[5]See his Letter to Dr. Burnet.
[5]See his Letter to Dr. Burnet.
[5]See his Letter to Dr. Burnet.
In thefrontispieceis represented the polished section of a pebble which the author picked up on the beach at Bonchurch, in the Isle of Wight. This is an unusually large and perfect specimen, the body of the Choanite lying nearly central. The pebble contains one or two blotches ofnative iron. The “cuticle” is uninjured.
Fig. 1. This is a slice from a lump of “conglomerate” found on the beach at Sidmouth. Thewhiteparts are sections of the nodules of quartz, theredandyelloware jasper.
Fig. 2. A section of an “Alcyonite” from the bay of Sandown. It formed part of a large pebble.
Fig. 1. This is, I have no doubt, a fossil “Actinia.” I have often looked on the exact living resemblance of it at the fish-house in the “Zoological Gardens,” where it is fond of clinging like a limpet against the vertical pane of glass in an aquarium.—(Found in Sandown Bay.)
Fig. 2. I suppose this half of a pebble to represent the internal structure of some creature which dwelt in a bivalve shell.—(Sandown Bay.)
Fig. 1. This sponge, a faultless specimen of the kind, is from the Brighton beach. It was the first pebble I ever picked up there.
Fig. 2. The body and arms of this Choanite are in white Agate; the remainder of the stone is a dark moss, formed chiefly ofManganese, and surrounded by a yellow flinty rim.—(Brighton Beach.)
Fig. 1. A Nondescript: but, probably, the creature was of the vermicular kind.—(Brighton Beach.)
Fig. 2. A handsome Choanite, uncut, but polished over, so as to show the points of some of the feelers.—(Found at Eastbourne.)
Fig. 1. An “Eyed” Jasper, from the beach near Shoreham. It contains yellow “oxide of iron,” and some dark green flint.
Fig. 2. A “Myriapod.” This fossil is a very handsome one, and I have another, closely resembling it, from the same locality, in Sandown Bay. The dark, reddish spot, is of the nature ofMolluskite.
Fig. 1. A Spindle, orFusiformChoanite, when the pebble was entire. I do not possess a more perfect specimen: the Chalcedony is remarkably fine, and the “oxide” of a rich tint.—(Sandown Bay.)
Fig. 2. Pyriform Choanite, uncut. Here, again, the creature lies over the surface; and, as I conceive, from the position which it occupies, was swimming for its life.—(Found at Rottingdean.)
Fig. 1. An “Asterid.” This is different from all the other creatures in these fossils. Its position in the heart of a solid limestone pebble is singular.—(Beach at Hove.)
Fig. 2.—“Terebratula.” The entire pebble was formed inside of a “Pecten”-shell, andinside the pebblelies this formation, which was a living organism connected with the hinge.—(Beach near Luccombe.)
“Hard:” that which will cut or scratch other substances.Example.—A diamond will cut glass.“Tough:” tenacious; whose particles are difficult to separate from one another.Example.—Jasper, though not nearly sohard, is more “tenacious” than diamond.“Transparent:” through which we can see objects.“Translucent:” through which we see light.“Opaque:” through which we can see nothing.“Brilliant:” reflecting or refracting the light in rays and flashes.“Vitreous:” glassy in its texture.“Conchoidal:” convex, like the outside of a shell.“Momentum:” the result of the combined weight and velocity of a body in motion.
“Hard:” that which will cut or scratch other substances.
Example.—A diamond will cut glass.
Example.—A diamond will cut glass.
“Tough:” tenacious; whose particles are difficult to separate from one another.
Example.—Jasper, though not nearly sohard, is more “tenacious” than diamond.
Example.—Jasper, though not nearly sohard, is more “tenacious” than diamond.
“Transparent:” through which we can see objects.
“Translucent:” through which we see light.
“Opaque:” through which we can see nothing.
“Brilliant:” reflecting or refracting the light in rays and flashes.
“Vitreous:” glassy in its texture.
“Conchoidal:” convex, like the outside of a shell.
“Momentum:” the result of the combined weight and velocity of a body in motion.
Silicacomprises only 2 species:—1. Quartz; 2. Opal.
FromQuartz, come
Opalis a “hydrate” ofSilica, containing 7 per cent. of water.
“Silicates.”
The colour of “emerald” is due to the oxide of chrome; that of “beryl” to the oxide of iron.
Carboncomprises only 2 species:—1. Diamond; 2. Graphite.
“Diamond” is a perfect crystallization, and is the hardest substance known.
“Graphite” (sometimes called “Black-lead”) is a carbonate of iron. The iron, however, enters in very small quantities, and is now supposed to beaccidental. “Graphite” is a concretion, and is never met with in the form of crystals.
“Carburets.”
Bituminized wood is Lignite, which, when very compact, is Jet.
“Amber” is a vegetable resin. It is obtained from rivers in Sicily, and from mines in Russia.
The “marbles” of Paros and Carrara arecrystallineLimestone: those of Siena arecompactLimestone.
Aluminacomprises 2 species:—1. Corundum; 2. Sapphire.
1. “Corundum” is a very hard crystal, the common type of all the Sapphires.
2. Oriental “Sapphires.” These embrace 6 kinds.
These are pure Alumina.
“Emery” is a coarse variety of Corundum.
“Aluminates.”
The “Spinel” ruby is scarlet; the “Balas,” of a faint pink. The “Oriental” ruby alone has the “pigeon’s blood” hue.
Plate I.Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate I.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate II.Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate II.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate III.Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate III.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate IV.Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate IV.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate V.Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate V.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate VI.Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate VI.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate VII.Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Plate VII.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
(Alphabetically arranged.)
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