthoceras striatum, Sow. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
Agathiceras micromphalum, Morris sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales and W. Australia.
Gastrioceras jacksoni, Eth. fil. Carbopermian: W. Australia.
Actinoceras hardmani, Eth. fil. Carbopermian: N.W. Australia.
Nautilus perornatus, Crick. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Dorsetensia clarkei, Crick. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Normanites australis, Crick sp. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Perisphinctes championensis, Crick. Jurassic: W. Australia.
Ammonites aucklandicus, Hector. Jurassic: New Zealand.
Belemnites aucklandicus, Hector. Jurassic: New Zealand.
Nautilus hendersoni, Eth. fil. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.
Haploceras daintreei, Etheridge sp. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and New South Wales.
Ancyloceras flindersi, McCoy. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and New South Wales.
Crioceras australe, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and S. Australia.
Scaphites eruciformis, Eth. fil. Lower Cretaceous: Northern Territory.
Belemnites diptycha, McCoy. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland, New South Wales, and S. Australia.
Belemnites eremos, Tate. Lower Cretaceous: S. Australia.
Nautilus geelongensis, Foord. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
Aturia australis, McCoy. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria. Oamaru Series: New Zealand.
Spirulirostra curta, Tate. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
LITERATURE.
MOLLUSCA.
Cambrian.—Foord, A. H. Geol. Mag., Dec. III. vol. VII. 1890, pp. 98, 99 (Pteropoda). Tate, R. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. XV. 1892, pp. 183-185 (Pelec. and Gastr.), pp. 186, 187 (Pteropoda). Etheridge, R. jnr. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. XXIX. 1905, p. 251 (Pteropoda). Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XXIII. pt. II. 1910, pp. 313, 314 (Gastr.).
Ordovician.—Etheridge, R. jnr. Parl. Papers, Leg. Assemb., S. Austr., No. 158, 1891, pp. 9, 10 (Gastr. and Ceph.). Tate, R. Rep. Horn. Sci. Exped., pt. 3, 1896, pp. 98-110. Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vic., vol. XV. pt. II. 1903, pp. 119, 120 (Hyolithes).
Silurian.—McCoy, F. Prod. Pal. Vic., Dec. VI. 1879, pp. 23-29. Etheridge, R. jnr. Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. I. No. 3, 1890, pp. 62-67 (Gastr.). Idem, ibid., vol. I. No. 7, 1891, pp. 126-130 (Pelec. and Gastr.). Cresswell, A. W. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. V. 1893, pp. 41-44. Etheridge, R. jun. Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. III. No. 4, 1898, pp. 71-77 (Gastr.). Idem, Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, vol. V. pt. 2, 1898, pp. 67-70 (Chelodes). De Koninck, L. G. Mem. Geo. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No. 6, 1898, pp. 29-35. Etheridge, R. jnr. Prog. Rep. Geol. Surv. Vict., No. XI. 1899, pp. 34, 35 (Pelec.). Idem, Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. V. No. 2, 1904, pp. 75-77 (Ceph.). Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc., Vict., vol. XVI. pt. 11. 1904, pp. 336-341 (Pteropoda). Idem, Mem. Nat. Mus. Melbourne, No. 2, 1908 (Pelecypoda).
Devonian.—McCoy, F. Prod. Pal., Vict., Dec. IV. 1876, pp. 18, 19 (Ceph.). Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892, p. 69 (Gyroceras). De Koninck, L. G. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No. 6, 1898, pp. 85-105.
Carboniferous.—Etheridge, R. jnr. Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. III. No. 1, 1897, pp. 7-9 (Actinoceras). Idem, Geol. Surv. W.A., Bull. No. 27, 1907, pp. 32-37.
Carbopermian.—Morris, J., in Strzelecki’s Phys. Descr. of New South Wales, etc., 1845, pp. 270-278 and 285-291. Foord, A. H. Geol. Mag., Dec. III. vol. VII. 1890, pp. 103, 104. Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892, pp. 264-296. Idem., Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. IX. 1895, pp. 530-537 (Pelec. and Gastr.). De Koninck, L. G. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No. 6, 1898, pp. 203-274. Etheridge, R. jnr. and Dun, W. S. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No. 5, vol. II. pt. I. 1906 (Palaeopecten). Idem, ibid., vol. II., pt. 2, 1910 (Eurydesma).
Trias.—Zittel, K. Novara Exped., vol. I. Abth. II. Geol. Theil., 1864, pp. 26-29. Etheridge, R. jnr. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No. 1, 1888, pp. 8-14.
Jurassic.—Zittel, K. Novara Exped., vol. I., Abth. II. Geol. Theil., 1864, pp. 20-34. Moore, C. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. XXVI. pp. 245-260 (Jurassic and Cretaceous Moll.). Etheridge, R. jnr. ibid., vol. XXVIII. 1872, pp. 317-359 (Palaeozoic, Jur. and Cret. Moll.). Crick, G. C. Geol. Mag., Dec. IV. vol. I. 1894, pp. 385 393 and 433-441 (Ceph.). Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XVI. pt. II. 1904, pp. 327-332. Marshall, P. Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. XLI. 1909, pp. 143-145 (New Zealand Ceph.). Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. Surv. W.A. Bull. No. 36, 1910, pp. 30-40.
Cretaceous.—Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892, pp. 445-503 and 561-574. Idem, Geol. Surv. Queensland, Bull. No. 13, 1901, pp. 13-35. Idem, Mem. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., vol. II. pt. 1, 1902 (S.A. Moll.). Idem, Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No. 11, 1902, pp. 16-49 (New South Wales Moll.).
Cainozoic.—Zittel, K. Novara Exped. Geol. Theil., vol. I. Abth. II. 1864, pp. 34-55 (Pelec. and Gastr. New Zealand). McCoy, F. Prod., Pal. Vict., Dec. I. 1874; Dec. II. 1875; Dec. III. 1876; Dec. V. 1877; Dec. VI. 1879. Woods, J. E. T. Proc. R. Soc. Tas. (1875), 1876, pp. 13-26 (Table Cape Moll.). Idem, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. III. 1879, pp. 222-240 (Muddy Creek Moll.). Idem, ibid., vol. IV. 1880, pp. 1-24.Hutton, F. W. Trans. New Zealand Inst. vol. IX. 1877, pp. 593-598. Ibid., vol. XVII. 1885, pp. 313-332 (New Zealand Pelec. and Gastr.). Idem, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. I. 2nd ser. (1886), 1887, pp. 205-237, (distr. lists, Pareora and Oamaru). Idem, Macleay, Mem. Vol. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1893, pp. 35-92 (Pliocene Moll. New Zealand). Tate, R. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. VII. 1886, pp. 96-158, and vol. IX., 1887, pp. 142-189 (Pelec.); ibid., pp. 190-194 (Scaphopoda); ibid., 194-196 (Pteropoda). Idem, ibid., vol. X. 1888, pp. 91-176; vol. XI. 1889, pp. 116-174; vol. XIII. 1890, pp. 185-235; and vol. XVII. 1893, pp. 316-345 (Gastr.). Idem, Journ. R. Soc., New South Wales, vol. XXVII. 1893, pp. 169-191. Idem, ibid., vol. XXXI. 1897, pp. 392-410 (Gastr. and Pelec.). Idem, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. XXIII. 1899, pp. 260-277 (Revision of Moll.). Pritchard, G. B. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., vol. VII. 1895, pp. 225-231 (Pelec.). Idem, ibid., vol. VIII. 1896, pp. 79-141 (Moll. of T. Cape). Idem, ibid., vol. XI. pt. I. 1898, pp. 96-111 (Gastr.). Idem, ibid., vol. XIV. pt. I. 1901, pp. 22-31 (Pelec.). Idem, ibid., vol. XVI. pt. II. 1903, pp. 87-103 (Pelec.). Idem, ibid., vol. XVI. pt. I. 1903, pp. 83-91 (Pleurotomaria). Idem, ibid., vol. XVII. pt. I. 1904, pp. 320-337 (Gastr.) Idem, ibid., vol. XXVI. (N.S.) pt. I. 1913, pp. 192-201 (Volutes). Hall, T. S. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XVII. pt. II. 1905, pp. 391-393 (Chitons). Ashby, E. and Torr. W. G. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. XXV. 1901, pp. 136-144 (Chitons). Thomson, J. A. Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XL. 1908, pp. 102, 103 (N.Z. Moll.). Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. vol. XX. pt. II. 1908, pp. 218-220 (Chiton). Idem, ibid., vol. XXV. pt. I. 1912, pp. 186-192 (Gastr.).
FOSSIL TRILOBITES, CRUSTACEA AND INSECTS.
Arthropods and their Structure.—
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The above-named fossil groups are included by zoologists in the sub-kingdom Arthropoda (“joint-footed animals”). The Arthropods possess a body and limbs composed of a number of jointed segments covered externally with a hard, shelly material and separated by a softer, flexible skin. They have no internal skeleton, and therefore the only portion which can be preserved in the fossil state is the harder part of the outer covering. Under exceptional conditions of fossilisation, however, even frail insects such as ants, wasps and dragon-flies are sometimes found more or less wholly preserved and showing their original minute structure.
Subdivisions of Arthropoda.—
The principal representatives of the group of the Arthropods which are found as fossils include the Trilobites; various Crustacea proper, as Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimps, Pod-shrimps and Water-fleas; the Insects; and occasionally Spiders and Scorpions (Arachnida). The King-crabs and Eurypterids (asthe extinctPterygotus) form a separate sub-class, the Merostomata, which are placed by some authors in the group of Spiders and Scorpions: their remains date back to the time when the older Palaeozoic strata were deposited.
Crustacea, an Archaic Group.—
A typical division of the Arthropod group, and one which was well represented from the earliest period up to the present day, is theCRUSTACEA. As the name denotes, these animals are generally invested with a strong shelly covering or “crust,” usually of horny or chitinous material, which in some forms is strengthened by deposits of phosphate of lime. Of the horny condition of the shell the groups of the bivalved Crustacea (Ostracoda) and the “water-fleas” (Entomostraca) supply notable instances; whilst the limy-structured shell is seen in the common crab. Some authorities separate the great extinct group of the Trilobites from the rest of the Crustacea; but it will here be convenient, in a preliminary study, to consider them together.
Development of Crustacea.—
The development of the lower forms of the Crustacea is interesting, from the fact that the young usually escapes from the egg in a larval state known as a “nauplius.” In this stage there are no segments to the body, and but a solitary median eye, such as may be seen in the common water-flea known to microscopists asCyclops. The three pairs of appendages seen in this larval crustacean represent the two pairs of antennae and the jaws or mandibles of the full-grown form.
Among the higher Crustacea, however, there is no larval form; the young escaping from the egg in a more or less highly developed condition resembling the adult. The group of the Crabs, Lobsters and Shrimps (or Decapoda,i.e., having ten ambulatory feet) exhibit a larval stage in which the young form (“zoea”) has a segmented abdomen and seven pairs of appendages.
Trilobites.—
The first group of arthropods here described is that of theTRILOBITES. These were so named on account of the three-lobed form of the body. This particular feature distinguishes them from the Crustacea proper; which includes the Phyllopods (with leaf-like limbs), as the freshwaterEstheria, the Ostracoda or Bivalved Water-fleas, the Barnacles or Cirripedia and the Higher Crustacea (Malacostraca), including Shrimps, Crabs, and Lobsters, of which the oldest representatives are the Pod-shrimps (Phyllocarida).
Habits of Trilobites.—
The remains of these primitive but often strikingly ornamented crustacean-like animals, the trilobites, are found in comparative abundance in the limestones, mudstones, and even the sandstones of the older sedimentary rocks of Australasia. They were amongst the most prolific types of animal life existing in the seas of Palaeozoic times, and are especially characteristic of Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian rocks. Trilobites, as a group, seem to have adapted themselves to almost all conditions of marine life:some are found in the hardened black mud of shallow waters, whilst others are to be looked for in the limestones and excessively fine sediments of deeper waters. In all probability certain of these forms crawled over the soft, oozy sea-bed in order to obtain their food, and consequently their remains in the stratified rocks would be restricted to the fine black shales; whilst the freely swimming forms could change their habitat at will, and would be found alike in sandy or clayey deposits. As some indication of their varied habits, the eyes of trilobites differ greatly in size. They are always compound like the eye of the house-fly, though of a semi-lunar shape. In some forms the eyes are very small or even absent, whilst in others they are exceedingly large and prominent. This latter feature probably indicates their frequenting moderately deep water.