portrait,145Huxley, in comparative anatomy,161;influence on biology,430;in palæontology,335;portrait,430IInheritance, alternative, Mendel,316;ancestral,318;Darwin's theory of,306;material basis of,311-313;nature of,305Inheritance of acquired characters,314;Lamarck on,377;Weismann on,398Inquiry, the arrest of,17Insects, anatomy of, Dufour,106;Malpighi,63;illustration,65;Newport,100;Leydig,102;Straus-Dürckheim,96;Swammerdam,70,75;illustration,77;theology of,91JJardin du Roi changed to Jardin des Plantes,372Jennings, on animal behavior,109,441Jonston,114KKlein,118Koch, Robert, discoveries of,300;portrait,301Koelliker, in embryology,224;in histology,171;portrait,174Kowalevsky, in embryology,224;portrait,225LLacaze-Duthiers,158;portrait,159Lamarck, changes from botany to zoölogy,372;compared with Cuvier,327;education,371;first announcement of his evolutionary views,375;forerunners of,411;first use of a genealogical tree,131;founds invertebrate palæontology,326;on heredity,377;laws of evolution,376;military experience,370;opposition to,414;Philosophie Zoologique,375;portrait,373;position in science,132;salient points in his theory,378;his theory of evolution,374;compared with that of Darwin,390,391;time and favorable conditions,378;use and disuse,374Leeuwenhoek,77-87;new biographical facts,78;capillary circulation,84,85;sketch of,83;comparison with Malpighi and Swammerdam,87;discovery of the protozoa,105;other discoveries,85;and histology,178;his microscopes,81;pictures of,82,83;occupation of,78;portrait,80;scientific letters,83;theoretical views,86Leibnitz,208Leidy in palæontology,337Lesser's theology of insects,91Leuckart,136;portrait,136Leydig,102;anatomy of insects,102;in histology,175;portrait,175Linnæan system, reform of,130-138Linnæus,118-130;binomial nomenclature,127;his especial service,126;features of his work,127,128;his idea of species,128,129;influence on natural history,125;personal appearance,125;personal history,119;portrait,124;helped by his fiancée,120;return to Sweden,123;and the rise of natural history,100-130;the Systema Naturæ,121,125,127;professor in Upsala,123;celebration of two hundredth anniversary of his birth,124;as university lecturer,123;wide recognition,122;summary on,129-130Lister, Sir Joseph, and antiseptic surgery,302;portrait,302Loeb,234;on artificial fertilization,441;on regulation,440Ludwig, in physiology,160;portrait,160Lyell, epoch-making work in geology,330;letter on Darwin and Wallace,420-422;portrait,331Lyonet,89;portrait and personality,90;great monograph on insect anatomy,91;illustrations from,92,94,94,95;extraordinary quality of his sketches,92MMalpighi,58-67;activity in research,62;anatomy of plants,66;anatomy of the silkworm,63;compared with Leeuwenhoek and Swammerdam,87;work in embryology,66,202;rank as embryologist,205;honors at home and abroad,61;personal appearance,58;portraits,60,204;sketches from his embryological treatises,204;and the theory of pre-delineation,204Man, antiquity of,364;evolution of,363;fossil,340,364Marsh, O.C., portrait,337Meckel, J. Fr.,162;portrait,162Men, of biology,7,8;the foremost,437;of science,7Mendel,315;alternative inheritance,316;law of,315;purity of the germ-cells,316;portrait,315;rank of Mendel's discovery,316,317Microscope, Hooke's, Fig. of,55;Leeuwenhoek's,81,Figs. of,82,83Microscopic observation, introduction of,54;of Hooke,55;Grew,55;Ehrenberg,106;Malpighi,66,67;Leeuwenhoek,81,84,85,105Microscopists, the pioneer,54Middle Ages, a remolding period,19;anatomy in,24Milne-Edwards, portrait,157Mimicry,387Mohl, Von,268;portrait,269Müller, Fritz,230;O. Fr.,106Müller, Johannes, as anatomist,163;general influence,185;influence on physiology,185;as a teacher,185;his period in physiology,184;personality,185;portrait,188;physiology after Müller,188NNägeli, portrait,268Naples, biological station at,446;picture of,445Natural history, of Gesner,112,113,114;of Ray,115-118;of Linnæus,118-130;sacred,110;rise of scientific,110-130Natural selection,383;discovery of,427;Darwin and Wallace on,429;extension of, by Weismann,397;illustrations of,384;inadequacy of,389Nature, continuity of,367;return to,19;renewal of observation,19Naturphilosophie, school of,160Neanderthal skull,365Needham, experiments on spontaneous generation,281Neo-Lamarckism,380Newport, on insect anatomy,100Nineteenth century, summary of discoveries in, 3Nomenclature of biology,126,127Nucleus, discovery of, by Brown,243;division of,256,313OObservation, arrest of,17;renewal of,19;in anatomy,26;and experiment the method of science,22,39Oken, on cells,241;portrait,160Omne vivum ex ovo,200Omnis cellula e cellula,309Organic evolution, doctrine of,345-367;influence of, on embryology,225;theories of,368-406;rise ofevolutionary thought,407-433;sweep of the doctrine of,366Osborn, quoted,10,364,410;in palæontology,339PPalæontology, Cuvier founds vertebrate,325;of the Fayûm district,341;Lamarck founder of invertebrate,326;Agassiz,332;Cope,337;Huxley,335;Lyell,330;Marsh,337;Osborn,339;Owen,332;William Smith,328;steps in the rise of,329Pander, and the germ-layer theory,218Pangenesis, Darwin's theory of,306Pasteur, on fermentation,293;spontaneous generation,288;inoculation for hydrophobia,299;investigation of microbes,299;personality,296;portrait,296;his supreme service,299;veneration of,294Pasteur Institute, foundation of,299;work of,300Pearson, Carl, and ancestral inheritance,318Philosophie Anatomique of St. Hilaire,416Philosophie Zoologique of Lamarck,375Physiologus, the sacred natural history,110-112Physiology, of the ancients,179;rise of,179-194;period of Harvey,180;of Haller,181;of J. Müller,184;great influence of Müller,185;after Müller,188Pithecanthropus erectus,341,360Pliny, portrait,16Pouchet, on spontaneous generation,286Pre-delineation, theory of,206;rise of, Malpighi,207;Swammerdam,208;Wolff,210Pre-formation. See Pre-delineationPrimitive race of men,366Protoplasm,259;discovery of,250,262;doctrine and sarcode,270,273;its movements,261;naming of,269;its powers,260Protozoa, discovery of,104;growth of knowledge concerning,104-109Purkinje, portrait,267RRathke, in comparative anatomy,163;in embryology,223Ray, John,115;portrait,116;and species,117Réaumur,96;portrait,98Recapitulation theory,230Recent tendencies, in biology,437;in embryology,232Redi, earliest experiments on the generation of life,279;portrait,280Remak, in embryology,223Roesel, on insects,95;portrait,98SSarcode and protoplasm,273,275Scala Naturæ,131Scale of being,131Schleiden,243;contribution to the cell-theory,248;personality,247;portrait,246Schultze, Max, establishes the protoplasm doctrine,272;in histology,172;portrait,273Schulze, Franz, on spontaneous generation,284Schwann, and the cell-theory,242,244,248,249;in histology,171;and spontaneous generation,284Science, of the ancients, return to,112;conditions under which it developed,8;biological,4Servetus, on circulation of the blood,50Severinus, in comparative anatomy,143;portrait,143Sexual selection,388Shells, evolution of,352,353Siebold, Von,134,135;portrait,135Silkworm, Malpighi on,63;Pasteur on,299Smith, Wm., in geology,328Spallanzani, experiments on generation,282;portrait,283Special creation, theory of,410Species, Ray,117;Linnæus,129;are they fixed in nature,350;origin of,350-364Spencer,418;his views on evolution in 1852,419Spontaneous generation, belief in,278;disproved,292;first experiments on,278;new form of the question,281;Redi,279;Pasteur,288;Pouchet,286;Spallanzani,282;Tyndall,290Steno, on fossils,322Straus-Dürckheim, his monograph,96;illustrations from,102Suarez, and the theory of special creation,410Swammerdam, his Biblia Naturæ,73;illustrations from,75,77;early interest in natural history,68;life and works,67-77;love of minute anatomy,70;method of work,71;personality,67;portrait,70;compared with Malpighi and Leeuwenhoek,87System, Linnæan, reform of,130-138Systema Naturæ, of Linnæus,121,127TTheory, the cell-,242;the protoplasm,272;of organic evolution,345-368;of special creation,410Tyndall, on spontaneous generation,289;his apparatus for getting optically pure air,290Type-theory, of Cuvier,132UUniformatism, and catastrophism,331VVariation, of animals, in a state of nature,382;origin of, according to Weismann,396Vesalius, and the overthrow of authority, in science,22-38;great book of,30;as court physician,35;death,36;force and independence,27;