"Acceptance" credit and lines,103Accommodation loans,12,13Accounts overdrawn,16Agriculture, capital for,168;individualism in,168Assets, prior lien on,56;special,57Balances,16,17,23,28Banche Populari,162Bank of England,104-111Bank reserves,35-40Bank of France,111-119Banker's banks,9;bills,33,34;most valuable assets,61;making loans,86Banking, act,54,78;adequacy and economy of service,62,66;branch,64,65;business,9;commercial, nature and operation of,11-67;commercial in the United States,68-100;commercial in other countries,101-135;Canadian,126-135;defects and reforms in banking systems,97-100;English,104-111;French,111-119;functions in single institutions,144;German,119-126;incorporation,66;investment,136-170;Kansas "blue sky laws,"146;problems of commercial,35;reserve,78;services rendered by,1-3;Wisconsin regulations,146;local,62,63Bank notes, seenotesBanks, bond houses,6;Canadian,126-135;central of Europe,101;central reserve,78;classified,6;classification of national,54;collections,22;commercial,6,7;cooperative,139;correspondent,24,25;England, bank of,104-111;European land banks,147-163;European central,9;federal,8;federal reserve,98-100;France, bank of,111-119;French land,160-163;functions of,4;German Imperial,119-123;German land,147-163;incorporated,7;inspection of,59;interest charges,14;investment,6,7;Italian land,160-163;joint stock,7;land,6;loan-making,86;municipal,139;national,8,70-75;note issue privileges,37,38;of issue,20,21;postal saving,139;private,7;protection against unsound practices of,46-62;real estate,6,52;savings,6,136-141;services rendered by,1-3;state,9,68-70;supply currency,22;trustee,139Berlin stock exchange,165Bills of exchange,12,17;documented,42"Blue sky laws" of Kansas,146Bond houses,144-147Bonds, government,96,97;mortgage,148,150,169Bonds and stocks, not liquid securities,53Book accounts,12Branch banking,62,64,65Bullion,81,82;in Canada,132;in England,105;in France,113;in Germany,122Buying and selling on time,11,12Cables in foreign exchange,33Canadian banking system,126-135Capital and surplus requirements for banks,46-48;stock,47,48Cash, supply of,35-40;demands on banks,55;resources,29Casse Rurali,162Central banks of Europe,8,9,65,101;England,104-111;France,111-119;German,119-123Charters,8;special,66,67Checking accounts,15,20,21,24,35Checks,15,16,21-24;abroad,36Chicago, clearing center,24;central reserve banks,78Clearing house,22-24;center in New York,80Coin,21;and bank reserves,38;in England,109;in France,117;in Germany,121,122;standard and subsidiary,21;supply,40Collections,22,25Commercial banking, collections,22;currency,21,22;domestic exchange,25;nature and operations of,11-67;other countries,101-135;problems of,35;promissory notes,19;protection against unsound practices of,46-62;savings accounts,44;in the United States,68-100Commercial paper,11-14;discount of,14,15,17;and investment paper,41,42;liquid security,53;market for,100Competition in banking,83Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris,115,116Conflict of functions and laws,82Cooperative banks,139Correspondent banks,24,25Credit "acceptance" line,103;balance,16,18-20,23,25;cooperation in,166-168;department in banks,43,86;inflation of,87;"line" of,16,85,86;subsidies, state, county, and municipal,169;system,11-13Credits, forced liquidation of,49Crédit Agricole,162;Foncier,113;Industrielle et Commercial,115,116;Lyonnais,115,116Crisis, commercial,19,31,88Currency,21,22;lack of elasticity,95-97Debt paying,13,14Debits,15-18Demand in foreign exchange,33,34Deposits,2-4Depositors, mutual insurance of,60-62Discount, defined,14;loans and discounts, selection of,40-43;loans and rates,44;operation of,13;rate, Canadian,128,129;bank of England,108;bank of France,113;reserve system,95,97;stopped,30Discounted paper,14,15,17-19,55Documented bill of exchange,42Domestic exchange,25Drafts,16,27,28;foreign payments,31England, bank of,9,104-111;banking system,104-111;foreign and colonial,108;joint stock banks,106;metropolitan,107;private,108;provincial,107;reserve system,108Europe, commercial banking in,101-126;central banks of,101-126;land banks,147-163European investment banking machinery,166Exchange operations,11-13;checks,22-24;domestic,25-31;foreign,31-34Federal Reserve Banks,98-100;Federal Reserve Board,99,100Foncier Algierienne,162Foreign exchange,31-34;par of,31,32;classes of bills used,33France, bank of,9,111-115French banking system,111-119German banking system,119-126;hypothekenaktienbanken,151,152;investment banking machinery,166;land and mortgage banks,147-161;landschaften,147-149;Schulze-Delitzsch,153-162;Raiffeisen,156-162Germany, bank of,9,119-123Gold element of currency,5,96;points,32,33;and silver coin in England,105,106;in France,113;Canada,133Incorporation,7;should be required,66Independent treasury system,75-78Inflation,49-53,56-59;of credit,87Inspection of banks,59,60Insurance, mutual of depositors,60,62Investment, banking,136-170;commercial paper,41,42;confined to liquid securities,52;defects in machinery,166;improvement of machinery,170;paper,18,35,41,55;of surplus funds,3Italy, land banks,162,163Joint-stock mortgage banks,169;English joint-stock banks,106;German,151-159Kansas "blue sky laws,"146Land banks,147-163Letters of credit,21"Line" of credit,16,85,86Liquidation, forced,19,88;of credits,49,50;protection against,52Liquid securities,53Loan operations,85-88Loans,2,3,15,86;and discounts, selection of,40-43;Canadian system,128,129;fluctuations,97;German land bank,147-162;in the interest of big business,167;limits to,52,55;long-term,2;pernicious practice of national banks,83;and reserve system,95;short term,2Local banking,62,63London stock exchange,165Mints,5Monetary commission,97,98Money of the United States,95Mortgage banks,169;France,160-162;Germany,148-163;Italy,162;mortgage bonds,169;mortgage loans, long period,167Municipal banks,139National banks,8,9,54,70-75,80,82;federal reserve,98,99;money in vaults,91;notes,96;pernicious loan practices,83;subscribed to federal reserve banks,98National Reserve Association,98New York City, assay office,81;central reserve bank,78;clearing center,24,80,81;stock exchange,81,82,92,165Notes, bank,19-21;central banks of Europe and supply of,102;Canadian,126-133;bank of England,105;of France,117,118;of Germany,121;issue of,19-21;issue privileges,37,38;government,39;limitation of issue,58;promissory notes,43;regulations regarding,52;safeguarding issue,56;volume of United States,96Oklahoma, mutual insurance plan,60Overdrafts,16"Panicky" conditions and feeling,94,95,97Par of exchange,31,32Paris stock exchange,165Passbook,15,16Postal savings banks,139,141Promissory notes,12,14,19-22,43Prior lien, on assets,56,58Protection against unsound practices of banks,46-52;59-61Publicity, a safeguard,59Rate of discount, law in France,118;of exchange,26,27Rates,44-46;raising on loans and discounts,29Real estate and banks,52Reserve banks, Federal,98-100;central reserve,78;cities,24,78Reserves, administration of funds,100;bank,35;English system,108-110;in national banks,73;operations of system,91-94;regulations regarding,52,54;secondary,35-40;in state banks,69;in country banks,73Safety, in savings banks,140;fund,56,57Savings banks,6,9;defined,139Saving and saving institutions,136-141Secretary of the Treasury and surplus funds,88-90Securities, dealings in the stock exchange,163,164Security, liquid,53Silver dollars,96Sixty-day bills in foreign exchange,33,34Société Algerienne,114Société Generale,115,116State banks,9,68-70,79,82;and Federal reserve,99St. Louis, central reserve bank,78;clearing center,24Stock exchanges,163-166Stockholders, liability of,46-48Surplus,17,47Trade or mercantile bills,34Treasury of the United States,75-78;operations,88-90Trust companies,9,141-144Trustee banks,139United States, notes, volume of,96;subtreasury,80,81;treasury,75-78Units of value and foreign exchange,31Vouchers,23Wisconsin, regulation laws,146