OBSERVATIONS.Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particlespagandpanare employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice92. AsSINGULARPLURALpagdinhipaninhipagdidípanidípagdidâpanidâpagdidtonpanidtonpagdithonpanithonpagdidtopanidto.Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixadoubled. Asfromdinhiaanhi,from,,didíaadífrom,,didâaadâfrom,,didtonaadtonfrom,,dithonaathonfrom,,didtoaadto[86]NOTE.—The formhahaniis the transformation ofaanhi, where thehis doubled and transposed by placingeachhbeforeeacha. The other pronouns have not such a form.Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters of the root, asfromdinhidídinhifrom,,dididídidifrom,,didâdididâfrom,,didtondídidtonfrom,,dithondídíthonfrom,,didtodídidto93Imperative.—It simply consists in the root.Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particlema; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixmaa. Asfromdinhi,madínhi,maánhifrom,,didí.madidí,maadífrom,,didâ,madidâmaadâfrom,,didton,madidton,mandtonfrom,,dithon,madithon,maathonfrom,,didto,madidto,maadto.NOTE—The formmahaniis a transformation ofmaanhilikehahaniofaanhi.The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated asordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which we callconjugational root. So from the original rootsdinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto,we have the corresponding conjugational roots:cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto.[87]The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, we have:Infinitive, present andpresentparticiple: pagcanhi (to come, coming)NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It ispagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural).Indicativepresent:acó, etc., nácanhi.Indicative,,past:acó, etc., quinmánhi.Indicative,,future:acó, etc., mácanhi.Imperative:cánhi, etc.Subjunctive:acó, etc. cumánhi.NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms,nacanhiandmacanhirespectively, which must not be confounded withthepresent and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative.Observation.We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form.But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, orcontingentcondition, it is then expressed by the particlespag, nag, ma, naadded to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. AsI shall be sorry:magmamabidò acó.In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are frequently employed. As[88]Peter is the owner of this house{Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláyhi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.hi Pedro asáytag-iya, etc.hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. AsGod is omnipotent:an Dyos macagagáhum.IMPERSONAL VERBSThe impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive.Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete in their conjugation.Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs.Examples:nagdadalogdog(it thunders)nagiinuran(it rains persistently)inuuranán hirá(therainfalls onthem; literally: they are rained)etc.DEFECTIVE VERBSThe following belong to such class:may(to have) which has only, one form.á(no, I do not wish)iyá(receive it)ohò(look at it)Mayis also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said)[89]ambót(I do not know)The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the rootmay-adà, whose irregular conjugationas follows:InfinitivePresent, and gerund:pagcaadaorpagcamay-adà(to have)PRESENTSINGULARPLURALacó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada.(I etc. have)camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada(we, etc. have)PASTacó, etc. nagcaada(I, etc. had)camí, etc. nangagcaada(we, etc. had)FUTUREacó etc. magcacadá(I shall, etc. have)camí, etc. mangacacaada(we shall, etc. have)ImperativepacaadáSubjunctivemagcaadáNOTE 1. The strict meaningofthe formmay-adais “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defectivemayis used.2. The impersonal and defectivemayis very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. AsMay naquita co nga bucad(I saw a flower;literally: There is a flower seen by me),its regular order being:may bucad nga naquíta co.May tinagan co hin salapi(I gave money to someone;literally: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo nga” are tacit, the regular form being:May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi.OTHER CLASSES OF VERBSThere are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational roots. They are always[90]derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning,althoughconjugated as ordinarily.The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive.From the original root SURAT we have the following classes:ACTIVE VOICEConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVEAs it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. Asnagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. Asdirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; Asnáilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, asnaicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. Asdiri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. Asmapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)[92]The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. Aspinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. Asnáyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94Asnagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. Asmagtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. Asnagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. Asnagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. Asnagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)DIRECT PASSIVECONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]INDIRECT PASSIVEThe indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.The potential have no indirect passive.The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.The imperative have no indirect passive.The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.DEPRECATIVE VERBSThere are verbs used in a depreciativetone. Examples.forcáon(to eat)ásoc, lámon, etc.for,,lacát(to walk)laágfor,,yacán(to talk)yaquimbot, etc.These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.[97]
OBSERVATIONS.Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particlespagandpanare employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice92. AsSINGULARPLURALpagdinhipaninhipagdidípanidípagdidâpanidâpagdidtonpanidtonpagdithonpanithonpagdidtopanidto.Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixadoubled. Asfromdinhiaanhi,from,,didíaadífrom,,didâaadâfrom,,didtonaadtonfrom,,dithonaathonfrom,,didtoaadto[86]NOTE.—The formhahaniis the transformation ofaanhi, where thehis doubled and transposed by placingeachhbeforeeacha. The other pronouns have not such a form.Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters of the root, asfromdinhidídinhifrom,,dididídidifrom,,didâdididâfrom,,didtondídidtonfrom,,dithondídíthonfrom,,didtodídidto93Imperative.—It simply consists in the root.Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particlema; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixmaa. Asfromdinhi,madínhi,maánhifrom,,didí.madidí,maadífrom,,didâ,madidâmaadâfrom,,didton,madidton,mandtonfrom,,dithon,madithon,maathonfrom,,didto,madidto,maadto.NOTE—The formmahaniis a transformation ofmaanhilikehahaniofaanhi.The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated asordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which we callconjugational root. So from the original rootsdinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto,we have the corresponding conjugational roots:cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto.[87]The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, we have:Infinitive, present andpresentparticiple: pagcanhi (to come, coming)NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It ispagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural).Indicativepresent:acó, etc., nácanhi.Indicative,,past:acó, etc., quinmánhi.Indicative,,future:acó, etc., mácanhi.Imperative:cánhi, etc.Subjunctive:acó, etc. cumánhi.NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms,nacanhiandmacanhirespectively, which must not be confounded withthepresent and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative.Observation.We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form.But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, orcontingentcondition, it is then expressed by the particlespag, nag, ma, naadded to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. AsI shall be sorry:magmamabidò acó.In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are frequently employed. As[88]Peter is the owner of this house{Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláyhi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.hi Pedro asáytag-iya, etc.hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. AsGod is omnipotent:an Dyos macagagáhum.IMPERSONAL VERBSThe impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive.Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete in their conjugation.Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs.Examples:nagdadalogdog(it thunders)nagiinuran(it rains persistently)inuuranán hirá(therainfalls onthem; literally: they are rained)etc.DEFECTIVE VERBSThe following belong to such class:may(to have) which has only, one form.á(no, I do not wish)iyá(receive it)ohò(look at it)Mayis also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said)[89]ambót(I do not know)The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the rootmay-adà, whose irregular conjugationas follows:InfinitivePresent, and gerund:pagcaadaorpagcamay-adà(to have)PRESENTSINGULARPLURALacó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada.(I etc. have)camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada(we, etc. have)PASTacó, etc. nagcaada(I, etc. had)camí, etc. nangagcaada(we, etc. had)FUTUREacó etc. magcacadá(I shall, etc. have)camí, etc. mangacacaada(we shall, etc. have)ImperativepacaadáSubjunctivemagcaadáNOTE 1. The strict meaningofthe formmay-adais “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defectivemayis used.2. The impersonal and defectivemayis very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. AsMay naquita co nga bucad(I saw a flower;literally: There is a flower seen by me),its regular order being:may bucad nga naquíta co.May tinagan co hin salapi(I gave money to someone;literally: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo nga” are tacit, the regular form being:May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi.OTHER CLASSES OF VERBSThere are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational roots. They are always[90]derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning,althoughconjugated as ordinarily.The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive.From the original root SURAT we have the following classes:ACTIVE VOICEConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVEAs it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. Asnagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. Asdirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; Asnáilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, asnaicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. Asdiri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. Asmapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)[92]The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. Aspinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. Asnáyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94Asnagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. Asmagtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. Asnagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. Asnagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. Asnagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)DIRECT PASSIVECONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]INDIRECT PASSIVEThe indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.The potential have no indirect passive.The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.The imperative have no indirect passive.The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.DEPRECATIVE VERBSThere are verbs used in a depreciativetone. Examples.forcáon(to eat)ásoc, lámon, etc.for,,lacát(to walk)laágfor,,yacán(to talk)yaquimbot, etc.These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.[97]
OBSERVATIONS.Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particlespagandpanare employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice92. AsSINGULARPLURALpagdinhipaninhipagdidípanidípagdidâpanidâpagdidtonpanidtonpagdithonpanithonpagdidtopanidto.Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixadoubled. Asfromdinhiaanhi,from,,didíaadífrom,,didâaadâfrom,,didtonaadtonfrom,,dithonaathonfrom,,didtoaadto[86]NOTE.—The formhahaniis the transformation ofaanhi, where thehis doubled and transposed by placingeachhbeforeeacha. The other pronouns have not such a form.Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters of the root, asfromdinhidídinhifrom,,dididídidifrom,,didâdididâfrom,,didtondídidtonfrom,,dithondídíthonfrom,,didtodídidto93Imperative.—It simply consists in the root.Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particlema; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixmaa. Asfromdinhi,madínhi,maánhifrom,,didí.madidí,maadífrom,,didâ,madidâmaadâfrom,,didton,madidton,mandtonfrom,,dithon,madithon,maathonfrom,,didto,madidto,maadto.NOTE—The formmahaniis a transformation ofmaanhilikehahaniofaanhi.The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated asordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which we callconjugational root. So from the original rootsdinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto,we have the corresponding conjugational roots:cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto.[87]The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, we have:Infinitive, present andpresentparticiple: pagcanhi (to come, coming)NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It ispagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural).Indicativepresent:acó, etc., nácanhi.Indicative,,past:acó, etc., quinmánhi.Indicative,,future:acó, etc., mácanhi.Imperative:cánhi, etc.Subjunctive:acó, etc. cumánhi.NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms,nacanhiandmacanhirespectively, which must not be confounded withthepresent and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative.Observation.We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form.But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, orcontingentcondition, it is then expressed by the particlespag, nag, ma, naadded to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. AsI shall be sorry:magmamabidò acó.In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are frequently employed. As[88]Peter is the owner of this house{Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláyhi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.hi Pedro asáytag-iya, etc.hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. AsGod is omnipotent:an Dyos macagagáhum.IMPERSONAL VERBSThe impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive.Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete in their conjugation.Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs.Examples:nagdadalogdog(it thunders)nagiinuran(it rains persistently)inuuranán hirá(therainfalls onthem; literally: they are rained)etc.DEFECTIVE VERBSThe following belong to such class:may(to have) which has only, one form.á(no, I do not wish)iyá(receive it)ohò(look at it)Mayis also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said)[89]ambót(I do not know)The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the rootmay-adà, whose irregular conjugationas follows:InfinitivePresent, and gerund:pagcaadaorpagcamay-adà(to have)PRESENTSINGULARPLURALacó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada.(I etc. have)camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada(we, etc. have)PASTacó, etc. nagcaada(I, etc. had)camí, etc. nangagcaada(we, etc. had)FUTUREacó etc. magcacadá(I shall, etc. have)camí, etc. mangacacaada(we shall, etc. have)ImperativepacaadáSubjunctivemagcaadáNOTE 1. The strict meaningofthe formmay-adais “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defectivemayis used.2. The impersonal and defectivemayis very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. AsMay naquita co nga bucad(I saw a flower;literally: There is a flower seen by me),its regular order being:may bucad nga naquíta co.May tinagan co hin salapi(I gave money to someone;literally: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo nga” are tacit, the regular form being:May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi.OTHER CLASSES OF VERBSThere are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational roots. They are always[90]derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning,althoughconjugated as ordinarily.The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive.From the original root SURAT we have the following classes:ACTIVE VOICEConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVEAs it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. Asnagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. Asdirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; Asnáilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, asnaicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. Asdiri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. Asmapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)[92]The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. Aspinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. Asnáyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94Asnagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. Asmagtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. Asnagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. Asnagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. Asnagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)DIRECT PASSIVECONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]INDIRECT PASSIVEThe indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.The potential have no indirect passive.The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.The imperative have no indirect passive.The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.DEPRECATIVE VERBSThere are verbs used in a depreciativetone. Examples.forcáon(to eat)ásoc, lámon, etc.for,,lacát(to walk)laágfor,,yacán(to talk)yaquimbot, etc.These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.[97]
OBSERVATIONS.Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particlespagandpanare employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice92. AsSINGULARPLURALpagdinhipaninhipagdidípanidípagdidâpanidâpagdidtonpanidtonpagdithonpanithonpagdidtopanidto.Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixadoubled. Asfromdinhiaanhi,from,,didíaadífrom,,didâaadâfrom,,didtonaadtonfrom,,dithonaathonfrom,,didtoaadto[86]NOTE.—The formhahaniis the transformation ofaanhi, where thehis doubled and transposed by placingeachhbeforeeacha. The other pronouns have not such a form.Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters of the root, asfromdinhidídinhifrom,,dididídidifrom,,didâdididâfrom,,didtondídidtonfrom,,dithondídíthonfrom,,didtodídidto93Imperative.—It simply consists in the root.Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particlema; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixmaa. Asfromdinhi,madínhi,maánhifrom,,didí.madidí,maadífrom,,didâ,madidâmaadâfrom,,didton,madidton,mandtonfrom,,dithon,madithon,maathonfrom,,didto,madidto,maadto.NOTE—The formmahaniis a transformation ofmaanhilikehahaniofaanhi.The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated asordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which we callconjugational root. So from the original rootsdinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto,we have the corresponding conjugational roots:cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto.[87]The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, we have:Infinitive, present andpresentparticiple: pagcanhi (to come, coming)NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It ispagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural).Indicativepresent:acó, etc., nácanhi.Indicative,,past:acó, etc., quinmánhi.Indicative,,future:acó, etc., mácanhi.Imperative:cánhi, etc.Subjunctive:acó, etc. cumánhi.NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms,nacanhiandmacanhirespectively, which must not be confounded withthepresent and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative.Observation.We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form.But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, orcontingentcondition, it is then expressed by the particlespag, nag, ma, naadded to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. AsI shall be sorry:magmamabidò acó.In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are frequently employed. As[88]Peter is the owner of this house{Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláyhi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.hi Pedro asáytag-iya, etc.hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. AsGod is omnipotent:an Dyos macagagáhum.IMPERSONAL VERBSThe impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive.Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete in their conjugation.Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs.Examples:nagdadalogdog(it thunders)nagiinuran(it rains persistently)inuuranán hirá(therainfalls onthem; literally: they are rained)etc.DEFECTIVE VERBSThe following belong to such class:may(to have) which has only, one form.á(no, I do not wish)iyá(receive it)ohò(look at it)Mayis also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said)[89]ambót(I do not know)The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the rootmay-adà, whose irregular conjugationas follows:InfinitivePresent, and gerund:pagcaadaorpagcamay-adà(to have)PRESENTSINGULARPLURALacó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada.(I etc. have)camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada(we, etc. have)PASTacó, etc. nagcaada(I, etc. had)camí, etc. nangagcaada(we, etc. had)FUTUREacó etc. magcacadá(I shall, etc. have)camí, etc. mangacacaada(we shall, etc. have)ImperativepacaadáSubjunctivemagcaadáNOTE 1. The strict meaningofthe formmay-adais “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defectivemayis used.2. The impersonal and defectivemayis very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. AsMay naquita co nga bucad(I saw a flower;literally: There is a flower seen by me),its regular order being:may bucad nga naquíta co.May tinagan co hin salapi(I gave money to someone;literally: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo nga” are tacit, the regular form being:May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi.OTHER CLASSES OF VERBSThere are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational roots. They are always[90]derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning,althoughconjugated as ordinarily.The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive.From the original root SURAT we have the following classes:ACTIVE VOICEConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVEAs it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. Asnagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. Asdirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; Asnáilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, asnaicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. Asdiri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. Asmapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)[92]The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. Aspinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. Asnáyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94Asnagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. Asmagtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. Asnagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. Asnagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. Asnagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)DIRECT PASSIVECONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]INDIRECT PASSIVEThe indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.The potential have no indirect passive.The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.The imperative have no indirect passive.The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.DEPRECATIVE VERBSThere are verbs used in a depreciativetone. Examples.forcáon(to eat)ásoc, lámon, etc.for,,lacát(to walk)laágfor,,yacán(to talk)yaquimbot, etc.These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.[97]
OBSERVATIONS.Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particlespagandpanare employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice92. AsSINGULARPLURALpagdinhipaninhipagdidípanidípagdidâpanidâpagdidtonpanidtonpagdithonpanithonpagdidtopanidto.Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixadoubled. Asfromdinhiaanhi,from,,didíaadífrom,,didâaadâfrom,,didtonaadtonfrom,,dithonaathonfrom,,didtoaadto[86]NOTE.—The formhahaniis the transformation ofaanhi, where thehis doubled and transposed by placingeachhbeforeeacha. The other pronouns have not such a form.Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters of the root, asfromdinhidídinhifrom,,dididídidifrom,,didâdididâfrom,,didtondídidtonfrom,,dithondídíthonfrom,,didtodídidto93Imperative.—It simply consists in the root.Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particlema; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixmaa. Asfromdinhi,madínhi,maánhifrom,,didí.madidí,maadífrom,,didâ,madidâmaadâfrom,,didton,madidton,mandtonfrom,,dithon,madithon,maathonfrom,,didto,madidto,maadto.NOTE—The formmahaniis a transformation ofmaanhilikehahaniofaanhi.The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated asordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which we callconjugational root. So from the original rootsdinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto,we have the corresponding conjugational roots:cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto.[87]The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, we have:Infinitive, present andpresentparticiple: pagcanhi (to come, coming)NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It ispagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural).Indicativepresent:acó, etc., nácanhi.Indicative,,past:acó, etc., quinmánhi.Indicative,,future:acó, etc., mácanhi.Imperative:cánhi, etc.Subjunctive:acó, etc. cumánhi.NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms,nacanhiandmacanhirespectively, which must not be confounded withthepresent and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative.Observation.We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form.But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, orcontingentcondition, it is then expressed by the particlespag, nag, ma, naadded to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. AsI shall be sorry:magmamabidò acó.In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are frequently employed. As[88]Peter is the owner of this house{Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláyhi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.hi Pedro asáytag-iya, etc.hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. AsGod is omnipotent:an Dyos macagagáhum.IMPERSONAL VERBSThe impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive.Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete in their conjugation.Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs.Examples:nagdadalogdog(it thunders)nagiinuran(it rains persistently)inuuranán hirá(therainfalls onthem; literally: they are rained)etc.DEFECTIVE VERBSThe following belong to such class:may(to have) which has only, one form.á(no, I do not wish)iyá(receive it)ohò(look at it)Mayis also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said)[89]ambót(I do not know)The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the rootmay-adà, whose irregular conjugationas follows:InfinitivePresent, and gerund:pagcaadaorpagcamay-adà(to have)PRESENTSINGULARPLURALacó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada.(I etc. have)camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada(we, etc. have)PASTacó, etc. nagcaada(I, etc. had)camí, etc. nangagcaada(we, etc. had)FUTUREacó etc. magcacadá(I shall, etc. have)camí, etc. mangacacaada(we shall, etc. have)ImperativepacaadáSubjunctivemagcaadáNOTE 1. The strict meaningofthe formmay-adais “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defectivemayis used.2. The impersonal and defectivemayis very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. AsMay naquita co nga bucad(I saw a flower;literally: There is a flower seen by me),its regular order being:may bucad nga naquíta co.May tinagan co hin salapi(I gave money to someone;literally: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo nga” are tacit, the regular form being:May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi.OTHER CLASSES OF VERBSThere are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational roots. They are always[90]derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning,althoughconjugated as ordinarily.The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive.From the original root SURAT we have the following classes:ACTIVE VOICEConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVEAs it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. Asnagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. Asdirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; Asnáilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, asnaicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. Asdiri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. Asmapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)[92]The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. Aspinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. Asnáyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94Asnagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. Asmagtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. Asnagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. Asnagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. Asnagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)DIRECT PASSIVECONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]INDIRECT PASSIVEThe indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.The potential have no indirect passive.The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.The imperative have no indirect passive.The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.DEPRECATIVE VERBSThere are verbs used in a depreciativetone. Examples.forcáon(to eat)ásoc, lámon, etc.for,,lacát(to walk)laágfor,,yacán(to talk)yaquimbot, etc.These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.[97]
OBSERVATIONS.Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particlespagandpanare employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice92. AsSINGULARPLURALpagdinhipaninhipagdidípanidípagdidâpanidâpagdidtonpanidtonpagdithonpanithonpagdidtopanidto.Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixadoubled. Asfromdinhiaanhi,from,,didíaadífrom,,didâaadâfrom,,didtonaadtonfrom,,dithonaathonfrom,,didtoaadto[86]NOTE.—The formhahaniis the transformation ofaanhi, where thehis doubled and transposed by placingeachhbeforeeacha. The other pronouns have not such a form.Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters of the root, asfromdinhidídinhifrom,,dididídidifrom,,didâdididâfrom,,didtondídidtonfrom,,dithondídíthonfrom,,didtodídidto93Imperative.—It simply consists in the root.Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particlema; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixmaa. Asfromdinhi,madínhi,maánhifrom,,didí.madidí,maadífrom,,didâ,madidâmaadâfrom,,didton,madidton,mandtonfrom,,dithon,madithon,maathonfrom,,didto,madidto,maadto.NOTE—The formmahaniis a transformation ofmaanhilikehahaniofaanhi.The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated asordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which we callconjugational root. So from the original rootsdinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto,we have the corresponding conjugational roots:cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto.[87]The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, we have:Infinitive, present andpresentparticiple: pagcanhi (to come, coming)NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It ispagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural).Indicativepresent:acó, etc., nácanhi.Indicative,,past:acó, etc., quinmánhi.Indicative,,future:acó, etc., mácanhi.Imperative:cánhi, etc.Subjunctive:acó, etc. cumánhi.NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms,nacanhiandmacanhirespectively, which must not be confounded withthepresent and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative.Observation.We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form.But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, orcontingentcondition, it is then expressed by the particlespag, nag, ma, naadded to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. AsI shall be sorry:magmamabidò acó.In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are frequently employed. As[88]Peter is the owner of this house{Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláyhi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.hi Pedro asáytag-iya, etc.hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. AsGod is omnipotent:an Dyos macagagáhum.IMPERSONAL VERBSThe impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive.Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete in their conjugation.Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs.Examples:nagdadalogdog(it thunders)nagiinuran(it rains persistently)inuuranán hirá(therainfalls onthem; literally: they are rained)etc.DEFECTIVE VERBSThe following belong to such class:may(to have) which has only, one form.á(no, I do not wish)iyá(receive it)ohò(look at it)Mayis also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said)[89]ambót(I do not know)The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the rootmay-adà, whose irregular conjugationas follows:InfinitivePresent, and gerund:pagcaadaorpagcamay-adà(to have)PRESENTSINGULARPLURALacó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada.(I etc. have)camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada(we, etc. have)PASTacó, etc. nagcaada(I, etc. had)camí, etc. nangagcaada(we, etc. had)FUTUREacó etc. magcacadá(I shall, etc. have)camí, etc. mangacacaada(we shall, etc. have)ImperativepacaadáSubjunctivemagcaadáNOTE 1. The strict meaningofthe formmay-adais “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defectivemayis used.2. The impersonal and defectivemayis very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. AsMay naquita co nga bucad(I saw a flower;literally: There is a flower seen by me),its regular order being:may bucad nga naquíta co.May tinagan co hin salapi(I gave money to someone;literally: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo nga” are tacit, the regular form being:May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi.OTHER CLASSES OF VERBSThere are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational roots. They are always[90]derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning,althoughconjugated as ordinarily.The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive.From the original root SURAT we have the following classes:ACTIVE VOICEConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVEAs it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. Asnagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. Asdirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; Asnáilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, asnaicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. Asdiri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. Asmapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)[92]The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. Aspinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. Asnáyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94Asnagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. Asmagtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. Asnagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. Asnagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. Asnagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)DIRECT PASSIVECONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]INDIRECT PASSIVEThe indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.The potential have no indirect passive.The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.The imperative have no indirect passive.The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.DEPRECATIVE VERBSThere are verbs used in a depreciativetone. Examples.forcáon(to eat)ásoc, lámon, etc.for,,lacát(to walk)laágfor,,yacán(to talk)yaquimbot, etc.These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.[97]
OBSERVATIONS.Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particlespagandpanare employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice92. AsSINGULARPLURALpagdinhipaninhipagdidípanidípagdidâpanidâpagdidtonpanidtonpagdithonpanithonpagdidtopanidto.Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixadoubled. Asfromdinhiaanhi,from,,didíaadífrom,,didâaadâfrom,,didtonaadtonfrom,,dithonaathonfrom,,didtoaadto[86]NOTE.—The formhahaniis the transformation ofaanhi, where thehis doubled and transposed by placingeachhbeforeeacha. The other pronouns have not such a form.Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters of the root, asfromdinhidídinhifrom,,dididídidifrom,,didâdididâfrom,,didtondídidtonfrom,,dithondídíthonfrom,,didtodídidto93Imperative.—It simply consists in the root.Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particlema; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixmaa. Asfromdinhi,madínhi,maánhifrom,,didí.madidí,maadífrom,,didâ,madidâmaadâfrom,,didton,madidton,mandtonfrom,,dithon,madithon,maathonfrom,,didto,madidto,maadto.NOTE—The formmahaniis a transformation ofmaanhilikehahaniofaanhi.The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated asordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which we callconjugational root. So from the original rootsdinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto,we have the corresponding conjugational roots:cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto.[87]The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, we have:Infinitive, present andpresentparticiple: pagcanhi (to come, coming)NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It ispagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural).Indicativepresent:acó, etc., nácanhi.Indicative,,past:acó, etc., quinmánhi.Indicative,,future:acó, etc., mácanhi.Imperative:cánhi, etc.Subjunctive:acó, etc. cumánhi.NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms,nacanhiandmacanhirespectively, which must not be confounded withthepresent and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative.
OBSERVATIONS.
Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particlespagandpanare employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice92. AsSINGULARPLURALpagdinhipaninhipagdidípanidípagdidâpanidâpagdidtonpanidtonpagdithonpanithonpagdidtopanidto.Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixadoubled. Asfromdinhiaanhi,from,,didíaadífrom,,didâaadâfrom,,didtonaadtonfrom,,dithonaathonfrom,,didtoaadto[86]NOTE.—The formhahaniis the transformation ofaanhi, where thehis doubled and transposed by placingeachhbeforeeacha. The other pronouns have not such a form.Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters of the root, asfromdinhidídinhifrom,,dididídidifrom,,didâdididâfrom,,didtondídidtonfrom,,dithondídíthonfrom,,didtodídidto93Imperative.—It simply consists in the root.Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particlema; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixmaa. Asfromdinhi,madínhi,maánhifrom,,didí.madidí,maadífrom,,didâ,madidâmaadâfrom,,didton,madidton,mandtonfrom,,dithon,madithon,maathonfrom,,didto,madidto,maadto.NOTE—The formmahaniis a transformation ofmaanhilikehahaniofaanhi.The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated asordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which we callconjugational root. So from the original rootsdinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto,we have the corresponding conjugational roots:cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto.[87]The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, we have:Infinitive, present andpresentparticiple: pagcanhi (to come, coming)NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It ispagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural).Indicativepresent:acó, etc., nácanhi.Indicative,,past:acó, etc., quinmánhi.Indicative,,future:acó, etc., mácanhi.Imperative:cánhi, etc.Subjunctive:acó, etc. cumánhi.NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms,nacanhiandmacanhirespectively, which must not be confounded withthepresent and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative.
Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particlespagandpanare employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice92. As
SINGULARPLURALpagdinhipaninhipagdidípanidípagdidâpanidâpagdidtonpanidtonpagdithonpanithonpagdidtopanidto.
Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixadoubled. As
fromdinhiaanhi,from,,didíaadífrom,,didâaadâfrom,,didtonaadtonfrom,,dithonaathonfrom,,didtoaadto
[86]
NOTE.—The formhahaniis the transformation ofaanhi, where thehis doubled and transposed by placingeachhbeforeeacha. The other pronouns have not such a form.
Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters of the root, as
fromdinhidídinhifrom,,dididídidifrom,,didâdididâfrom,,didtondídidtonfrom,,dithondídíthonfrom,,didtodídidto93
Imperative.—It simply consists in the root.
Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particlema; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefixmaa. As
fromdinhi,madínhi,maánhifrom,,didí.madidí,maadífrom,,didâ,madidâmaadâfrom,,didton,madidton,mandtonfrom,,dithon,madithon,maathonfrom,,didto,madidto,maadto.
NOTE—The formmahaniis a transformation ofmaanhilikehahaniofaanhi.
The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated asordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which we callconjugational root. So from the original roots
dinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto,
we have the corresponding conjugational roots:
cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto.[87]
The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, we have:
Infinitive, present andpresentparticiple: pagcanhi (to come, coming)
NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It is
pagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural).
Indicativepresent:acó, etc., nácanhi.Indicative,,past:acó, etc., quinmánhi.Indicative,,future:acó, etc., mácanhi.
Imperative:cánhi, etc.
Subjunctive:acó, etc. cumánhi.
NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms,nacanhiandmacanhirespectively, which must not be confounded withthepresent and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative.
Observation.We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form.But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, orcontingentcondition, it is then expressed by the particlespag, nag, ma, naadded to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. AsI shall be sorry:magmamabidò acó.In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are frequently employed. As[88]Peter is the owner of this house{Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláyhi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.hi Pedro asáytag-iya, etc.hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. AsGod is omnipotent:an Dyos macagagáhum.
Observation.
We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form.But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, orcontingentcondition, it is then expressed by the particlespag, nag, ma, naadded to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. AsI shall be sorry:magmamabidò acó.In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are frequently employed. As[88]Peter is the owner of this house{Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláyhi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.hi Pedro asáytag-iya, etc.hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. AsGod is omnipotent:an Dyos macagagáhum.
We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form.
But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, orcontingentcondition, it is then expressed by the particlespag, nag, ma, naadded to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. As
I shall be sorry:magmamabidò acó.
In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are frequently employed. As[88]
Peter is the owner of this house{Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláyhi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.hi Pedro asáytag-iya, etc.hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.
In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. As
God is omnipotent:an Dyos macagagáhum.
IMPERSONAL VERBSThe impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive.Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete in their conjugation.Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs.Examples:nagdadalogdog(it thunders)nagiinuran(it rains persistently)inuuranán hirá(therainfalls onthem; literally: they are rained)etc.
IMPERSONAL VERBS
The impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive.Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete in their conjugation.Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs.Examples:nagdadalogdog(it thunders)nagiinuran(it rains persistently)inuuranán hirá(therainfalls onthem; literally: they are rained)etc.
The impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive.
Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete in their conjugation.
Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs.
Examples:
nagdadalogdog(it thunders)nagiinuran(it rains persistently)inuuranán hirá(therainfalls onthem; literally: they are rained)etc.
DEFECTIVE VERBSThe following belong to such class:may(to have) which has only, one form.á(no, I do not wish)iyá(receive it)ohò(look at it)Mayis also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said)[89]ambót(I do not know)The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the rootmay-adà, whose irregular conjugationas follows:InfinitivePresent, and gerund:pagcaadaorpagcamay-adà(to have)PRESENTSINGULARPLURALacó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada.(I etc. have)camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada(we, etc. have)PASTacó, etc. nagcaada(I, etc. had)camí, etc. nangagcaada(we, etc. had)FUTUREacó etc. magcacadá(I shall, etc. have)camí, etc. mangacacaada(we shall, etc. have)ImperativepacaadáSubjunctivemagcaadáNOTE 1. The strict meaningofthe formmay-adais “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defectivemayis used.2. The impersonal and defectivemayis very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. AsMay naquita co nga bucad(I saw a flower;literally: There is a flower seen by me),its regular order being:may bucad nga naquíta co.May tinagan co hin salapi(I gave money to someone;literally: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo nga” are tacit, the regular form being:May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi.
DEFECTIVE VERBS
The following belong to such class:may(to have) which has only, one form.á(no, I do not wish)iyá(receive it)ohò(look at it)Mayis also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said)[89]ambót(I do not know)The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the rootmay-adà, whose irregular conjugationas follows:InfinitivePresent, and gerund:pagcaadaorpagcamay-adà(to have)PRESENTSINGULARPLURALacó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada.(I etc. have)camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada(we, etc. have)PASTacó, etc. nagcaada(I, etc. had)camí, etc. nangagcaada(we, etc. had)FUTUREacó etc. magcacadá(I shall, etc. have)camí, etc. mangacacaada(we shall, etc. have)ImperativepacaadáSubjunctivemagcaadáNOTE 1. The strict meaningofthe formmay-adais “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defectivemayis used.2. The impersonal and defectivemayis very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. AsMay naquita co nga bucad(I saw a flower;literally: There is a flower seen by me),its regular order being:may bucad nga naquíta co.May tinagan co hin salapi(I gave money to someone;literally: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo nga” are tacit, the regular form being:May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi.
The following belong to such class:may(to have) which has only, one form.
á(no, I do not wish)iyá(receive it)ohò(look at it)
Mayis also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said)[89]
ambót(I do not know)
The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the rootmay-adà, whose irregular conjugationas follows:
Infinitive
Present, and gerund:pagcaadaorpagcamay-adà(to have)
PRESENTSINGULARPLURALacó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada.(I etc. have)camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada(we, etc. have)PASTacó, etc. nagcaada(I, etc. had)camí, etc. nangagcaada(we, etc. had)FUTUREacó etc. magcacadá(I shall, etc. have)camí, etc. mangacacaada(we shall, etc. have)
Imperative
pacaadá
Subjunctive
magcaadá
NOTE 1. The strict meaningofthe formmay-adais “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defectivemayis used.
2. The impersonal and defectivemayis very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. As
May naquita co nga bucad(I saw a flower;literally: There is a flower seen by me),
its regular order being:
may bucad nga naquíta co.
May tinagan co hin salapi(I gave money to someone;literally: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo nga” are tacit, the regular form being:
May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi.
OTHER CLASSES OF VERBSThere are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational roots. They are always[90]derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning,althoughconjugated as ordinarily.The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive.From the original root SURAT we have the following classes:ACTIVE VOICEConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVEAs it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. Asnagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. Asdirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; Asnáilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, asnaicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. Asdiri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. Asmapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)[92]The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. Aspinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. Asnáyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94Asnagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. Asmagtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. Asnagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. Asnagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. Asnagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)DIRECT PASSIVECONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]INDIRECT PASSIVEThe indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.The potential have no indirect passive.The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.The imperative have no indirect passive.The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.
OTHER CLASSES OF VERBS
There are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational roots. They are always[90]derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning,althoughconjugated as ordinarily.The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive.From the original root SURAT we have the following classes:ACTIVE VOICEConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVEAs it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. Asnagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. Asdirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; Asnáilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, asnaicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. Asdiri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. Asmapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)[92]The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. Aspinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. Asnáyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94Asnagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. Asmagtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. Asnagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. Asnagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. Asnagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)DIRECT PASSIVECONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]INDIRECT PASSIVEThe indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.The potential have no indirect passive.The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.The imperative have no indirect passive.The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.
There are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational roots. They are always[90]derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning,althoughconjugated as ordinarily.
The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive.
From the original root SURAT we have the following classes:
ACTIVE VOICEConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVEAs it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. Asnagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. Asdirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; Asnáilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, asnaicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. Asdiri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. Asmapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)[92]The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. Aspinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. Asnáyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94Asnagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. Asmagtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. Asnagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. Asnagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. Asnagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)
ACTIVE VOICE
ConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVEAs it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. Asnagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. Asdirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; Asnáilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, asnaicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. Asdiri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. Asmapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)[92]The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. Aspinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. Asnáyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94Asnagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. Asmagtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. Asnagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. Asnagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. Asnagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)
ConjugationalrootIndicative PresentClassessinuratnagsisinuratCONTINUATIVEcasuratnacacasurátABSOLUTE POTENTIALcagsuratnacacagsurátRELATIVE POTENTIALisusúratnáisusuratABSOLUTE APTATIVEipagsusúratnáipagsusuratRELATIVE APTATIVEpagpasurátnápasurátABSOLUTE PERMISSIVEpapagsúratnapapagsurátRELATIVE PERMISSIVEpapágsuratpinasusurátABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEpapagsurátpinapagsurátRELATIVE IMPERATIVEsusúratnasusúratIMPREMEDITATIVEsuratsúratnasuratsúratABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnágsusuratsúratRELATIVE DIMINUTIVEsuratsurátnásuratsurátABSOLUTE REPETITIVEsuratsurátnagsusuratsurátRELATIVE REPETITIVEpasuratsúratnagpapasuratsuratRECIPROCATEFrom the original root “hadì,” we havepacahádinapacaháhìIMITATIVEFrom the original root “buság,” we havepagticabusagnáticabusagABSOLUTE GRADUALpagticabusagnagtiticabusagRELATIVE GRADUALFrom the original root “sayáo,” we havesayáonagsasayáoFIGURATIVE
As it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision[91]absoluteandrelativeof these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.
The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfixinand it expresses persistence of the action. As
nagtitinóoc an batà(the child is crying persistently)
The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefixpacaorpacag(absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. As
dirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram(he cannot write, because does not know how to)dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat(he cannot write, because he is busy)
The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefixioripag(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; As
náilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá(he was about to depart when I met him)naipagsusurat acó ha imo(I was intending to write you)
When the absolute optative bears the particleca, it expresses then proximate passivity, as
naicahorológ an bung̃a(the fruit is about to fall)
The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefixpagpaorpapag(absolute and relative) and it means leaveorabandonment. As
diri hiya napaútang hin salapí(he does not lend anymoney;literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)
When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. As
mapa Manila camí(we shall go to Manila)napahorón hi Juan(John went to the farm)
[92]
The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefixpapagandtheinterfixin. As
pinacacadto ca(you are ordered to go there)pinapagtoón camo(you are commanded to study)
The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. As
náyayácan ca lá(you talk inconsiderately)
The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.94As
nagtatanomtanom cami hin camote(we are cultivating a little camote)
The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.
The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,94when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from theprecedingconsonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. As
magtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá(I shall cultivate hemp again)macarocánhi acó buás(I shall come again to-morrow)
The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that thereciprocateuses the prefixpa. It means a mutual action. As
nagpapasuratsurat camí(we are writing to each other)
It is also formed by the prefixespagandig, and the affixan. As “pagquítáan(to meet),iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.
The imitative is formed by the prefixpaca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As[93]
hiyá napacamaáram(he pretends to be learned)hiyá napacacatsilà(he affects to be a Spaniard)
The gradual is determined by the prefixpagtica, and means an action by degrees. As
nagtiticapasò inin adlao(the day is becominghotter)nagtiticalamrag an bulan(the moon is becoming brighter)
The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. As
nagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)
DIRECT PASSIVECONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]
DIRECT PASSIVE
CONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]
CONTINUATIVE VERBConjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.
CONTINUATIVE VERB
Conjugational root: sinúratInfinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.
Conjugational root: sinúrat
Infinitive:present and gerund:pagsinuratas; pagpinanurátap.Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrats; guinpipinanúratp.Past:guinsinúrats; guinpinanuratp.Future:pagsisinuratons; pagpipinanuratonp.Imperative:pagsinurátas; pagpinanurátap.Subjunctive:pagsinuratons; pagpinanuratonp.
ABSOLUTE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.
ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL
Conjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.
Conjugational root: hisurát
Infinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.Indicative:Present:nahasusurátPast:nahasurátFuture:mahasusurátImperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahasurát.
RELATIVE POTENTIALConjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.
RELATIVE POTENTIAL
Conjugational root: hisurátInfinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.
Conjugational root: hisurát
Infinitive:paghisuráts; panhisurátp.[94]Indicative:Present:nahapapagsuráts; nanhihisurátp.Past:nahapagsuráts; nanhisurátp.Future:mahapapagsuráts; manhihisurátp.Imperative:(no imperative)Subjunctive:mahapagsuráts; manhisurátp.
ABSOLUTE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.
ABSOLUTE OPTATIVE
Conjugational root: isusuratInfinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.
Conjugational root: isusurat
Infinitive:pag-isusuratas; pag-ipanunuratap.Indicative:Present:guin-iisusuratPast:guin-isusurat.Future:pag-iisusuraton.Imperative:pagisusurataSubjunctive:pag-isusuráton.
RELATIVE OPTATIVEConjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)
RELATIVE OPTATIVE
Conjugational root: isusúratInfinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)
Conjugational root: isusúrat
Infinitive:pag-ipagsusuratas; pag-ipanunurátap.Indicative:Present:guin-iipagsusurat,s; guin-iipanunurat.Past:guin-ipagsusurats; guin-ipanunurat.Future:pag-iipagsusurátons; pag-iipanunuraton.Imperative:pag-ipagsusurataSubjunctive:pag-ipagsusuraton.(The permissive verbs have no passive)
ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVEInfinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.
ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE
Infinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.
Infinitive:papagsuratáns; papanuratánp.Indicative:Present:ipinasusurat.Past:ipinasurat.Future:ipasusurat.Imperative:ipasurát.Subjunctive:ipasurát.
RELATIVE IMPERATIVEConjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.
RELATIVE IMPERATIVE
Conjugational root: pasurátInfinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.
Conjugational root: pasurát
Infinitive:papagsuratán,s; papanuratán,p.[95]Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát,s; ipinápanurát,p.Past:ipinapagsurát,s; ipinapanurát,p.Future:ipápagsurát,s; ipápanurát,p.Imperative:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.Subjunctive:ipapagsurát,s; ipapanurát,p.
IMPREMEDITATIVEConjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.
IMPREMEDITATIVE
Conjugational root: susurátaInfinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.
Conjugational root: susuráta
Infinitive:pagsusuráta,s; panunuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinususurat.Past:sinusurát.Future:sususuráton.Imperative:susuráta.Subjunctive:susuráton.
ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.
ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE
Conjugational root: sinuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.
Conjugational root: sinuratsúrat
Infinitive:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Indicative:Present:sinusuratsúrat,Past:sinuratsúrat.Future:susuratsuraton.Imperative:suratsurata.Subjunctive:suratsuráton.
RELATIVE DIMINUTIVEConjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]
RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE
Conjugational root: guinsuratsúratInfinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p* * *(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)* * *(The reciprocate have no passive)* * *(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]
Conjugational root: guinsuratsúrat
Infinitive:pagsuratsuratá,s; panuratsúrata,p.Indicative:Present:guinsusuratsurat,s; pinanunuratsurat,p.Past:guinsuratsurat,s; pinanuratsurat,p.Future:pagsusuratsuraton,s; panunuratsuratón,p.Imperative:pagsuratsuráta,s; panuratsuráta,p.Subjunctive:pasuratsuraton,s; panusatsuráton,p
* * *
(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)
* * *
(The reciprocate have no passive)
* * *
(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)[96]
INDIRECT PASSIVEThe indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.The potential have no indirect passive.The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.The imperative have no indirect passive.The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.
INDIRECT PASSIVE
The indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.The potential have no indirect passive.The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.The imperative have no indirect passive.The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.
The indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfixinis used.
The potential have no indirect passive.
The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73et seq.), as to the affixes.
The imperative have no indirect passive.
The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.
The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78et seq) as to the affixes.
INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.
INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.
The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.
The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.
The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.
NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.
DEPRECATIVE VERBSThere are verbs used in a depreciativetone. Examples.forcáon(to eat)ásoc, lámon, etc.for,,lacát(to walk)laágfor,,yacán(to talk)yaquimbot, etc.These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.[97]
DEPRECATIVE VERBS
There are verbs used in a depreciativetone. Examples.forcáon(to eat)ásoc, lámon, etc.for,,lacát(to walk)laágfor,,yacán(to talk)yaquimbot, etc.These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.[97]
There are verbs used in a depreciativetone. Examples.
forcáon(to eat)ásoc, lámon, etc.for,,lacát(to walk)laágfor,,yacán(to talk)yaquimbot, etc.
These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.[97]