[774]See alsoGraffältet vid Vendel, beskrifvet afH. Stolpe och T. J. Arne, Stockholm, 1912, pp. 13, 54; Pl. v, xli.[775]ll. 396, 2049, 2257, 2605; cf.grīmhelm, 334.[776]2811, 304, 1111 (cf. Falk, 156).[777]1453-4 (cf. Falk, 157-9).[778]securum etiam inter hostes praestat.Germ.cap. 45.[779]1031 (cf. Falk, 158).[780]1630, 2723. Cf.Exodus, 174,grīmhelm gespēon cyning cinberge, andGenesis, 444. (See Falk, 166.)[781]Cf. ll. 1503, 1548, 2260, 2754.[782]Cf. ll. 322, 551, 1443.[783]Bateman,Ten Years' Diggings, 1861, p. 32.[784]Cf.Beowulf, 330, 1772, 2042.[785]"ne scuta quidem ferro neruoue firmata, sed ... tenuis et fucatas colore tabulas,"Annals,II, 14; cf.Germania, 6, "scuta tantum lectissimis coloribus distinguunt."[786]Njáls Saga, cap.XXX.[787]It is the guess of A. Haupt,Die Älteste Kunst der Germanen, p. 213.[788]ll. 773-5, 998.[789]Hist. Eccl.II, 13. The life of man is compared to the transit of a sparrow flying from door to door of the hall where the king sits feasting with his thanes and warriors, with a fire in the midst.[790]ll. 617-24, 2011-3.[791]995.[792]725.[793]1035etc.[794]Proc. Soc. Ant., Sec. Ser.II, 177-82.[795]Jonckheere (É.),L'origine de la Côte de Flandre et le Bateau de Bruges, Bruges, 1903.[796]Engelhardt (H. C. C.),Nydam Mosefund, Kjöbenhavn, 1865.[797]Nicolaysen (N.),Langskibet fra Gokstad, Kristiania, 1882.[798]Osebergfundet. Udgit av den Norske Stat, under redaktion avA. W. Brøgger, Hj. Falk, H. Schetelig. Bd.I, Kristiania, 1917.[799]Beowulf, ll. 32, 1131, 1897.[800]1862.[801]220.[802]Noreen,Altschwedische Grammatik, 1904, p. 499.[803]All these places are in Gotland. The Stenkyrka stone is reproduced in Stjerna'sEssays, transl. Clark Hall, fig. 24.[804]The same, fig. 27.[805]Reproduced in Montelius,Sveriges Historia, p. 283.[806]Deutsche Mythologie, 3te Ausgabe, 1854, pp. 342, 639.[807]Academy,XI, 1877, p. 163.[808]Engl. Stud.II, 314.[809]Beowulf, p. 177.[810]Aanteekeningen op den Beowulf, 1892, p. 42.[811]P.B.B.XVIII, 413.[812]Z.f.ö.G.LVI, 759.[813]Beowulf, p. 392.[814]Engl. Stud.LII, 191. Among the many who have accepted the explanation "bee-wolf," without giving additional reasons, may be mentioned R. Müller,Untersuchungen über die Namen des Liber Vitae, 1901, p. 94.[815]Both Grimm and Skeat suggested the woodpecker, which feeds upon bees and their larvae: Grimm appealing to classical mythology, Skeat instancing the bird's courage. But nothing seems forthcoming from Teutonic mythology to favour this interpretation. Cosijn, following Sijmons,Z.f.d.Ph.XXIV, 17, thought bees might have been an omen of victory. But there is no satisfactory evidence for this. The termsigewīfapplied to the swarming bees in theCharms(Cockayne'sLeechdoms,I, 384) is insufficient.[816]Tidskr. f. Philol. og Pædag.VIII, 289.[817]Deutsches Wörterbuch, 1854,I, 1122.[818]"Das compositum Beóvulf, wie Gôzolf, Irminolf, Reginolf, und andre gebildet, zeigt nur einen helden und krieger im geist und sinn oder von der art des Beówa an. Ihm entspricht altn. Biôlfr." (Müllenhoff, inZ.f.d.A.XII, 284.) But certainly this interpretation is impossible for O.N.Biólfr: "warrior of Beowa" would be*Byggulfr, which we nowhere find. See Björkman inEngl. Stud.LII, 191. Müllenhoff at this date, whilst not connectingBēowulfdirectly withbēo, "bee," did so connectBēowa, whom he interpreted as a bee-god or bee-father. But there is no evidence for this, and thewofBēowatells emphatically against it. Müllenhoff subsequently abandoned this explanation.[819]It is actually writtenBiuuulf.[820]BiuinBiuuulfcannot stand forBēo[olderBeu] because in Old Northumbrianiuandeoare rigidly differentiated, as an examination of all the other names in theLiber Vitaeshows. As Sievers points out, ifBiuuulfis to be derived from*Beuw (w)ulf, then it would afford an isolated and inexplicable case ofiuforeo[eu], unique in theLiber Vitae, as in the whole mass of the oldest English texts: "Soll ein zusammenhang mit st.beuwa-stattfinden, so muss man auch diesen stamm für einen urspr. s-stamm erklären, und unserbiu-auf die stammformbiuwi(z)-nicht aufbeuwa(z)-zurückführen." (Sievers,P.B.B.XVIII, 413.) The word however is a neut.wa-stem, whether in O.E. (bēow), Old Saxon (bēo) or Icelandic (bygg): see Sievers,Ags. Grammatik, 3te Aufl. § 250; Gallée,Altsächsische Grammatik, 2te Aufl. § 305; Noreen,Altisländische Grammatik, 3te Aufl. § 356. The word is extant in Old English only in the Glossaries, in the gen. sing., "handful beouaes,"etc., and in Old Saxon only in the gen. plu.beuuo. It is thought to have been originally awu-stem, which subsequently, as e.g. in O.E., passed into awa-stem. (See Noreen,A.f.n.F.I, 166, arguing from the formbeggin the Dalecarlian dialect.) The presumed Primitive Norse form isbeggwu, whence the various Scandinavian forms, Icel.bygg, Old Swedish and Old Danishbiug(g). See Hellquist inA.f.n.F.VII, 31; von Unwerth,A.f.n.F.XXXIII, 331; Binz,P.B.B.XX, 153; von Helten,P.B.B.XXX, 245; Kock,Umlaut u. Brechung im Aschw.p. 314, inLunds Universitets årsskrift, Bd.XII. The proper nameByggviris aja-stem, butBēowcannot have been so formed, as aja-stem would give the formBēowe. Cosijn (Aanteekeningen, 42) was accordingly justified in pointing to the formBiuuulfas refuting Kögel's attempt to connectBēowulfwithBēowthrough a form*Bawiwulf(A.f.d.A.XVIII, 56). Kögel replied with a laboured defence (Z.f.d.A.XXXVII, 268): he starts by assuming thatBēowandBēowulfare etymologically connected, which is the very point which has to be proved: he has to admit that, if his etymology be correct, theBiuuulfof theLiber Vitaeis not the same form asBēowulf, which is the very point Cosijn urged as telling against his etymology: and even so his etymological explanations depend upon stages which cannot be accepted in the present state of our knowledge (see especially Sievers inP.B.B.XVIII, 413; Björkman inEngl. Stud.LII, 150).[821]Tidskr. f. Philol og Pædag.VIII, 289.[822]First pointed out by Grundtvig in Barfod'sBrage og Idun,IV, 1841, p. 500, footnote.[823]"Lodmundr hinn gamli het madr enn annarr. Biólfr fostbrodir hans. Þeir foru til Islands af Vors af Þvlvnesi" (Voss in Norway). SeeLandnámabók, København, 1900, p. 92.[824]Noreen,Altisländische Grammatik, 3te Aufl. p. 97. See also Noreen inFestskrift til H. F. Feilberg, 1911, p. 283. Noreen seems to have no doubt as to the explanation ofBjólfrasBý-olfr, "Bee-wolf."[825]Bugge, has, however, been followed by Gering,Beowulf, 1906, p. 100.[826]Ferguson in theAthenæum, June 1892, p. 763: "Beadowulf by a common form of elision (!) would become Beowulf." Sarrazin admits "Freilich ist das eine ungewöhnliche verkürzung" (Engl. Stud.XLII, 19). See also Sarrazin inAnglia,V, 200;Beowulf-Studien, 33, 77;Engl. Stud.XVI, 79.[827]This incompatibility comes out very strongly in ll. 2499-2506, where Beowulf praises his sword particularly for the services it hasnotbeen able to render him.[828]See above, pp.60-1.[829]Olrik,Heltedigtning,I, 140: F. Jónsson,Hrólfs Saga Kraka, 1904,Inledning,XX.[830]Hrólfs Saga Kraka, cap. 17-20.[831]The trait is wanting in theGrettis saga: Grettir son of Asmund was too historical a character for such features to be attributed to him.[832]See pp.62-7.[833]No. 166. Translated as "Strong Hans." (Grimm's Household Tales, trans. by M. Hunt, with introduction by A. Lang, 1884.)[834]As, for example, by Cosquin,Contes populaires de Lorraine,I, 7. A comparison of the different versions in which the "strange theme" is toned down, in a greater or less degree, seems to make this certain.[835]No. 91.[836]Edinburgh, 1860, vol.I, No.XVI, "The king of Lochlin's three daughters": vol.III, No.LVIII, "The rider of Grianaig."[837]London, 1866: p. 43, "The Three Crowns."[838]Notably by von Sydow.[839]Asbjørnsen og Moe,Norske Folkeeventyr, Christiania, 1852, No. 3.[840]Popular Tales from the Norse(third edit., Edinburgh, 1888, p. 382).[841]Visentini,Fiabe Mantovane, 1879, No. 32, 157-161.[842]"fino a che col capo tocca le travi." Cf. Glam in theGrettis Saga.[843]"e qui vede il gigante seduto, che detteva il suo testamento."[844]p. 153. This is Panzer's version 97.[845]"A fabulous creature, but zoologically the name Norka (fromnora, a hole) belongs to the otter," Ralston,Russian Folk Tales, p. 73.[846]Afanasief (A. N.),Narodnuiya Russkiya Skazki, Moscow, 1860-63,I, 6. See Ralston, p. 73.[847]Afanasief,VIII, No. 6.[848]For example, "Shepherd Paul," inThe Folk-Tales of the Magyars, by W. H. Jones and L. L. Knopf,Folk-Lore Society, 1889, p. 244. The latest collection contains its version, 'The Story of Tāling, the Half-boy' inPersian Tales, written down for the first time and translatedby D. L. R. and E. O. Lorimer, London, 1919.[849]Cf. von Sydow inA.f.d.A.XXXV, 126.[850]Ión Arnason'sMSS, No. 536, 4o.[851]Rittershaus (A.),Die Neuisländischen Volksmärchen, Halle, 1902, No. 25.[852]Færøske Folkesagn og Æventyr, ed. by Jakob Jakobsen, 1898-1901, pp. 241-4 (Samfund til Udgivelse af gammel Nordisk Litteratur.)[853]This folk-tale is given in a small book, to be found in the Christiania University Library, and no doubt elsewhere in Norway:Nor, en Billedbog for den norske Ungdom(Tredie Oplag, Christiania, 1865).Norske Folke-Eventyr og Sagn, fortalte af P. Chr. Asbjørnsen. A copy of the story, slightly altered, occurs in theUdvalgte Eventyr og Sagn for Børn, of Knutsen, Bentsen and Johnsson, Christiania, 1877, p. 58etc.[854]pp.66-7.[855]Berntsen (K.),Folke-Æventyr, 1873, No. 12, pp. 109-115.[856]Grundtvig (Sv.),Gamle Danske Minder, 1854, No. 34, p. 33: from Næstved.[857]Hans mit de ysern Stang', Müllenhoff,Sagen, Märchen u. Lieder... 1845, No.XVI, p. 437.[858]Colshorn (C. and Th.),Märchen u. Sagen, Hannover, 1854, No.V, pp. 18-30.[859]Cf.Beowulf, ll. 2183-8.[860]Cf.Beowulf, ll. 815etc.[861]Cf.Beowulf, ll. 1516-17; cf.Grettis Saga,LXVI.[862]Cf.Grettis Saga,LXVI,hann kveikti ljós; cf.Beowulf, 1570.[863]Contes du roi Cambrinus, par C. Deulin, Paris, 1874 (I.L'intrépide Gayant). The story is associated with Gayant, the traditional hero of Douai.[864]Cf. Schmidt,Geschichte der deutschen Stämme,II, 495, 499,note4.[865]III, 1.[866]II, 43.[867]Παῖς ... νέος ἦν κομιδῇ, καὶ ἔτι ὑπὸ παιδοκόμῳ τιθηνούμενος, Agathias,I, 4:parvulus, Gregory,IV, 6.[868]Gregory,III, 20.[869]III, 22.[870]III, 23.[871]III, 27.[872]Many recent historians have expressed doubts as to the conventional date, 515, for Hygelac's death. J. P. Jacobsen, in the Danish translation of Gregory (1911) suggested 525-30: following him Severinsen (Danske Studier, 1919, 96) suggested c. 526, as did Fredborg,Det första årtalet i Sveriges historia. L. Schmidt (Geschichte der deutschen Stämme,II, 500,note, 1918) suggested c. 528.[873]Archæological works bearing less directly uponBeowulfare enumerated inAppendix F; that enumeration is not repeated here.[874]Most students nowadays will probably agree with v. Sydow's contention that the struggle of Beowulf, first above ground and then below, is a folk-story, one and indivisible, and that therefore there is no reason for attributing the two sections to different authors, as do Boer, Müllenhoff and ten Brink. But that the folk-tale is exclusively Celtic remains to be proved; v. Sydow's contention that Celtic influence is shown inBeowulfby the inhospitable shamelessness of Unferth (compare that of Kai) is surely fanciful. Also the statement that the likeness of Bjarki and Beowulf is confined to the freeing of the Danish palace from a dangerous monster by a stranger from abroad, and that "das sonstige Beiwerk völlig verschieden ist" surely cannot be maintained. As argued above (pp. 54-61) there are other distinct points of resemblance.v. Sydow's statement no doubt suffers from the brevity with which it is reported, and his forthcoming volume ofBeowulf studienwill be awaited with interest.
[774]See alsoGraffältet vid Vendel, beskrifvet afH. Stolpe och T. J. Arne, Stockholm, 1912, pp. 13, 54; Pl. v, xli.
[775]ll. 396, 2049, 2257, 2605; cf.grīmhelm, 334.
[776]2811, 304, 1111 (cf. Falk, 156).
[777]1453-4 (cf. Falk, 157-9).
[778]securum etiam inter hostes praestat.Germ.cap. 45.
[779]1031 (cf. Falk, 158).
[780]1630, 2723. Cf.Exodus, 174,grīmhelm gespēon cyning cinberge, andGenesis, 444. (See Falk, 166.)
[781]Cf. ll. 1503, 1548, 2260, 2754.
[782]Cf. ll. 322, 551, 1443.
[783]Bateman,Ten Years' Diggings, 1861, p. 32.
[784]Cf.Beowulf, 330, 1772, 2042.
[785]"ne scuta quidem ferro neruoue firmata, sed ... tenuis et fucatas colore tabulas,"Annals,II, 14; cf.Germania, 6, "scuta tantum lectissimis coloribus distinguunt."
[786]Njáls Saga, cap.XXX.
[787]It is the guess of A. Haupt,Die Älteste Kunst der Germanen, p. 213.
[788]ll. 773-5, 998.
[789]Hist. Eccl.II, 13. The life of man is compared to the transit of a sparrow flying from door to door of the hall where the king sits feasting with his thanes and warriors, with a fire in the midst.
[790]ll. 617-24, 2011-3.
[791]995.
[792]725.
[793]1035etc.
[794]Proc. Soc. Ant., Sec. Ser.II, 177-82.
[795]Jonckheere (É.),L'origine de la Côte de Flandre et le Bateau de Bruges, Bruges, 1903.
[796]Engelhardt (H. C. C.),Nydam Mosefund, Kjöbenhavn, 1865.
[797]Nicolaysen (N.),Langskibet fra Gokstad, Kristiania, 1882.
[798]Osebergfundet. Udgit av den Norske Stat, under redaktion avA. W. Brøgger, Hj. Falk, H. Schetelig. Bd.I, Kristiania, 1917.
[799]Beowulf, ll. 32, 1131, 1897.
[800]1862.
[801]220.
[802]Noreen,Altschwedische Grammatik, 1904, p. 499.
[803]All these places are in Gotland. The Stenkyrka stone is reproduced in Stjerna'sEssays, transl. Clark Hall, fig. 24.
[804]The same, fig. 27.
[805]Reproduced in Montelius,Sveriges Historia, p. 283.
[806]Deutsche Mythologie, 3te Ausgabe, 1854, pp. 342, 639.
[807]Academy,XI, 1877, p. 163.
[808]Engl. Stud.II, 314.
[809]Beowulf, p. 177.
[810]Aanteekeningen op den Beowulf, 1892, p. 42.
[811]P.B.B.XVIII, 413.
[812]Z.f.ö.G.LVI, 759.
[813]Beowulf, p. 392.
[814]Engl. Stud.LII, 191. Among the many who have accepted the explanation "bee-wolf," without giving additional reasons, may be mentioned R. Müller,Untersuchungen über die Namen des Liber Vitae, 1901, p. 94.
[815]Both Grimm and Skeat suggested the woodpecker, which feeds upon bees and their larvae: Grimm appealing to classical mythology, Skeat instancing the bird's courage. But nothing seems forthcoming from Teutonic mythology to favour this interpretation. Cosijn, following Sijmons,Z.f.d.Ph.XXIV, 17, thought bees might have been an omen of victory. But there is no satisfactory evidence for this. The termsigewīfapplied to the swarming bees in theCharms(Cockayne'sLeechdoms,I, 384) is insufficient.
[816]Tidskr. f. Philol. og Pædag.VIII, 289.
[817]Deutsches Wörterbuch, 1854,I, 1122.
[818]"Das compositum Beóvulf, wie Gôzolf, Irminolf, Reginolf, und andre gebildet, zeigt nur einen helden und krieger im geist und sinn oder von der art des Beówa an. Ihm entspricht altn. Biôlfr." (Müllenhoff, inZ.f.d.A.XII, 284.) But certainly this interpretation is impossible for O.N.Biólfr: "warrior of Beowa" would be*Byggulfr, which we nowhere find. See Björkman inEngl. Stud.LII, 191. Müllenhoff at this date, whilst not connectingBēowulfdirectly withbēo, "bee," did so connectBēowa, whom he interpreted as a bee-god or bee-father. But there is no evidence for this, and thewofBēowatells emphatically against it. Müllenhoff subsequently abandoned this explanation.
[819]It is actually writtenBiuuulf.
[820]BiuinBiuuulfcannot stand forBēo[olderBeu] because in Old Northumbrianiuandeoare rigidly differentiated, as an examination of all the other names in theLiber Vitaeshows. As Sievers points out, ifBiuuulfis to be derived from*Beuw (w)ulf, then it would afford an isolated and inexplicable case ofiuforeo[eu], unique in theLiber Vitae, as in the whole mass of the oldest English texts: "Soll ein zusammenhang mit st.beuwa-stattfinden, so muss man auch diesen stamm für einen urspr. s-stamm erklären, und unserbiu-auf die stammformbiuwi(z)-nicht aufbeuwa(z)-zurückführen." (Sievers,P.B.B.XVIII, 413.) The word however is a neut.wa-stem, whether in O.E. (bēow), Old Saxon (bēo) or Icelandic (bygg): see Sievers,Ags. Grammatik, 3te Aufl. § 250; Gallée,Altsächsische Grammatik, 2te Aufl. § 305; Noreen,Altisländische Grammatik, 3te Aufl. § 356. The word is extant in Old English only in the Glossaries, in the gen. sing., "handful beouaes,"etc., and in Old Saxon only in the gen. plu.beuuo. It is thought to have been originally awu-stem, which subsequently, as e.g. in O.E., passed into awa-stem. (See Noreen,A.f.n.F.I, 166, arguing from the formbeggin the Dalecarlian dialect.) The presumed Primitive Norse form isbeggwu, whence the various Scandinavian forms, Icel.bygg, Old Swedish and Old Danishbiug(g). See Hellquist inA.f.n.F.VII, 31; von Unwerth,A.f.n.F.XXXIII, 331; Binz,P.B.B.XX, 153; von Helten,P.B.B.XXX, 245; Kock,Umlaut u. Brechung im Aschw.p. 314, inLunds Universitets årsskrift, Bd.XII. The proper nameByggviris aja-stem, butBēowcannot have been so formed, as aja-stem would give the formBēowe. Cosijn (Aanteekeningen, 42) was accordingly justified in pointing to the formBiuuulfas refuting Kögel's attempt to connectBēowulfwithBēowthrough a form*Bawiwulf(A.f.d.A.XVIII, 56). Kögel replied with a laboured defence (Z.f.d.A.XXXVII, 268): he starts by assuming thatBēowandBēowulfare etymologically connected, which is the very point which has to be proved: he has to admit that, if his etymology be correct, theBiuuulfof theLiber Vitaeis not the same form asBēowulf, which is the very point Cosijn urged as telling against his etymology: and even so his etymological explanations depend upon stages which cannot be accepted in the present state of our knowledge (see especially Sievers inP.B.B.XVIII, 413; Björkman inEngl. Stud.LII, 150).
[821]Tidskr. f. Philol og Pædag.VIII, 289.
[822]First pointed out by Grundtvig in Barfod'sBrage og Idun,IV, 1841, p. 500, footnote.
[823]"Lodmundr hinn gamli het madr enn annarr. Biólfr fostbrodir hans. Þeir foru til Islands af Vors af Þvlvnesi" (Voss in Norway). SeeLandnámabók, København, 1900, p. 92.
[824]Noreen,Altisländische Grammatik, 3te Aufl. p. 97. See also Noreen inFestskrift til H. F. Feilberg, 1911, p. 283. Noreen seems to have no doubt as to the explanation ofBjólfrasBý-olfr, "Bee-wolf."
[825]Bugge, has, however, been followed by Gering,Beowulf, 1906, p. 100.
[826]Ferguson in theAthenæum, June 1892, p. 763: "Beadowulf by a common form of elision (!) would become Beowulf." Sarrazin admits "Freilich ist das eine ungewöhnliche verkürzung" (Engl. Stud.XLII, 19). See also Sarrazin inAnglia,V, 200;Beowulf-Studien, 33, 77;Engl. Stud.XVI, 79.
[827]This incompatibility comes out very strongly in ll. 2499-2506, where Beowulf praises his sword particularly for the services it hasnotbeen able to render him.
[828]See above, pp.60-1.
[829]Olrik,Heltedigtning,I, 140: F. Jónsson,Hrólfs Saga Kraka, 1904,Inledning,XX.
[830]Hrólfs Saga Kraka, cap. 17-20.
[831]The trait is wanting in theGrettis saga: Grettir son of Asmund was too historical a character for such features to be attributed to him.
[832]See pp.62-7.
[833]No. 166. Translated as "Strong Hans." (Grimm's Household Tales, trans. by M. Hunt, with introduction by A. Lang, 1884.)
[834]As, for example, by Cosquin,Contes populaires de Lorraine,I, 7. A comparison of the different versions in which the "strange theme" is toned down, in a greater or less degree, seems to make this certain.
[835]No. 91.
[836]Edinburgh, 1860, vol.I, No.XVI, "The king of Lochlin's three daughters": vol.III, No.LVIII, "The rider of Grianaig."
[837]London, 1866: p. 43, "The Three Crowns."
[838]Notably by von Sydow.
[839]Asbjørnsen og Moe,Norske Folkeeventyr, Christiania, 1852, No. 3.
[840]Popular Tales from the Norse(third edit., Edinburgh, 1888, p. 382).
[841]Visentini,Fiabe Mantovane, 1879, No. 32, 157-161.
[842]"fino a che col capo tocca le travi." Cf. Glam in theGrettis Saga.
[843]"e qui vede il gigante seduto, che detteva il suo testamento."
[844]p. 153. This is Panzer's version 97.
[845]"A fabulous creature, but zoologically the name Norka (fromnora, a hole) belongs to the otter," Ralston,Russian Folk Tales, p. 73.
[846]Afanasief (A. N.),Narodnuiya Russkiya Skazki, Moscow, 1860-63,I, 6. See Ralston, p. 73.
[847]Afanasief,VIII, No. 6.
[848]For example, "Shepherd Paul," inThe Folk-Tales of the Magyars, by W. H. Jones and L. L. Knopf,Folk-Lore Society, 1889, p. 244. The latest collection contains its version, 'The Story of Tāling, the Half-boy' inPersian Tales, written down for the first time and translatedby D. L. R. and E. O. Lorimer, London, 1919.
[849]Cf. von Sydow inA.f.d.A.XXXV, 126.
[850]Ión Arnason'sMSS, No. 536, 4o.
[851]Rittershaus (A.),Die Neuisländischen Volksmärchen, Halle, 1902, No. 25.
[852]Færøske Folkesagn og Æventyr, ed. by Jakob Jakobsen, 1898-1901, pp. 241-4 (Samfund til Udgivelse af gammel Nordisk Litteratur.)
[853]This folk-tale is given in a small book, to be found in the Christiania University Library, and no doubt elsewhere in Norway:Nor, en Billedbog for den norske Ungdom(Tredie Oplag, Christiania, 1865).Norske Folke-Eventyr og Sagn, fortalte af P. Chr. Asbjørnsen. A copy of the story, slightly altered, occurs in theUdvalgte Eventyr og Sagn for Børn, of Knutsen, Bentsen and Johnsson, Christiania, 1877, p. 58etc.
[854]pp.66-7.
[855]Berntsen (K.),Folke-Æventyr, 1873, No. 12, pp. 109-115.
[856]Grundtvig (Sv.),Gamle Danske Minder, 1854, No. 34, p. 33: from Næstved.
[857]Hans mit de ysern Stang', Müllenhoff,Sagen, Märchen u. Lieder... 1845, No.XVI, p. 437.
[858]Colshorn (C. and Th.),Märchen u. Sagen, Hannover, 1854, No.V, pp. 18-30.
[859]Cf.Beowulf, ll. 2183-8.
[860]Cf.Beowulf, ll. 815etc.
[861]Cf.Beowulf, ll. 1516-17; cf.Grettis Saga,LXVI.
[862]Cf.Grettis Saga,LXVI,hann kveikti ljós; cf.Beowulf, 1570.
[863]Contes du roi Cambrinus, par C. Deulin, Paris, 1874 (I.L'intrépide Gayant). The story is associated with Gayant, the traditional hero of Douai.
[864]Cf. Schmidt,Geschichte der deutschen Stämme,II, 495, 499,note4.
[865]III, 1.
[866]II, 43.
[867]Παῖς ... νέος ἦν κομιδῇ, καὶ ἔτι ὑπὸ παιδοκόμῳ τιθηνούμενος, Agathias,I, 4:parvulus, Gregory,IV, 6.
[868]Gregory,III, 20.
[869]III, 22.
[870]III, 23.
[871]III, 27.
[872]Many recent historians have expressed doubts as to the conventional date, 515, for Hygelac's death. J. P. Jacobsen, in the Danish translation of Gregory (1911) suggested 525-30: following him Severinsen (Danske Studier, 1919, 96) suggested c. 526, as did Fredborg,Det första årtalet i Sveriges historia. L. Schmidt (Geschichte der deutschen Stämme,II, 500,note, 1918) suggested c. 528.
[873]Archæological works bearing less directly uponBeowulfare enumerated inAppendix F; that enumeration is not repeated here.
[874]Most students nowadays will probably agree with v. Sydow's contention that the struggle of Beowulf, first above ground and then below, is a folk-story, one and indivisible, and that therefore there is no reason for attributing the two sections to different authors, as do Boer, Müllenhoff and ten Brink. But that the folk-tale is exclusively Celtic remains to be proved; v. Sydow's contention that Celtic influence is shown inBeowulfby the inhospitable shamelessness of Unferth (compare that of Kai) is surely fanciful. Also the statement that the likeness of Bjarki and Beowulf is confined to the freeing of the Danish palace from a dangerous monster by a stranger from abroad, and that "das sonstige Beiwerk völlig verschieden ist" surely cannot be maintained. As argued above (pp. 54-61) there are other distinct points of resemblance.
v. Sydow's statement no doubt suffers from the brevity with which it is reported, and his forthcoming volume ofBeowulf studienwill be awaited with interest.