Acephaly25Actiolinus, likened to a hunting dog47Adamantius44Aelian57.75Agnathy34Alexander the Great, likened to a lion47Algemundus, King of Lombards8.74alluttu(dolphin)40Androgynous formations11.51.56Animals8.12.26.40 seq.51 seq.— with two to seven heads62Anus, closed35.51 seq.Ape, human nose compared with ape’s46Aprosopy38Apuleius71Aristotle44.56.59.77Arms, one arm short34Arnobius53Ashurbanapal (Assyrian ruler)6.23Ashurbanapal’s Library6Ass, born by woman40— Golden Ass71— human face compared with46 seq.— talking71Astrology1— underlying theory3— among Greeks and Romans3.50.53.79— among Etruscans3— among Hittites3— in Europe4Astrology in China4— official reports9— leads to astronomy43— horoscope79Azag-Bau (female ruler)11 seq.Bab, E.66Babylonia and Egypt68Balaam’s ass71Baldness, a sign of lasciviousness47Baptism5Barnum, P. T.78bârû(diviner)3.7.9 seq.12.18 seq.37.54.59 seq.64.79Baur, Paul V.64Beard, child born with39Belly, open52Berosus57.62Bezold, Carl4Bird, sending out birds2— born by woman41— child with mouth of61Birnbaum, R.34.37Birth customs5Birth-omens2— basis of4— mystery of birth4— texts6 seq.— official reports9— basis of interpretation11 seq.14 seq.16 seq.19.20.22 seq.— combination of texts19— animal9-28— human28-41— lead to study of human physiognomy43 seq.— as warnings44— among Romans52 seq.— give rise to belief in hybrid and fabulous beings62— in India67— in China67— in Egypt67— in Europe72Blood, in rivers51 seq.— , rain of blood51Boghaz-Keui58Boissier, Alfred11Boleslaus, King of Poland75Boll, Franz4Bouché-Leclercq, A.41Boy seeChildBrachyprosopy25Buddha71Bull, with human head61— Jupiter changed to bull71Cadmus, changed into a dragon71Caesar, Julius, his horse had human feet52Calf, two-headed74Cat, human face compared with cat’s46Cerberus61.65Chavannes, Eduard67Chicken, as offspring of mule56Child, with mouth of bird33— without mouth33— androgynous51.62.74— with one hand51— with three feet51— with three feet and one hand51— with closed anus51 seq.— with open belly52— with four feet, four eyes, four ears, and double genital members51— with two faces, four hands and four feet62— with face of an ass62— with caudal appendix73— with club-foot73— with six toes73— with elephant’s head74— with three legs74— with three legs and three hands71— with four legs74— with four hands and four legs74— with beard and four eyes74— two-headed74— without eyes or nose74— without arms or feet74— without eyes, no arms, and fish’s tail instead of feet74— speaking52.74— speaking in womb74China67— astrology in China4Cicero53 seq.57.74Claudius (Roman Emperor)71Clay, A. T.64Club-foot73Cos57Cow12.71Cracow, monster of75Cripple38Croesus (King of Lydia)57 seq.Cross-breeding44.59Cumont, Franz4Cyclops64Dante, dog forehead46Deaf-mute38Death (see alsoFuneral rites)5Delaporte, Albert76Demon20.42.75Diana of many breasts65Divination, methods1 seq.— basis of interpretation11Diviner seebârûDöderlein, Albert8Dog12.40.59.61— Plato compared to a44.47— born by a woman40.59— with four bodies and fish tails61— with six divisions of foot73Dragon63Dwarf39Eagle61— human nose compared with beak of46 seq.Ear, deformities and omens19 seq.32 seq.Egypt67 seq.77Elephant, born by woman74— child with head of52Ellenberger-Scheunert26Engidu63Enlil (deity)27Esarhaddon (Assyrian ruler)10Ethiopia73Etruscans3.52 seq.54 seq.58Eusebius61Ewe seeSheepExcess number of limbs and organs8.10.20 seq.36 seq.51Fabulous beings61 seq.66 seq.Fauns61Features seePhysiognomy.Feet, six toes on each foot35— six toes on right foot35— like those of a turtle36— attached to belly36— only one foot, which is attached to belly36— child with three feet36— child with four feet36— horse with human feet52Festivals at transition periods5 seq.Fingers, one missing34— six on right hand34Fish, born by woman40— dogs with fish tails61— men and other creatures with fish tails61— Medea changed to a fish71Foetus, double9.13 seq.15 seq.Fox, born by woman59Foerster, Richard44Frazer, J. G.5Funeral rites5ganni28Genital members, intact36.52— missing35Gessner, Conrad74Gilgamesh63Gizeh68Goat12— men with legs and horns of61— goat-fish61Goerres, Johann Joseph von75Gorgon65Greek and Roman mythology64 seq.66Greeks and Romans58Guinard, L.37.40.73.77Hand, child with one hand51Hare, born by mare56Hartland, S. G.5Haruspices seeEtruscansHepatoscopy (see alsoLiver)1.50.66.78Herbig, G.58Hermopolis, mummy77Herodotus56Hippocentaurs61.63 seq.Hirst and Piersol64.75Hittites3.58— omens10Horse, in birth-omens12— with human feet52— mare giving birth to a hare56— hippocentaurs61— men with horses’ feet61— three-footed74— five footed74— with two tails and mane of lion62— with human head62— with dog’s head62Hybrid formations60 seq.67 seq.Ihering, Rudolph von68India67Infant seeChildIo, changed into a cow71Ipopodes, have horses’ feet73isbu(foetus)13.19.60.62Ishbi-urra (Babylonian ruler), omen28Jacobs, Joseph71Janus65Jastrow, Morris, jr.1.2.3.4.7.10.13.23.26.28.29.36.39.43.49.57.58.60.63.65.66.67Jatakas71Jaw, missing34Julius Obsequens35.50 seq.57.74khupipi24Kitt, Theodor25.75lamassu(winged lion or bull)62Lamb seeSheepLavater, J. C.47.48.50Leg, missing36Lion, lamb like unto23 seq.53.57.59— born by woman40.53 seq.57.59— Alexander’s head compared to lion’s47—šedu, lamassuwith head of61Lips, missing34— upper lip projecting34Liver1— as seat of soul2— signs on2— parts of2— divination texts6— official reports9— divination1.44— clay models58Livy39.71.74.75Lotharius Caesar, Duke of Saxony75Lu-Bat (planet)13Luschan, Felix von63Lycosthenes, Conrad8.39.57.75 seq.78.Macedonia, monster of75Macrobius55Malformations8.19.29 seq.32 seq.36 seq.56Marduk Epic61marratum(rainbow)23Marriage customs5Martin, Ernest72.75 seq.77Maspero, Gaston68Medea, changed into a fish71Medicine, early42Meles (King of Sardis)57Mermaids61Metamorphosis, of men into animals, of women into men71Milk, in lakes51Monomeri, have only one foot73Monstrosities8.10.20.29 seq.33 seq.44.51 seq.54 seq.60 seq.72 seq.Monstrum55.60.79Mouth, child with mouth of bird33— child without mouth33— malformation of mouth56Mule, giving birth to chicken56— three-footed, five-footed74Multiple births8.17 seq.51 seq.59Naram-Sin (Babylonian ruler), omens10Nergal (god of pestilence)39 seq.Nergal-eṭir (diviner)10Neubert, Fritz49Nikippos57Nostrils, missing34Official and unofficial interpretations16 seq.19.34 seq.54Owl, Vitellius likened to47Ox, born by woman40— human face compared with46 seq.— talking52.74Palestine69Pathology, human and animal7 seq.Periander72Perokomy25Phillip of Macedonia75Phlegon71Physiognomy, study of8.23 seq.43 seq.70— among Greeks43 seq.49— Porta’s work45 seq.— Lavater’s work45.47 seq.— decline of study48 seq.— as indication of character45 seq.— in Europe45 seq.49Pied d’equin (club-foot)73Piersol seeHirstPig, in birth-omens12— with five divisions of hoof73Plato, views on resemblances between men and animals43 seq.80— compared with dog46 seq.Pliny8.39.52.71.74.75.78Ploss-Bartels5Plutarch72Polemon44Porta, G. B.45 seq.80Portents51Prodigium55 seq.Prometheus myth65Pseudo-Aristotle44Pyramids68Puberty5Rain of stones, oil, blood51Raven, noses compared with beak of46Resemblances, between animals23 seq.44 seq.62— between infants and animals40.44 seq.62.78— protest against47 seq.77 seq.Richard III, born with teeth39Roscius55Rossbach, Otto35.51Roy, Jacques76sâ(animal)40St. Hilaire Etienne Geoffrey77Sakkarah68Sargon (Babylonian ruler), omens10Satyrs61Schaatz, Friedrich64 seq.Scheil, Vincent12Schwalbe, Ernst67Scipodes, have only one foot73Scythians, have only one eye73šedu(winged lion or bull)62Se-ma Tsien67Sergius Galba (Roman Emperor), likened to an eagle47Serpent, born by woman40.52Shakespeare’s Henry V39Sheep, animal of sacrifice2— prominence in hepatoscopy12— omens13 seq.19 seq.23 seq.— resemblance to lion23 seq.— resemblance to infant40— color of55— with feet of a lion62— with feet of lion, head of dog in front, six feet long and bristles of a swine62— with feet of lion, head of dog, tail of swine62— with two heads, two tails and dog’s feet62— with two heads, two feet, dog’s hair62— with four division of hoof73— without ears73— two-headed74— with swine’s head74Siren64Siren formation40Socrates, compared with stag47Sow10Sphinxes60.68Spiegelberg, Wilhelm68 seq.Stag, human nose compared with stag’s46 seq.Still-birth38Subartu (older name of Assyria)27Suetonius52Sun at night51Swine, born by woman40— human nose compared with swine’s46— men changed to71— two-headed74— with human head74— with human hands and feet74Syria69Tacitus55Talking infant39.52.57 seq.Teeth, child born with39Teratology77tertu(omen)13Testicles, missing35Thales72Thigh, missing35Thompson, R. C.11Thrace, monster of75Thulin, Carl54 seq.tigri ili(dwarf)39Toes, six on foot35Torches in heaven51Totemism70.79Transition periods5Tritons61Turtle, child with turtle’s hands and feet35 seq.Twins28 seq.— united at the back74—""" breast76—""" umbilicum76Ungnad, Arthur61Urumuš (Babylonian ruler), omen10Valerius Maximus52.56.75Van Gennep, Arnold5Virolleaud, Charles37Vitellius (Roman Emperor), likened to owl47Walde, Alois55Waldrich, Duke of Saxony75Ward, W. H.64Winged human figures61.63Woman, giving birth to elephant, to serpent, to seven children74Wuelker, Richard57Xerxes56Zimmern, Heinrich61.63Zoser (Egyptian ruler)68