These are substantive and adjective. Both may be grouped[10]in the following classes: primitive, diminutive, figurative, verbal, compound, derivative, proper, common, positive, comparative, superlative, cardinal, ordinal, partitive, distributive and collective. Nothing particular needs be said about the primitive.DIMINUTIVEExamples:PRIMITIVEDIMINUTIVEbaláy(house)balaybálaysaróual(trousers)sarouálaycarahà(frying-pan)caraháaybalóto(little boat)balotóhayAs is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive or by adding to the latter the affixayorhay.The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As,fromdáhon(leave),dahondáhon,cáhoy(tree),cahoycáhoy.The affixayorhayis added when the primitive has more than two syllables;aybeing used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; andhaybeing employed when the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or is preceded by more than one consonant. As,fromsacayán(boat),sacayánay,habobò(low),habobóay,balicô(crooked),balicóay,4[11]abacá(hemp),abacáhay,babaye(woman),babayéhay,banat-i(a tree so called),banat-ihay,malacsi(fast),malacsihay.But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it. In such cases the affixayorhayis employed, the rules established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such diminutives. As,fromtámsi(bird),tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi,túl-an(bone),tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an,pulá(red color),puláhay, not pulapula,5sagpò(plug),sagpóay, not sagposagpò,sab-a(a kind of banana),sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a,bungto(town),bungtóhaynot bungtobungto.Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the adjectives follow the same rules. As,frommatám-is(sweet),matam-isay,malomó(soft),malomóhay,halípot(short),halipótay.But in must of the adjectives formed withma(a particle bearing the idea of abundance) andha6(a particle that bears the idea of place), likemaopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà,the prefixesmaorhaare disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if such[12]adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus,opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their diminutives will be:frommaópay(good),maopay-ópaymabuság(white),mabusagbúsagmapulá(red),mapulapuláhatáas(high),hataastáashalabà(long),halabalabà7There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the following:DIMINUTIVEfromREGULARIRREGULARdacò(large),dacòdacòdacolaay8gutì(small)gutigutìgutirurù9FIGURATIVEWe call those nounsfigurativethat are applied to the objects which, not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application.Examples:frombobón(fountain),mobonbóbon10(fontanel);cabáyo(horse),carocabáyo,(objects that are like a horse or cloud).dámpog(cloud),darodámpog,When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic diminutive. As,from[13]hadì(king), we havehadihadi(a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the figure of a king).But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the syllablero(a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, or collection). As,fromsacayán(boat),sarosacáyanulalahípan(centipede),uroulalahipanisdà(fish),iroisdàcan’on(cooked rice)carocan’on11NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives.12VERBALThese are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring to the agents or the objects of the roots.Examples:fromsáyau (to dance)parasayáu (dancer),tigsayáu (person who sometimes dances),magsarayáu (person appointed to dance)sarayauán13(place designed for dancing).[14]sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced)14;fromumá (to farm)paraúma (farmer),tig-úma (person used to do farming),mag-urúma (person in charge of farming),urumáhan, contracted urúmhan(place designed for farming),urumáhon, contracted urúmhon(ground or plant to be cultivated);fromsurat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea of the root and the use permit, with this variant:susurátan, not sururátan,susuráton, not sururáton;fromtoóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use permit, and this besides:matóoc (weeper);frombóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this:maboroóng̃ (liable or expected to be broken);frominóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following:mainominóm(an inviting drink);fromsosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this:hinóson (person fond of or bold in correcting);[15]fromútang̃ (to borrow),hing̃útang̃ orhing̃ung̃utáng̃15(person fond of or bold in borrowing).It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use.From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the prefixespara, tig, mag, ma, hi,the interfixes16r, ro, umor the affixesan, on.These particles are very important in Bisayan as they greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue.For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes.An, on.These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,fromcatúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, asfromcáon(to eat)caraonánfromtíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, asfromaro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).The particleonhas the same use asan, ascaturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,fromlohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19fromtambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).Para, tig.Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,fromcánhi (to come).paracánhi,tigcánhi.Ma, withon, withro, or withr.The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, asfromcáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, asfromcatúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),fromarába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, asfromcáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20[18]fromoná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, asfromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, asfromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).Magand ther.The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, asfromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).HiThis particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, asfrombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, asfrommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, asfromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, asfromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.Um.This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,[22]3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, asfromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).COMPOUNDThe use gives the following:fromsolód(to enter) andbaláy(house),sólodbálay, which means the person who thru his intimacy with the occupant of a house, enters in at any time;fromsacá(to go up) andlúsad(to go down),sacálúsad, applied to the person who is very busy or who suffers a great misfortune and goes up and down the house repeatedly. It is also applied to boys or girls who go out the house frequently, especially without permission of their parents;fromdosô(to push) andbótong(to pull),dosô-bótong,24applied to a person who takes determinations that are contradictory;fromcábcab(to scratch) andtocâ(what a bird does when it picks up or bites something with its beak),cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have to expend for their subsistence all that they gain by their work;fromdi, contraction ofdirì(not),abotón, fromabót(to reach), andcalóton, from cálot (to scratch),[23]diabotóncalóton, applied to that part of the human back, which our handscannot reachtoscratchwhen it itches;fromtábag(help),ha, a preposition for the objective case,among̃ámong̃(to malign);tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃,applied to those who maliciously pretend to help a person in trouble, but injure him. Etc.DERIVATIVEWeconsider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of the derivatives are adjectives.The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, interfixes, and affixes.The usual particles areca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag,as prefixes;r, inas interfixes; andan, onas affixes. As,frompauà(light),capanà(clearness)from,,áram(wisdom),maáram(wise)from,,bayáu(brother in law),mabaráyau(brother-in-law-to-be)from,,bidò(sorrow),macabibidò(sorrowful)from,,isdà(fish),maquiisdà(fond of fish)from,,púsod(navel),himósod(payment for attending to the navel of a new-born child)from,,bugtò(brother or sister),magbugtò(referring to two persons who are brothers or sisters)25from,,bisaya(bisayan),binisaya(bisayan tongue)from,,salâ(fault or guilt),saláan(guilty)from,,búuà26(lie),buuáon(liar).[24]Cabears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with the affixan. Asfromhatáas(high),cahatáas(height),from,,dáot(bad),caraótan, carát’an(badness).from,,pauà(light),capauà(clearness).It is sometimes combined with the interfixinand the joined affixanon, asfrommasúgot(obedient),camasinug’tánon(obedience).Maconveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form of great many adjectives, as,fromísog(courage, rage),maísog(courageous);and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive, as,fromasáua(wife),maarasauá(woman betrothed)The particlemais frequently combined with the interfixinand the affixonoránon. In plural, themais appended withg. Asfromtúman(performance),matinumánon(faultless) plural, magtinumánonfrom,,sugót(obedience),masinug’tánon(obedient)It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ).Macahas the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using the intermixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromálo(shame),macaaálo(shameful),from,,lípay(joy),macalilípay(rejoicer),from,,budlay(grievance),macaburúdlay(grievous).Magconveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also[25]of continuity in a few cases. It issimplyadded at the beginning of the primitive.Relationship. Examples:frompatód(cousin),magpatód(cousins each other).It is sometimes appended withtala, as from amáy (father),magtalaamáy (father and son, or father and daughter).The derivatives formed withmagconveying the idea of mutual relationship, are always in plural.Continuity. Examples:fromága(morning),Mag-ága(the whole night until the morning);from,,colóp(evening);magcólop(the whole day until the evening.)Maquisignifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other transformative particle, as,fromDyos27(God),maquidyos(pious).It is used in very few cases to form verbals, asfromhámpang̃(to be present during a conversation),maquihahampang̃on(person fond of being present ortakingpart in a conversation).Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns28. As to its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. Examples:fromquinatsilâ(Spanish language),hing̃inatsilà(one who ventures to talk Spanish, knowing but little of it).[26]from,,apóy(grandfather),hing̃apóyfrom,,púsod(navel),himósod29Palameans resemblance. It is combined with the affixan. As,frombuyo(betel nut),palabuyóan(applied to the wine of cocoanut, that resembles the taste of the betel nut)from,,biráu(a plant),palabirauán(applied to the fruit of cocoanut that resembles the color ofbiráu)from,,camote(sweet potato),palacamotián(applied to the fruit of “nang̃ca” (a tree) that resembles the color ofcamote)from,,gátas(milk)palagatásan(applied to the young rice or corn whose grain is yet liquid resembling the milk)Tagconveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to the primitive. Asfrombaláy(house),tagbaláy(owner of a house)from,,sugò(order),tagsugò(author of an order).It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is frequently combined with the prefixmapreceding it. Asfromtúig(year),tagtuig(year by year)from,,ádlao(day),matag-ádlao(every day).These last particles are sometimes replaced byiquinawhich expressesthe same idea. Asfromtúig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal)iquinatúig(every year)iquinaadlao(every day)iquinabulan(every month)iquinapagcáon,(every meal)[27]The interfixr, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative and verbal nouns.The interfixinexpresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromSúlug30(the archipelago of Súlu),sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion)fromtuyáo (crazy),tinuyáo (foolishness)fromínsic (chinaman),ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit).Anandonamong the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or participation,anfrequently conveying the idea of place. Both are appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented with anh, in the same way as in the formation of verbals.31Examples:frompálad(fate),paláran32(fortunate),from,,asáua(wife),asauáhan(married man),from,,salapi(silver, money),salapian(wealthy)from,,curi(difficulty),curián(stubborn person)from,,sumat(information),sumatán(credulous)from,,burabud(fountain),buraburon33(place where there are many fountains)from,,taro(wax),taróhon(an object that has wax on)from,,tubac(ant),tubacón(a thing that has ants on.)[28]These particles are sometimes employed jointly, theanpreceding theon. This compound affix,anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or birth or residence place, and is preceeded by anhaccording to the same rules established foranandon. Examples:frommang̃gad(wealth),mang̃gáran(wealthy), manggaránon (rich).from,,abacá(hemp),abacáhan(person that has hemp), abacahànon(person that owns much hemp),from,,Tan-auan(a town so called),tan-auananon(native or resident of Tanauan).from,,Palo(a town so called),paloánoncontractedpalon’on(native or resident of Palo),from,,Tolosa(a town),tolosahanon, contractedtolosán’hon(native or resident of Tolosa),from,,Dagami(a town),dagamiánon, contracteddagamin’on(native or resident of Dagami),from,,Maasin(a town),maasinánon, contractedmaasinhon34(native or resident of Maasin),from,,Sugbu(Cebú),sugbuánon,(native or resident of Cebú),from,,Samar(province so called),samaránon, contractedsamárnon(native or resident of Sámar),from,,Manila(Manila),manilaanon, contractedmanilan’on(native or resident of Manila).from,,America(America),americahanon, contractedamericanhon35(American).OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz:ca cat iquinaorquina, taga, tagumortagun, hi.Cameans also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the person side by side).[29]Catmeans season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time).Iquinaorquinaexpresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), “iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life).Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” (Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” (up to the armpits). When this particletagameans measure, it is sometimes replaced bypa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the belly).Tagumexpresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the primitive commences withn, themoftagumis suppressed. When the primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the saidmis replaced byn. It is sometimes combined with the affixan, As: from “matá” (eye) “baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make himself invisible).Hiis also combined with the interfixrand the affixan, as from “polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbshais used instead ofhi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable).NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affixan, asfromcauil(fish-hook),quinauilán(fish caught with “cauil”)bitánà(a kind of fishing net),binitanáan(fish caught with “bitanà”).There are other transformative particles not so important as those already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student.
These are substantive and adjective. Both may be grouped[10]in the following classes: primitive, diminutive, figurative, verbal, compound, derivative, proper, common, positive, comparative, superlative, cardinal, ordinal, partitive, distributive and collective. Nothing particular needs be said about the primitive.DIMINUTIVEExamples:PRIMITIVEDIMINUTIVEbaláy(house)balaybálaysaróual(trousers)sarouálaycarahà(frying-pan)caraháaybalóto(little boat)balotóhayAs is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive or by adding to the latter the affixayorhay.The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As,fromdáhon(leave),dahondáhon,cáhoy(tree),cahoycáhoy.The affixayorhayis added when the primitive has more than two syllables;aybeing used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; andhaybeing employed when the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or is preceded by more than one consonant. As,fromsacayán(boat),sacayánay,habobò(low),habobóay,balicô(crooked),balicóay,4[11]abacá(hemp),abacáhay,babaye(woman),babayéhay,banat-i(a tree so called),banat-ihay,malacsi(fast),malacsihay.But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it. In such cases the affixayorhayis employed, the rules established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such diminutives. As,fromtámsi(bird),tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi,túl-an(bone),tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an,pulá(red color),puláhay, not pulapula,5sagpò(plug),sagpóay, not sagposagpò,sab-a(a kind of banana),sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a,bungto(town),bungtóhaynot bungtobungto.Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the adjectives follow the same rules. As,frommatám-is(sweet),matam-isay,malomó(soft),malomóhay,halípot(short),halipótay.But in must of the adjectives formed withma(a particle bearing the idea of abundance) andha6(a particle that bears the idea of place), likemaopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà,the prefixesmaorhaare disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if such[12]adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus,opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their diminutives will be:frommaópay(good),maopay-ópaymabuság(white),mabusagbúsagmapulá(red),mapulapuláhatáas(high),hataastáashalabà(long),halabalabà7There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the following:DIMINUTIVEfromREGULARIRREGULARdacò(large),dacòdacòdacolaay8gutì(small)gutigutìgutirurù9FIGURATIVEWe call those nounsfigurativethat are applied to the objects which, not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application.Examples:frombobón(fountain),mobonbóbon10(fontanel);cabáyo(horse),carocabáyo,(objects that are like a horse or cloud).dámpog(cloud),darodámpog,When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic diminutive. As,from[13]hadì(king), we havehadihadi(a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the figure of a king).But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the syllablero(a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, or collection). As,fromsacayán(boat),sarosacáyanulalahípan(centipede),uroulalahipanisdà(fish),iroisdàcan’on(cooked rice)carocan’on11NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives.12VERBALThese are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring to the agents or the objects of the roots.Examples:fromsáyau (to dance)parasayáu (dancer),tigsayáu (person who sometimes dances),magsarayáu (person appointed to dance)sarayauán13(place designed for dancing).[14]sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced)14;fromumá (to farm)paraúma (farmer),tig-úma (person used to do farming),mag-urúma (person in charge of farming),urumáhan, contracted urúmhan(place designed for farming),urumáhon, contracted urúmhon(ground or plant to be cultivated);fromsurat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea of the root and the use permit, with this variant:susurátan, not sururátan,susuráton, not sururáton;fromtoóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use permit, and this besides:matóoc (weeper);frombóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this:maboroóng̃ (liable or expected to be broken);frominóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following:mainominóm(an inviting drink);fromsosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this:hinóson (person fond of or bold in correcting);[15]fromútang̃ (to borrow),hing̃útang̃ orhing̃ung̃utáng̃15(person fond of or bold in borrowing).It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use.From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the prefixespara, tig, mag, ma, hi,the interfixes16r, ro, umor the affixesan, on.These particles are very important in Bisayan as they greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue.For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes.An, on.These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,fromcatúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, asfromcáon(to eat)caraonánfromtíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, asfromaro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).The particleonhas the same use asan, ascaturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,fromlohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19fromtambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).Para, tig.Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,fromcánhi (to come).paracánhi,tigcánhi.Ma, withon, withro, or withr.The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, asfromcáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, asfromcatúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),fromarába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, asfromcáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20[18]fromoná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, asfromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, asfromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).Magand ther.The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, asfromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).HiThis particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, asfrombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, asfrommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, asfromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, asfromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.Um.This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,[22]3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, asfromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).COMPOUNDThe use gives the following:fromsolód(to enter) andbaláy(house),sólodbálay, which means the person who thru his intimacy with the occupant of a house, enters in at any time;fromsacá(to go up) andlúsad(to go down),sacálúsad, applied to the person who is very busy or who suffers a great misfortune and goes up and down the house repeatedly. It is also applied to boys or girls who go out the house frequently, especially without permission of their parents;fromdosô(to push) andbótong(to pull),dosô-bótong,24applied to a person who takes determinations that are contradictory;fromcábcab(to scratch) andtocâ(what a bird does when it picks up or bites something with its beak),cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have to expend for their subsistence all that they gain by their work;fromdi, contraction ofdirì(not),abotón, fromabót(to reach), andcalóton, from cálot (to scratch),[23]diabotóncalóton, applied to that part of the human back, which our handscannot reachtoscratchwhen it itches;fromtábag(help),ha, a preposition for the objective case,among̃ámong̃(to malign);tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃,applied to those who maliciously pretend to help a person in trouble, but injure him. Etc.DERIVATIVEWeconsider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of the derivatives are adjectives.The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, interfixes, and affixes.The usual particles areca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag,as prefixes;r, inas interfixes; andan, onas affixes. As,frompauà(light),capanà(clearness)from,,áram(wisdom),maáram(wise)from,,bayáu(brother in law),mabaráyau(brother-in-law-to-be)from,,bidò(sorrow),macabibidò(sorrowful)from,,isdà(fish),maquiisdà(fond of fish)from,,púsod(navel),himósod(payment for attending to the navel of a new-born child)from,,bugtò(brother or sister),magbugtò(referring to two persons who are brothers or sisters)25from,,bisaya(bisayan),binisaya(bisayan tongue)from,,salâ(fault or guilt),saláan(guilty)from,,búuà26(lie),buuáon(liar).[24]Cabears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with the affixan. Asfromhatáas(high),cahatáas(height),from,,dáot(bad),caraótan, carát’an(badness).from,,pauà(light),capauà(clearness).It is sometimes combined with the interfixinand the joined affixanon, asfrommasúgot(obedient),camasinug’tánon(obedience).Maconveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form of great many adjectives, as,fromísog(courage, rage),maísog(courageous);and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive, as,fromasáua(wife),maarasauá(woman betrothed)The particlemais frequently combined with the interfixinand the affixonoránon. In plural, themais appended withg. Asfromtúman(performance),matinumánon(faultless) plural, magtinumánonfrom,,sugót(obedience),masinug’tánon(obedient)It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ).Macahas the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using the intermixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromálo(shame),macaaálo(shameful),from,,lípay(joy),macalilípay(rejoicer),from,,budlay(grievance),macaburúdlay(grievous).Magconveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also[25]of continuity in a few cases. It issimplyadded at the beginning of the primitive.Relationship. Examples:frompatód(cousin),magpatód(cousins each other).It is sometimes appended withtala, as from amáy (father),magtalaamáy (father and son, or father and daughter).The derivatives formed withmagconveying the idea of mutual relationship, are always in plural.Continuity. Examples:fromága(morning),Mag-ága(the whole night until the morning);from,,colóp(evening);magcólop(the whole day until the evening.)Maquisignifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other transformative particle, as,fromDyos27(God),maquidyos(pious).It is used in very few cases to form verbals, asfromhámpang̃(to be present during a conversation),maquihahampang̃on(person fond of being present ortakingpart in a conversation).Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns28. As to its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. Examples:fromquinatsilâ(Spanish language),hing̃inatsilà(one who ventures to talk Spanish, knowing but little of it).[26]from,,apóy(grandfather),hing̃apóyfrom,,púsod(navel),himósod29Palameans resemblance. It is combined with the affixan. As,frombuyo(betel nut),palabuyóan(applied to the wine of cocoanut, that resembles the taste of the betel nut)from,,biráu(a plant),palabirauán(applied to the fruit of cocoanut that resembles the color ofbiráu)from,,camote(sweet potato),palacamotián(applied to the fruit of “nang̃ca” (a tree) that resembles the color ofcamote)from,,gátas(milk)palagatásan(applied to the young rice or corn whose grain is yet liquid resembling the milk)Tagconveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to the primitive. Asfrombaláy(house),tagbaláy(owner of a house)from,,sugò(order),tagsugò(author of an order).It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is frequently combined with the prefixmapreceding it. Asfromtúig(year),tagtuig(year by year)from,,ádlao(day),matag-ádlao(every day).These last particles are sometimes replaced byiquinawhich expressesthe same idea. Asfromtúig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal)iquinatúig(every year)iquinaadlao(every day)iquinabulan(every month)iquinapagcáon,(every meal)[27]The interfixr, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative and verbal nouns.The interfixinexpresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromSúlug30(the archipelago of Súlu),sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion)fromtuyáo (crazy),tinuyáo (foolishness)fromínsic (chinaman),ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit).Anandonamong the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or participation,anfrequently conveying the idea of place. Both are appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented with anh, in the same way as in the formation of verbals.31Examples:frompálad(fate),paláran32(fortunate),from,,asáua(wife),asauáhan(married man),from,,salapi(silver, money),salapian(wealthy)from,,curi(difficulty),curián(stubborn person)from,,sumat(information),sumatán(credulous)from,,burabud(fountain),buraburon33(place where there are many fountains)from,,taro(wax),taróhon(an object that has wax on)from,,tubac(ant),tubacón(a thing that has ants on.)[28]These particles are sometimes employed jointly, theanpreceding theon. This compound affix,anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or birth or residence place, and is preceeded by anhaccording to the same rules established foranandon. Examples:frommang̃gad(wealth),mang̃gáran(wealthy), manggaránon (rich).from,,abacá(hemp),abacáhan(person that has hemp), abacahànon(person that owns much hemp),from,,Tan-auan(a town so called),tan-auananon(native or resident of Tanauan).from,,Palo(a town so called),paloánoncontractedpalon’on(native or resident of Palo),from,,Tolosa(a town),tolosahanon, contractedtolosán’hon(native or resident of Tolosa),from,,Dagami(a town),dagamiánon, contracteddagamin’on(native or resident of Dagami),from,,Maasin(a town),maasinánon, contractedmaasinhon34(native or resident of Maasin),from,,Sugbu(Cebú),sugbuánon,(native or resident of Cebú),from,,Samar(province so called),samaránon, contractedsamárnon(native or resident of Sámar),from,,Manila(Manila),manilaanon, contractedmanilan’on(native or resident of Manila).from,,America(America),americahanon, contractedamericanhon35(American).OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz:ca cat iquinaorquina, taga, tagumortagun, hi.Cameans also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the person side by side).[29]Catmeans season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time).Iquinaorquinaexpresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), “iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life).Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” (Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” (up to the armpits). When this particletagameans measure, it is sometimes replaced bypa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the belly).Tagumexpresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the primitive commences withn, themoftagumis suppressed. When the primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the saidmis replaced byn. It is sometimes combined with the affixan, As: from “matá” (eye) “baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make himself invisible).Hiis also combined with the interfixrand the affixan, as from “polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbshais used instead ofhi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable).NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affixan, asfromcauil(fish-hook),quinauilán(fish caught with “cauil”)bitánà(a kind of fishing net),binitanáan(fish caught with “bitanà”).There are other transformative particles not so important as those already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student.
These are substantive and adjective. Both may be grouped[10]in the following classes: primitive, diminutive, figurative, verbal, compound, derivative, proper, common, positive, comparative, superlative, cardinal, ordinal, partitive, distributive and collective. Nothing particular needs be said about the primitive.DIMINUTIVEExamples:PRIMITIVEDIMINUTIVEbaláy(house)balaybálaysaróual(trousers)sarouálaycarahà(frying-pan)caraháaybalóto(little boat)balotóhayAs is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive or by adding to the latter the affixayorhay.The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As,fromdáhon(leave),dahondáhon,cáhoy(tree),cahoycáhoy.The affixayorhayis added when the primitive has more than two syllables;aybeing used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; andhaybeing employed when the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or is preceded by more than one consonant. As,fromsacayán(boat),sacayánay,habobò(low),habobóay,balicô(crooked),balicóay,4[11]abacá(hemp),abacáhay,babaye(woman),babayéhay,banat-i(a tree so called),banat-ihay,malacsi(fast),malacsihay.But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it. In such cases the affixayorhayis employed, the rules established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such diminutives. As,fromtámsi(bird),tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi,túl-an(bone),tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an,pulá(red color),puláhay, not pulapula,5sagpò(plug),sagpóay, not sagposagpò,sab-a(a kind of banana),sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a,bungto(town),bungtóhaynot bungtobungto.Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the adjectives follow the same rules. As,frommatám-is(sweet),matam-isay,malomó(soft),malomóhay,halípot(short),halipótay.But in must of the adjectives formed withma(a particle bearing the idea of abundance) andha6(a particle that bears the idea of place), likemaopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà,the prefixesmaorhaare disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if such[12]adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus,opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their diminutives will be:frommaópay(good),maopay-ópaymabuság(white),mabusagbúsagmapulá(red),mapulapuláhatáas(high),hataastáashalabà(long),halabalabà7There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the following:DIMINUTIVEfromREGULARIRREGULARdacò(large),dacòdacòdacolaay8gutì(small)gutigutìgutirurù9FIGURATIVEWe call those nounsfigurativethat are applied to the objects which, not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application.Examples:frombobón(fountain),mobonbóbon10(fontanel);cabáyo(horse),carocabáyo,(objects that are like a horse or cloud).dámpog(cloud),darodámpog,When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic diminutive. As,from[13]hadì(king), we havehadihadi(a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the figure of a king).But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the syllablero(a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, or collection). As,fromsacayán(boat),sarosacáyanulalahípan(centipede),uroulalahipanisdà(fish),iroisdàcan’on(cooked rice)carocan’on11NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives.12VERBALThese are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring to the agents or the objects of the roots.Examples:fromsáyau (to dance)parasayáu (dancer),tigsayáu (person who sometimes dances),magsarayáu (person appointed to dance)sarayauán13(place designed for dancing).[14]sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced)14;fromumá (to farm)paraúma (farmer),tig-úma (person used to do farming),mag-urúma (person in charge of farming),urumáhan, contracted urúmhan(place designed for farming),urumáhon, contracted urúmhon(ground or plant to be cultivated);fromsurat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea of the root and the use permit, with this variant:susurátan, not sururátan,susuráton, not sururáton;fromtoóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use permit, and this besides:matóoc (weeper);frombóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this:maboroóng̃ (liable or expected to be broken);frominóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following:mainominóm(an inviting drink);fromsosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this:hinóson (person fond of or bold in correcting);[15]fromútang̃ (to borrow),hing̃útang̃ orhing̃ung̃utáng̃15(person fond of or bold in borrowing).It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use.From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the prefixespara, tig, mag, ma, hi,the interfixes16r, ro, umor the affixesan, on.These particles are very important in Bisayan as they greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue.For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes.An, on.These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,fromcatúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, asfromcáon(to eat)caraonánfromtíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, asfromaro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).The particleonhas the same use asan, ascaturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,fromlohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19fromtambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).Para, tig.Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,fromcánhi (to come).paracánhi,tigcánhi.Ma, withon, withro, or withr.The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, asfromcáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, asfromcatúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),fromarába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, asfromcáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20[18]fromoná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, asfromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, asfromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).Magand ther.The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, asfromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).HiThis particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, asfrombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, asfrommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, asfromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, asfromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.Um.This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,[22]3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, asfromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).COMPOUNDThe use gives the following:fromsolód(to enter) andbaláy(house),sólodbálay, which means the person who thru his intimacy with the occupant of a house, enters in at any time;fromsacá(to go up) andlúsad(to go down),sacálúsad, applied to the person who is very busy or who suffers a great misfortune and goes up and down the house repeatedly. It is also applied to boys or girls who go out the house frequently, especially without permission of their parents;fromdosô(to push) andbótong(to pull),dosô-bótong,24applied to a person who takes determinations that are contradictory;fromcábcab(to scratch) andtocâ(what a bird does when it picks up or bites something with its beak),cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have to expend for their subsistence all that they gain by their work;fromdi, contraction ofdirì(not),abotón, fromabót(to reach), andcalóton, from cálot (to scratch),[23]diabotóncalóton, applied to that part of the human back, which our handscannot reachtoscratchwhen it itches;fromtábag(help),ha, a preposition for the objective case,among̃ámong̃(to malign);tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃,applied to those who maliciously pretend to help a person in trouble, but injure him. Etc.DERIVATIVEWeconsider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of the derivatives are adjectives.The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, interfixes, and affixes.The usual particles areca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag,as prefixes;r, inas interfixes; andan, onas affixes. As,frompauà(light),capanà(clearness)from,,áram(wisdom),maáram(wise)from,,bayáu(brother in law),mabaráyau(brother-in-law-to-be)from,,bidò(sorrow),macabibidò(sorrowful)from,,isdà(fish),maquiisdà(fond of fish)from,,púsod(navel),himósod(payment for attending to the navel of a new-born child)from,,bugtò(brother or sister),magbugtò(referring to two persons who are brothers or sisters)25from,,bisaya(bisayan),binisaya(bisayan tongue)from,,salâ(fault or guilt),saláan(guilty)from,,búuà26(lie),buuáon(liar).[24]Cabears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with the affixan. Asfromhatáas(high),cahatáas(height),from,,dáot(bad),caraótan, carát’an(badness).from,,pauà(light),capauà(clearness).It is sometimes combined with the interfixinand the joined affixanon, asfrommasúgot(obedient),camasinug’tánon(obedience).Maconveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form of great many adjectives, as,fromísog(courage, rage),maísog(courageous);and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive, as,fromasáua(wife),maarasauá(woman betrothed)The particlemais frequently combined with the interfixinand the affixonoránon. In plural, themais appended withg. Asfromtúman(performance),matinumánon(faultless) plural, magtinumánonfrom,,sugót(obedience),masinug’tánon(obedient)It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ).Macahas the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using the intermixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromálo(shame),macaaálo(shameful),from,,lípay(joy),macalilípay(rejoicer),from,,budlay(grievance),macaburúdlay(grievous).Magconveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also[25]of continuity in a few cases. It issimplyadded at the beginning of the primitive.Relationship. Examples:frompatód(cousin),magpatód(cousins each other).It is sometimes appended withtala, as from amáy (father),magtalaamáy (father and son, or father and daughter).The derivatives formed withmagconveying the idea of mutual relationship, are always in plural.Continuity. Examples:fromága(morning),Mag-ága(the whole night until the morning);from,,colóp(evening);magcólop(the whole day until the evening.)Maquisignifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other transformative particle, as,fromDyos27(God),maquidyos(pious).It is used in very few cases to form verbals, asfromhámpang̃(to be present during a conversation),maquihahampang̃on(person fond of being present ortakingpart in a conversation).Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns28. As to its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. Examples:fromquinatsilâ(Spanish language),hing̃inatsilà(one who ventures to talk Spanish, knowing but little of it).[26]from,,apóy(grandfather),hing̃apóyfrom,,púsod(navel),himósod29Palameans resemblance. It is combined with the affixan. As,frombuyo(betel nut),palabuyóan(applied to the wine of cocoanut, that resembles the taste of the betel nut)from,,biráu(a plant),palabirauán(applied to the fruit of cocoanut that resembles the color ofbiráu)from,,camote(sweet potato),palacamotián(applied to the fruit of “nang̃ca” (a tree) that resembles the color ofcamote)from,,gátas(milk)palagatásan(applied to the young rice or corn whose grain is yet liquid resembling the milk)Tagconveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to the primitive. Asfrombaláy(house),tagbaláy(owner of a house)from,,sugò(order),tagsugò(author of an order).It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is frequently combined with the prefixmapreceding it. Asfromtúig(year),tagtuig(year by year)from,,ádlao(day),matag-ádlao(every day).These last particles are sometimes replaced byiquinawhich expressesthe same idea. Asfromtúig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal)iquinatúig(every year)iquinaadlao(every day)iquinabulan(every month)iquinapagcáon,(every meal)[27]The interfixr, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative and verbal nouns.The interfixinexpresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromSúlug30(the archipelago of Súlu),sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion)fromtuyáo (crazy),tinuyáo (foolishness)fromínsic (chinaman),ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit).Anandonamong the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or participation,anfrequently conveying the idea of place. Both are appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented with anh, in the same way as in the formation of verbals.31Examples:frompálad(fate),paláran32(fortunate),from,,asáua(wife),asauáhan(married man),from,,salapi(silver, money),salapian(wealthy)from,,curi(difficulty),curián(stubborn person)from,,sumat(information),sumatán(credulous)from,,burabud(fountain),buraburon33(place where there are many fountains)from,,taro(wax),taróhon(an object that has wax on)from,,tubac(ant),tubacón(a thing that has ants on.)[28]These particles are sometimes employed jointly, theanpreceding theon. This compound affix,anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or birth or residence place, and is preceeded by anhaccording to the same rules established foranandon. Examples:frommang̃gad(wealth),mang̃gáran(wealthy), manggaránon (rich).from,,abacá(hemp),abacáhan(person that has hemp), abacahànon(person that owns much hemp),from,,Tan-auan(a town so called),tan-auananon(native or resident of Tanauan).from,,Palo(a town so called),paloánoncontractedpalon’on(native or resident of Palo),from,,Tolosa(a town),tolosahanon, contractedtolosán’hon(native or resident of Tolosa),from,,Dagami(a town),dagamiánon, contracteddagamin’on(native or resident of Dagami),from,,Maasin(a town),maasinánon, contractedmaasinhon34(native or resident of Maasin),from,,Sugbu(Cebú),sugbuánon,(native or resident of Cebú),from,,Samar(province so called),samaránon, contractedsamárnon(native or resident of Sámar),from,,Manila(Manila),manilaanon, contractedmanilan’on(native or resident of Manila).from,,America(America),americahanon, contractedamericanhon35(American).OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz:ca cat iquinaorquina, taga, tagumortagun, hi.Cameans also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the person side by side).[29]Catmeans season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time).Iquinaorquinaexpresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), “iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life).Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” (Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” (up to the armpits). When this particletagameans measure, it is sometimes replaced bypa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the belly).Tagumexpresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the primitive commences withn, themoftagumis suppressed. When the primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the saidmis replaced byn. It is sometimes combined with the affixan, As: from “matá” (eye) “baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make himself invisible).Hiis also combined with the interfixrand the affixan, as from “polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbshais used instead ofhi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable).NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affixan, asfromcauil(fish-hook),quinauilán(fish caught with “cauil”)bitánà(a kind of fishing net),binitanáan(fish caught with “bitanà”).There are other transformative particles not so important as those already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student.
These are substantive and adjective. Both may be grouped[10]in the following classes: primitive, diminutive, figurative, verbal, compound, derivative, proper, common, positive, comparative, superlative, cardinal, ordinal, partitive, distributive and collective. Nothing particular needs be said about the primitive.DIMINUTIVEExamples:PRIMITIVEDIMINUTIVEbaláy(house)balaybálaysaróual(trousers)sarouálaycarahà(frying-pan)caraháaybalóto(little boat)balotóhayAs is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive or by adding to the latter the affixayorhay.The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As,fromdáhon(leave),dahondáhon,cáhoy(tree),cahoycáhoy.The affixayorhayis added when the primitive has more than two syllables;aybeing used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; andhaybeing employed when the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or is preceded by more than one consonant. As,fromsacayán(boat),sacayánay,habobò(low),habobóay,balicô(crooked),balicóay,4[11]abacá(hemp),abacáhay,babaye(woman),babayéhay,banat-i(a tree so called),banat-ihay,malacsi(fast),malacsihay.But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it. In such cases the affixayorhayis employed, the rules established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such diminutives. As,fromtámsi(bird),tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi,túl-an(bone),tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an,pulá(red color),puláhay, not pulapula,5sagpò(plug),sagpóay, not sagposagpò,sab-a(a kind of banana),sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a,bungto(town),bungtóhaynot bungtobungto.Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the adjectives follow the same rules. As,frommatám-is(sweet),matam-isay,malomó(soft),malomóhay,halípot(short),halipótay.But in must of the adjectives formed withma(a particle bearing the idea of abundance) andha6(a particle that bears the idea of place), likemaopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà,the prefixesmaorhaare disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if such[12]adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus,opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their diminutives will be:frommaópay(good),maopay-ópaymabuság(white),mabusagbúsagmapulá(red),mapulapuláhatáas(high),hataastáashalabà(long),halabalabà7There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the following:DIMINUTIVEfromREGULARIRREGULARdacò(large),dacòdacòdacolaay8gutì(small)gutigutìgutirurù9FIGURATIVEWe call those nounsfigurativethat are applied to the objects which, not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application.Examples:frombobón(fountain),mobonbóbon10(fontanel);cabáyo(horse),carocabáyo,(objects that are like a horse or cloud).dámpog(cloud),darodámpog,When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic diminutive. As,from[13]hadì(king), we havehadihadi(a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the figure of a king).But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the syllablero(a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, or collection). As,fromsacayán(boat),sarosacáyanulalahípan(centipede),uroulalahipanisdà(fish),iroisdàcan’on(cooked rice)carocan’on11NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives.12VERBALThese are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring to the agents or the objects of the roots.Examples:fromsáyau (to dance)parasayáu (dancer),tigsayáu (person who sometimes dances),magsarayáu (person appointed to dance)sarayauán13(place designed for dancing).[14]sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced)14;fromumá (to farm)paraúma (farmer),tig-úma (person used to do farming),mag-urúma (person in charge of farming),urumáhan, contracted urúmhan(place designed for farming),urumáhon, contracted urúmhon(ground or plant to be cultivated);fromsurat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea of the root and the use permit, with this variant:susurátan, not sururátan,susuráton, not sururáton;fromtoóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use permit, and this besides:matóoc (weeper);frombóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this:maboroóng̃ (liable or expected to be broken);frominóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following:mainominóm(an inviting drink);fromsosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this:hinóson (person fond of or bold in correcting);[15]fromútang̃ (to borrow),hing̃útang̃ orhing̃ung̃utáng̃15(person fond of or bold in borrowing).It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use.From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the prefixespara, tig, mag, ma, hi,the interfixes16r, ro, umor the affixesan, on.These particles are very important in Bisayan as they greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue.For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes.An, on.These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,fromcatúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, asfromcáon(to eat)caraonánfromtíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, asfromaro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).The particleonhas the same use asan, ascaturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,fromlohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19fromtambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).Para, tig.Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,fromcánhi (to come).paracánhi,tigcánhi.Ma, withon, withro, or withr.The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, asfromcáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, asfromcatúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),fromarába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, asfromcáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20[18]fromoná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, asfromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, asfromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).Magand ther.The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, asfromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).HiThis particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, asfrombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, asfrommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, asfromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, asfromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.Um.This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,[22]3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, asfromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).COMPOUNDThe use gives the following:fromsolód(to enter) andbaláy(house),sólodbálay, which means the person who thru his intimacy with the occupant of a house, enters in at any time;fromsacá(to go up) andlúsad(to go down),sacálúsad, applied to the person who is very busy or who suffers a great misfortune and goes up and down the house repeatedly. It is also applied to boys or girls who go out the house frequently, especially without permission of their parents;fromdosô(to push) andbótong(to pull),dosô-bótong,24applied to a person who takes determinations that are contradictory;fromcábcab(to scratch) andtocâ(what a bird does when it picks up or bites something with its beak),cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have to expend for their subsistence all that they gain by their work;fromdi, contraction ofdirì(not),abotón, fromabót(to reach), andcalóton, from cálot (to scratch),[23]diabotóncalóton, applied to that part of the human back, which our handscannot reachtoscratchwhen it itches;fromtábag(help),ha, a preposition for the objective case,among̃ámong̃(to malign);tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃,applied to those who maliciously pretend to help a person in trouble, but injure him. Etc.DERIVATIVEWeconsider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of the derivatives are adjectives.The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, interfixes, and affixes.The usual particles areca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag,as prefixes;r, inas interfixes; andan, onas affixes. As,frompauà(light),capanà(clearness)from,,áram(wisdom),maáram(wise)from,,bayáu(brother in law),mabaráyau(brother-in-law-to-be)from,,bidò(sorrow),macabibidò(sorrowful)from,,isdà(fish),maquiisdà(fond of fish)from,,púsod(navel),himósod(payment for attending to the navel of a new-born child)from,,bugtò(brother or sister),magbugtò(referring to two persons who are brothers or sisters)25from,,bisaya(bisayan),binisaya(bisayan tongue)from,,salâ(fault or guilt),saláan(guilty)from,,búuà26(lie),buuáon(liar).[24]Cabears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with the affixan. Asfromhatáas(high),cahatáas(height),from,,dáot(bad),caraótan, carát’an(badness).from,,pauà(light),capauà(clearness).It is sometimes combined with the interfixinand the joined affixanon, asfrommasúgot(obedient),camasinug’tánon(obedience).Maconveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form of great many adjectives, as,fromísog(courage, rage),maísog(courageous);and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive, as,fromasáua(wife),maarasauá(woman betrothed)The particlemais frequently combined with the interfixinand the affixonoránon. In plural, themais appended withg. Asfromtúman(performance),matinumánon(faultless) plural, magtinumánonfrom,,sugót(obedience),masinug’tánon(obedient)It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ).Macahas the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using the intermixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromálo(shame),macaaálo(shameful),from,,lípay(joy),macalilípay(rejoicer),from,,budlay(grievance),macaburúdlay(grievous).Magconveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also[25]of continuity in a few cases. It issimplyadded at the beginning of the primitive.Relationship. Examples:frompatód(cousin),magpatód(cousins each other).It is sometimes appended withtala, as from amáy (father),magtalaamáy (father and son, or father and daughter).The derivatives formed withmagconveying the idea of mutual relationship, are always in plural.Continuity. Examples:fromága(morning),Mag-ága(the whole night until the morning);from,,colóp(evening);magcólop(the whole day until the evening.)Maquisignifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other transformative particle, as,fromDyos27(God),maquidyos(pious).It is used in very few cases to form verbals, asfromhámpang̃(to be present during a conversation),maquihahampang̃on(person fond of being present ortakingpart in a conversation).Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns28. As to its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. Examples:fromquinatsilâ(Spanish language),hing̃inatsilà(one who ventures to talk Spanish, knowing but little of it).[26]from,,apóy(grandfather),hing̃apóyfrom,,púsod(navel),himósod29Palameans resemblance. It is combined with the affixan. As,frombuyo(betel nut),palabuyóan(applied to the wine of cocoanut, that resembles the taste of the betel nut)from,,biráu(a plant),palabirauán(applied to the fruit of cocoanut that resembles the color ofbiráu)from,,camote(sweet potato),palacamotián(applied to the fruit of “nang̃ca” (a tree) that resembles the color ofcamote)from,,gátas(milk)palagatásan(applied to the young rice or corn whose grain is yet liquid resembling the milk)Tagconveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to the primitive. Asfrombaláy(house),tagbaláy(owner of a house)from,,sugò(order),tagsugò(author of an order).It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is frequently combined with the prefixmapreceding it. Asfromtúig(year),tagtuig(year by year)from,,ádlao(day),matag-ádlao(every day).These last particles are sometimes replaced byiquinawhich expressesthe same idea. Asfromtúig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal)iquinatúig(every year)iquinaadlao(every day)iquinabulan(every month)iquinapagcáon,(every meal)[27]The interfixr, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative and verbal nouns.The interfixinexpresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromSúlug30(the archipelago of Súlu),sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion)fromtuyáo (crazy),tinuyáo (foolishness)fromínsic (chinaman),ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit).Anandonamong the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or participation,anfrequently conveying the idea of place. Both are appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented with anh, in the same way as in the formation of verbals.31Examples:frompálad(fate),paláran32(fortunate),from,,asáua(wife),asauáhan(married man),from,,salapi(silver, money),salapian(wealthy)from,,curi(difficulty),curián(stubborn person)from,,sumat(information),sumatán(credulous)from,,burabud(fountain),buraburon33(place where there are many fountains)from,,taro(wax),taróhon(an object that has wax on)from,,tubac(ant),tubacón(a thing that has ants on.)[28]These particles are sometimes employed jointly, theanpreceding theon. This compound affix,anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or birth or residence place, and is preceeded by anhaccording to the same rules established foranandon. Examples:frommang̃gad(wealth),mang̃gáran(wealthy), manggaránon (rich).from,,abacá(hemp),abacáhan(person that has hemp), abacahànon(person that owns much hemp),from,,Tan-auan(a town so called),tan-auananon(native or resident of Tanauan).from,,Palo(a town so called),paloánoncontractedpalon’on(native or resident of Palo),from,,Tolosa(a town),tolosahanon, contractedtolosán’hon(native or resident of Tolosa),from,,Dagami(a town),dagamiánon, contracteddagamin’on(native or resident of Dagami),from,,Maasin(a town),maasinánon, contractedmaasinhon34(native or resident of Maasin),from,,Sugbu(Cebú),sugbuánon,(native or resident of Cebú),from,,Samar(province so called),samaránon, contractedsamárnon(native or resident of Sámar),from,,Manila(Manila),manilaanon, contractedmanilan’on(native or resident of Manila).from,,America(America),americahanon, contractedamericanhon35(American).OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz:ca cat iquinaorquina, taga, tagumortagun, hi.Cameans also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the person side by side).[29]Catmeans season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time).Iquinaorquinaexpresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), “iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life).Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” (Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” (up to the armpits). When this particletagameans measure, it is sometimes replaced bypa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the belly).Tagumexpresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the primitive commences withn, themoftagumis suppressed. When the primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the saidmis replaced byn. It is sometimes combined with the affixan, As: from “matá” (eye) “baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make himself invisible).Hiis also combined with the interfixrand the affixan, as from “polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbshais used instead ofhi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable).NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affixan, asfromcauil(fish-hook),quinauilán(fish caught with “cauil”)bitánà(a kind of fishing net),binitanáan(fish caught with “bitanà”).There are other transformative particles not so important as those already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student.
These are substantive and adjective. Both may be grouped[10]in the following classes: primitive, diminutive, figurative, verbal, compound, derivative, proper, common, positive, comparative, superlative, cardinal, ordinal, partitive, distributive and collective. Nothing particular needs be said about the primitive.DIMINUTIVEExamples:PRIMITIVEDIMINUTIVEbaláy(house)balaybálaysaróual(trousers)sarouálaycarahà(frying-pan)caraháaybalóto(little boat)balotóhayAs is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive or by adding to the latter the affixayorhay.The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As,fromdáhon(leave),dahondáhon,cáhoy(tree),cahoycáhoy.The affixayorhayis added when the primitive has more than two syllables;aybeing used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; andhaybeing employed when the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or is preceded by more than one consonant. As,fromsacayán(boat),sacayánay,habobò(low),habobóay,balicô(crooked),balicóay,4[11]abacá(hemp),abacáhay,babaye(woman),babayéhay,banat-i(a tree so called),banat-ihay,malacsi(fast),malacsihay.But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it. In such cases the affixayorhayis employed, the rules established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such diminutives. As,fromtámsi(bird),tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi,túl-an(bone),tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an,pulá(red color),puláhay, not pulapula,5sagpò(plug),sagpóay, not sagposagpò,sab-a(a kind of banana),sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a,bungto(town),bungtóhaynot bungtobungto.Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the adjectives follow the same rules. As,frommatám-is(sweet),matam-isay,malomó(soft),malomóhay,halípot(short),halipótay.But in must of the adjectives formed withma(a particle bearing the idea of abundance) andha6(a particle that bears the idea of place), likemaopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà,the prefixesmaorhaare disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if such[12]adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus,opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their diminutives will be:frommaópay(good),maopay-ópaymabuság(white),mabusagbúsagmapulá(red),mapulapuláhatáas(high),hataastáashalabà(long),halabalabà7There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the following:DIMINUTIVEfromREGULARIRREGULARdacò(large),dacòdacòdacolaay8gutì(small)gutigutìgutirurù9FIGURATIVEWe call those nounsfigurativethat are applied to the objects which, not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application.Examples:frombobón(fountain),mobonbóbon10(fontanel);cabáyo(horse),carocabáyo,(objects that are like a horse or cloud).dámpog(cloud),darodámpog,When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic diminutive. As,from[13]hadì(king), we havehadihadi(a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the figure of a king).But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the syllablero(a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, or collection). As,fromsacayán(boat),sarosacáyanulalahípan(centipede),uroulalahipanisdà(fish),iroisdàcan’on(cooked rice)carocan’on11NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives.12VERBALThese are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring to the agents or the objects of the roots.Examples:fromsáyau (to dance)parasayáu (dancer),tigsayáu (person who sometimes dances),magsarayáu (person appointed to dance)sarayauán13(place designed for dancing).[14]sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced)14;fromumá (to farm)paraúma (farmer),tig-úma (person used to do farming),mag-urúma (person in charge of farming),urumáhan, contracted urúmhan(place designed for farming),urumáhon, contracted urúmhon(ground or plant to be cultivated);fromsurat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea of the root and the use permit, with this variant:susurátan, not sururátan,susuráton, not sururáton;fromtoóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use permit, and this besides:matóoc (weeper);frombóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this:maboroóng̃ (liable or expected to be broken);frominóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following:mainominóm(an inviting drink);fromsosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this:hinóson (person fond of or bold in correcting);[15]fromútang̃ (to borrow),hing̃útang̃ orhing̃ung̃utáng̃15(person fond of or bold in borrowing).It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use.From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the prefixespara, tig, mag, ma, hi,the interfixes16r, ro, umor the affixesan, on.These particles are very important in Bisayan as they greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue.For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes.An, on.These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,fromcatúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, asfromcáon(to eat)caraonánfromtíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, asfromaro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).The particleonhas the same use asan, ascaturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,fromlohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19fromtambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).Para, tig.Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,fromcánhi (to come).paracánhi,tigcánhi.Ma, withon, withro, or withr.The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, asfromcáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, asfromcatúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),fromarába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, asfromcáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20[18]fromoná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, asfromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, asfromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).Magand ther.The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, asfromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).HiThis particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, asfrombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, asfrommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, asfromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, asfromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.Um.This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,[22]3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, asfromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).COMPOUNDThe use gives the following:fromsolód(to enter) andbaláy(house),sólodbálay, which means the person who thru his intimacy with the occupant of a house, enters in at any time;fromsacá(to go up) andlúsad(to go down),sacálúsad, applied to the person who is very busy or who suffers a great misfortune and goes up and down the house repeatedly. It is also applied to boys or girls who go out the house frequently, especially without permission of their parents;fromdosô(to push) andbótong(to pull),dosô-bótong,24applied to a person who takes determinations that are contradictory;fromcábcab(to scratch) andtocâ(what a bird does when it picks up or bites something with its beak),cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have to expend for their subsistence all that they gain by their work;fromdi, contraction ofdirì(not),abotón, fromabót(to reach), andcalóton, from cálot (to scratch),[23]diabotóncalóton, applied to that part of the human back, which our handscannot reachtoscratchwhen it itches;fromtábag(help),ha, a preposition for the objective case,among̃ámong̃(to malign);tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃,applied to those who maliciously pretend to help a person in trouble, but injure him. Etc.DERIVATIVEWeconsider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of the derivatives are adjectives.The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, interfixes, and affixes.The usual particles areca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag,as prefixes;r, inas interfixes; andan, onas affixes. As,frompauà(light),capanà(clearness)from,,áram(wisdom),maáram(wise)from,,bayáu(brother in law),mabaráyau(brother-in-law-to-be)from,,bidò(sorrow),macabibidò(sorrowful)from,,isdà(fish),maquiisdà(fond of fish)from,,púsod(navel),himósod(payment for attending to the navel of a new-born child)from,,bugtò(brother or sister),magbugtò(referring to two persons who are brothers or sisters)25from,,bisaya(bisayan),binisaya(bisayan tongue)from,,salâ(fault or guilt),saláan(guilty)from,,búuà26(lie),buuáon(liar).[24]Cabears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with the affixan. Asfromhatáas(high),cahatáas(height),from,,dáot(bad),caraótan, carát’an(badness).from,,pauà(light),capauà(clearness).It is sometimes combined with the interfixinand the joined affixanon, asfrommasúgot(obedient),camasinug’tánon(obedience).Maconveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form of great many adjectives, as,fromísog(courage, rage),maísog(courageous);and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive, as,fromasáua(wife),maarasauá(woman betrothed)The particlemais frequently combined with the interfixinand the affixonoránon. In plural, themais appended withg. Asfromtúman(performance),matinumánon(faultless) plural, magtinumánonfrom,,sugót(obedience),masinug’tánon(obedient)It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ).Macahas the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using the intermixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromálo(shame),macaaálo(shameful),from,,lípay(joy),macalilípay(rejoicer),from,,budlay(grievance),macaburúdlay(grievous).Magconveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also[25]of continuity in a few cases. It issimplyadded at the beginning of the primitive.Relationship. Examples:frompatód(cousin),magpatód(cousins each other).It is sometimes appended withtala, as from amáy (father),magtalaamáy (father and son, or father and daughter).The derivatives formed withmagconveying the idea of mutual relationship, are always in plural.Continuity. Examples:fromága(morning),Mag-ága(the whole night until the morning);from,,colóp(evening);magcólop(the whole day until the evening.)Maquisignifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other transformative particle, as,fromDyos27(God),maquidyos(pious).It is used in very few cases to form verbals, asfromhámpang̃(to be present during a conversation),maquihahampang̃on(person fond of being present ortakingpart in a conversation).Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns28. As to its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. Examples:fromquinatsilâ(Spanish language),hing̃inatsilà(one who ventures to talk Spanish, knowing but little of it).[26]from,,apóy(grandfather),hing̃apóyfrom,,púsod(navel),himósod29Palameans resemblance. It is combined with the affixan. As,frombuyo(betel nut),palabuyóan(applied to the wine of cocoanut, that resembles the taste of the betel nut)from,,biráu(a plant),palabirauán(applied to the fruit of cocoanut that resembles the color ofbiráu)from,,camote(sweet potato),palacamotián(applied to the fruit of “nang̃ca” (a tree) that resembles the color ofcamote)from,,gátas(milk)palagatásan(applied to the young rice or corn whose grain is yet liquid resembling the milk)Tagconveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to the primitive. Asfrombaláy(house),tagbaláy(owner of a house)from,,sugò(order),tagsugò(author of an order).It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is frequently combined with the prefixmapreceding it. Asfromtúig(year),tagtuig(year by year)from,,ádlao(day),matag-ádlao(every day).These last particles are sometimes replaced byiquinawhich expressesthe same idea. Asfromtúig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal)iquinatúig(every year)iquinaadlao(every day)iquinabulan(every month)iquinapagcáon,(every meal)[27]The interfixr, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative and verbal nouns.The interfixinexpresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromSúlug30(the archipelago of Súlu),sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion)fromtuyáo (crazy),tinuyáo (foolishness)fromínsic (chinaman),ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit).Anandonamong the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or participation,anfrequently conveying the idea of place. Both are appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented with anh, in the same way as in the formation of verbals.31Examples:frompálad(fate),paláran32(fortunate),from,,asáua(wife),asauáhan(married man),from,,salapi(silver, money),salapian(wealthy)from,,curi(difficulty),curián(stubborn person)from,,sumat(information),sumatán(credulous)from,,burabud(fountain),buraburon33(place where there are many fountains)from,,taro(wax),taróhon(an object that has wax on)from,,tubac(ant),tubacón(a thing that has ants on.)[28]These particles are sometimes employed jointly, theanpreceding theon. This compound affix,anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or birth or residence place, and is preceeded by anhaccording to the same rules established foranandon. Examples:frommang̃gad(wealth),mang̃gáran(wealthy), manggaránon (rich).from,,abacá(hemp),abacáhan(person that has hemp), abacahànon(person that owns much hemp),from,,Tan-auan(a town so called),tan-auananon(native or resident of Tanauan).from,,Palo(a town so called),paloánoncontractedpalon’on(native or resident of Palo),from,,Tolosa(a town),tolosahanon, contractedtolosán’hon(native or resident of Tolosa),from,,Dagami(a town),dagamiánon, contracteddagamin’on(native or resident of Dagami),from,,Maasin(a town),maasinánon, contractedmaasinhon34(native or resident of Maasin),from,,Sugbu(Cebú),sugbuánon,(native or resident of Cebú),from,,Samar(province so called),samaránon, contractedsamárnon(native or resident of Sámar),from,,Manila(Manila),manilaanon, contractedmanilan’on(native or resident of Manila).from,,America(America),americahanon, contractedamericanhon35(American).OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz:ca cat iquinaorquina, taga, tagumortagun, hi.Cameans also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the person side by side).[29]Catmeans season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time).Iquinaorquinaexpresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), “iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life).Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” (Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” (up to the armpits). When this particletagameans measure, it is sometimes replaced bypa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the belly).Tagumexpresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the primitive commences withn, themoftagumis suppressed. When the primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the saidmis replaced byn. It is sometimes combined with the affixan, As: from “matá” (eye) “baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make himself invisible).Hiis also combined with the interfixrand the affixan, as from “polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbshais used instead ofhi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable).NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affixan, asfromcauil(fish-hook),quinauilán(fish caught with “cauil”)bitánà(a kind of fishing net),binitanáan(fish caught with “bitanà”).There are other transformative particles not so important as those already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student.
These are substantive and adjective. Both may be grouped[10]in the following classes: primitive, diminutive, figurative, verbal, compound, derivative, proper, common, positive, comparative, superlative, cardinal, ordinal, partitive, distributive and collective. Nothing particular needs be said about the primitive.DIMINUTIVEExamples:PRIMITIVEDIMINUTIVEbaláy(house)balaybálaysaróual(trousers)sarouálaycarahà(frying-pan)caraháaybalóto(little boat)balotóhayAs is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive or by adding to the latter the affixayorhay.The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As,fromdáhon(leave),dahondáhon,cáhoy(tree),cahoycáhoy.The affixayorhayis added when the primitive has more than two syllables;aybeing used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; andhaybeing employed when the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or is preceded by more than one consonant. As,fromsacayán(boat),sacayánay,habobò(low),habobóay,balicô(crooked),balicóay,4[11]abacá(hemp),abacáhay,babaye(woman),babayéhay,banat-i(a tree so called),banat-ihay,malacsi(fast),malacsihay.But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it. In such cases the affixayorhayis employed, the rules established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such diminutives. As,fromtámsi(bird),tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi,túl-an(bone),tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an,pulá(red color),puláhay, not pulapula,5sagpò(plug),sagpóay, not sagposagpò,sab-a(a kind of banana),sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a,bungto(town),bungtóhaynot bungtobungto.Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the adjectives follow the same rules. As,frommatám-is(sweet),matam-isay,malomó(soft),malomóhay,halípot(short),halipótay.But in must of the adjectives formed withma(a particle bearing the idea of abundance) andha6(a particle that bears the idea of place), likemaopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà,the prefixesmaorhaare disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if such[12]adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus,opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their diminutives will be:frommaópay(good),maopay-ópaymabuság(white),mabusagbúsagmapulá(red),mapulapuláhatáas(high),hataastáashalabà(long),halabalabà7There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the following:DIMINUTIVEfromREGULARIRREGULARdacò(large),dacòdacòdacolaay8gutì(small)gutigutìgutirurù9FIGURATIVEWe call those nounsfigurativethat are applied to the objects which, not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application.Examples:frombobón(fountain),mobonbóbon10(fontanel);cabáyo(horse),carocabáyo,(objects that are like a horse or cloud).dámpog(cloud),darodámpog,When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic diminutive. As,from[13]hadì(king), we havehadihadi(a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the figure of a king).But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the syllablero(a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, or collection). As,fromsacayán(boat),sarosacáyanulalahípan(centipede),uroulalahipanisdà(fish),iroisdàcan’on(cooked rice)carocan’on11NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives.12VERBALThese are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring to the agents or the objects of the roots.Examples:fromsáyau (to dance)parasayáu (dancer),tigsayáu (person who sometimes dances),magsarayáu (person appointed to dance)sarayauán13(place designed for dancing).[14]sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced)14;fromumá (to farm)paraúma (farmer),tig-úma (person used to do farming),mag-urúma (person in charge of farming),urumáhan, contracted urúmhan(place designed for farming),urumáhon, contracted urúmhon(ground or plant to be cultivated);fromsurat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea of the root and the use permit, with this variant:susurátan, not sururátan,susuráton, not sururáton;fromtoóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use permit, and this besides:matóoc (weeper);frombóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this:maboroóng̃ (liable or expected to be broken);frominóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following:mainominóm(an inviting drink);fromsosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this:hinóson (person fond of or bold in correcting);[15]fromútang̃ (to borrow),hing̃útang̃ orhing̃ung̃utáng̃15(person fond of or bold in borrowing).It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use.From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the prefixespara, tig, mag, ma, hi,the interfixes16r, ro, umor the affixesan, on.These particles are very important in Bisayan as they greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue.For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes.An, on.These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,fromcatúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, asfromcáon(to eat)caraonánfromtíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, asfromaro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).The particleonhas the same use asan, ascaturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,fromlohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19fromtambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).Para, tig.Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,fromcánhi (to come).paracánhi,tigcánhi.Ma, withon, withro, or withr.The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, asfromcáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, asfromcatúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),fromarába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, asfromcáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20[18]fromoná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, asfromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, asfromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).Magand ther.The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, asfromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).HiThis particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, asfrombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, asfrommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, asfromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, asfromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.Um.This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,[22]3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, asfromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).COMPOUNDThe use gives the following:fromsolód(to enter) andbaláy(house),sólodbálay, which means the person who thru his intimacy with the occupant of a house, enters in at any time;fromsacá(to go up) andlúsad(to go down),sacálúsad, applied to the person who is very busy or who suffers a great misfortune and goes up and down the house repeatedly. It is also applied to boys or girls who go out the house frequently, especially without permission of their parents;fromdosô(to push) andbótong(to pull),dosô-bótong,24applied to a person who takes determinations that are contradictory;fromcábcab(to scratch) andtocâ(what a bird does when it picks up or bites something with its beak),cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have to expend for their subsistence all that they gain by their work;fromdi, contraction ofdirì(not),abotón, fromabót(to reach), andcalóton, from cálot (to scratch),[23]diabotóncalóton, applied to that part of the human back, which our handscannot reachtoscratchwhen it itches;fromtábag(help),ha, a preposition for the objective case,among̃ámong̃(to malign);tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃,applied to those who maliciously pretend to help a person in trouble, but injure him. Etc.DERIVATIVEWeconsider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of the derivatives are adjectives.The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, interfixes, and affixes.The usual particles areca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag,as prefixes;r, inas interfixes; andan, onas affixes. As,frompauà(light),capanà(clearness)from,,áram(wisdom),maáram(wise)from,,bayáu(brother in law),mabaráyau(brother-in-law-to-be)from,,bidò(sorrow),macabibidò(sorrowful)from,,isdà(fish),maquiisdà(fond of fish)from,,púsod(navel),himósod(payment for attending to the navel of a new-born child)from,,bugtò(brother or sister),magbugtò(referring to two persons who are brothers or sisters)25from,,bisaya(bisayan),binisaya(bisayan tongue)from,,salâ(fault or guilt),saláan(guilty)from,,búuà26(lie),buuáon(liar).[24]Cabears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with the affixan. Asfromhatáas(high),cahatáas(height),from,,dáot(bad),caraótan, carát’an(badness).from,,pauà(light),capauà(clearness).It is sometimes combined with the interfixinand the joined affixanon, asfrommasúgot(obedient),camasinug’tánon(obedience).Maconveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form of great many adjectives, as,fromísog(courage, rage),maísog(courageous);and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive, as,fromasáua(wife),maarasauá(woman betrothed)The particlemais frequently combined with the interfixinand the affixonoránon. In plural, themais appended withg. Asfromtúman(performance),matinumánon(faultless) plural, magtinumánonfrom,,sugót(obedience),masinug’tánon(obedient)It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ).Macahas the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using the intermixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromálo(shame),macaaálo(shameful),from,,lípay(joy),macalilípay(rejoicer),from,,budlay(grievance),macaburúdlay(grievous).Magconveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also[25]of continuity in a few cases. It issimplyadded at the beginning of the primitive.Relationship. Examples:frompatód(cousin),magpatód(cousins each other).It is sometimes appended withtala, as from amáy (father),magtalaamáy (father and son, or father and daughter).The derivatives formed withmagconveying the idea of mutual relationship, are always in plural.Continuity. Examples:fromága(morning),Mag-ága(the whole night until the morning);from,,colóp(evening);magcólop(the whole day until the evening.)Maquisignifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other transformative particle, as,fromDyos27(God),maquidyos(pious).It is used in very few cases to form verbals, asfromhámpang̃(to be present during a conversation),maquihahampang̃on(person fond of being present ortakingpart in a conversation).Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns28. As to its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. Examples:fromquinatsilâ(Spanish language),hing̃inatsilà(one who ventures to talk Spanish, knowing but little of it).[26]from,,apóy(grandfather),hing̃apóyfrom,,púsod(navel),himósod29Palameans resemblance. It is combined with the affixan. As,frombuyo(betel nut),palabuyóan(applied to the wine of cocoanut, that resembles the taste of the betel nut)from,,biráu(a plant),palabirauán(applied to the fruit of cocoanut that resembles the color ofbiráu)from,,camote(sweet potato),palacamotián(applied to the fruit of “nang̃ca” (a tree) that resembles the color ofcamote)from,,gátas(milk)palagatásan(applied to the young rice or corn whose grain is yet liquid resembling the milk)Tagconveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to the primitive. Asfrombaláy(house),tagbaláy(owner of a house)from,,sugò(order),tagsugò(author of an order).It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is frequently combined with the prefixmapreceding it. Asfromtúig(year),tagtuig(year by year)from,,ádlao(day),matag-ádlao(every day).These last particles are sometimes replaced byiquinawhich expressesthe same idea. Asfromtúig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal)iquinatúig(every year)iquinaadlao(every day)iquinabulan(every month)iquinapagcáon,(every meal)[27]The interfixr, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative and verbal nouns.The interfixinexpresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromSúlug30(the archipelago of Súlu),sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion)fromtuyáo (crazy),tinuyáo (foolishness)fromínsic (chinaman),ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit).Anandonamong the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or participation,anfrequently conveying the idea of place. Both are appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented with anh, in the same way as in the formation of verbals.31Examples:frompálad(fate),paláran32(fortunate),from,,asáua(wife),asauáhan(married man),from,,salapi(silver, money),salapian(wealthy)from,,curi(difficulty),curián(stubborn person)from,,sumat(information),sumatán(credulous)from,,burabud(fountain),buraburon33(place where there are many fountains)from,,taro(wax),taróhon(an object that has wax on)from,,tubac(ant),tubacón(a thing that has ants on.)[28]These particles are sometimes employed jointly, theanpreceding theon. This compound affix,anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or birth or residence place, and is preceeded by anhaccording to the same rules established foranandon. Examples:frommang̃gad(wealth),mang̃gáran(wealthy), manggaránon (rich).from,,abacá(hemp),abacáhan(person that has hemp), abacahànon(person that owns much hemp),from,,Tan-auan(a town so called),tan-auananon(native or resident of Tanauan).from,,Palo(a town so called),paloánoncontractedpalon’on(native or resident of Palo),from,,Tolosa(a town),tolosahanon, contractedtolosán’hon(native or resident of Tolosa),from,,Dagami(a town),dagamiánon, contracteddagamin’on(native or resident of Dagami),from,,Maasin(a town),maasinánon, contractedmaasinhon34(native or resident of Maasin),from,,Sugbu(Cebú),sugbuánon,(native or resident of Cebú),from,,Samar(province so called),samaránon, contractedsamárnon(native or resident of Sámar),from,,Manila(Manila),manilaanon, contractedmanilan’on(native or resident of Manila).from,,America(America),americahanon, contractedamericanhon35(American).OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz:ca cat iquinaorquina, taga, tagumortagun, hi.Cameans also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the person side by side).[29]Catmeans season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time).Iquinaorquinaexpresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), “iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life).Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” (Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” (up to the armpits). When this particletagameans measure, it is sometimes replaced bypa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the belly).Tagumexpresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the primitive commences withn, themoftagumis suppressed. When the primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the saidmis replaced byn. It is sometimes combined with the affixan, As: from “matá” (eye) “baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make himself invisible).Hiis also combined with the interfixrand the affixan, as from “polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbshais used instead ofhi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable).NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affixan, asfromcauil(fish-hook),quinauilán(fish caught with “cauil”)bitánà(a kind of fishing net),binitanáan(fish caught with “bitanà”).There are other transformative particles not so important as those already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student.
These are substantive and adjective. Both may be grouped[10]in the following classes: primitive, diminutive, figurative, verbal, compound, derivative, proper, common, positive, comparative, superlative, cardinal, ordinal, partitive, distributive and collective. Nothing particular needs be said about the primitive.
DIMINUTIVEExamples:PRIMITIVEDIMINUTIVEbaláy(house)balaybálaysaróual(trousers)sarouálaycarahà(frying-pan)caraháaybalóto(little boat)balotóhayAs is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive or by adding to the latter the affixayorhay.The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As,fromdáhon(leave),dahondáhon,cáhoy(tree),cahoycáhoy.The affixayorhayis added when the primitive has more than two syllables;aybeing used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; andhaybeing employed when the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or is preceded by more than one consonant. As,fromsacayán(boat),sacayánay,habobò(low),habobóay,balicô(crooked),balicóay,4[11]abacá(hemp),abacáhay,babaye(woman),babayéhay,banat-i(a tree so called),banat-ihay,malacsi(fast),malacsihay.But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it. In such cases the affixayorhayis employed, the rules established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such diminutives. As,fromtámsi(bird),tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi,túl-an(bone),tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an,pulá(red color),puláhay, not pulapula,5sagpò(plug),sagpóay, not sagposagpò,sab-a(a kind of banana),sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a,bungto(town),bungtóhaynot bungtobungto.Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the adjectives follow the same rules. As,frommatám-is(sweet),matam-isay,malomó(soft),malomóhay,halípot(short),halipótay.But in must of the adjectives formed withma(a particle bearing the idea of abundance) andha6(a particle that bears the idea of place), likemaopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà,the prefixesmaorhaare disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if such[12]adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus,opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their diminutives will be:frommaópay(good),maopay-ópaymabuság(white),mabusagbúsagmapulá(red),mapulapuláhatáas(high),hataastáashalabà(long),halabalabà7There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the following:DIMINUTIVEfromREGULARIRREGULARdacò(large),dacòdacòdacolaay8gutì(small)gutigutìgutirurù9
DIMINUTIVE
Examples:PRIMITIVEDIMINUTIVEbaláy(house)balaybálaysaróual(trousers)sarouálaycarahà(frying-pan)caraháaybalóto(little boat)balotóhayAs is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive or by adding to the latter the affixayorhay.The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As,fromdáhon(leave),dahondáhon,cáhoy(tree),cahoycáhoy.The affixayorhayis added when the primitive has more than two syllables;aybeing used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; andhaybeing employed when the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or is preceded by more than one consonant. As,fromsacayán(boat),sacayánay,habobò(low),habobóay,balicô(crooked),balicóay,4[11]abacá(hemp),abacáhay,babaye(woman),babayéhay,banat-i(a tree so called),banat-ihay,malacsi(fast),malacsihay.But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it. In such cases the affixayorhayis employed, the rules established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such diminutives. As,fromtámsi(bird),tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi,túl-an(bone),tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an,pulá(red color),puláhay, not pulapula,5sagpò(plug),sagpóay, not sagposagpò,sab-a(a kind of banana),sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a,bungto(town),bungtóhaynot bungtobungto.Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the adjectives follow the same rules. As,frommatám-is(sweet),matam-isay,malomó(soft),malomóhay,halípot(short),halipótay.But in must of the adjectives formed withma(a particle bearing the idea of abundance) andha6(a particle that bears the idea of place), likemaopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà,the prefixesmaorhaare disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if such[12]adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus,opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their diminutives will be:frommaópay(good),maopay-ópaymabuság(white),mabusagbúsagmapulá(red),mapulapuláhatáas(high),hataastáashalabà(long),halabalabà7There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the following:DIMINUTIVEfromREGULARIRREGULARdacò(large),dacòdacòdacolaay8gutì(small)gutigutìgutirurù9
Examples:
PRIMITIVEDIMINUTIVEbaláy(house)balaybálaysaróual(trousers)sarouálaycarahà(frying-pan)caraháaybalóto(little boat)balotóhay
As is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive or by adding to the latter the affixayorhay.
The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As,
from
dáhon(leave),dahondáhon,cáhoy(tree),cahoycáhoy.
The affixayorhayis added when the primitive has more than two syllables;aybeing used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; andhaybeing employed when the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or is preceded by more than one consonant. As,
from
sacayán(boat),sacayánay,habobò(low),habobóay,balicô(crooked),balicóay,4[11]abacá(hemp),abacáhay,babaye(woman),babayéhay,banat-i(a tree so called),banat-ihay,malacsi(fast),malacsihay.
But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it. In such cases the affixayorhayis employed, the rules established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such diminutives. As,
from
támsi(bird),tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi,túl-an(bone),tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an,pulá(red color),puláhay, not pulapula,5sagpò(plug),sagpóay, not sagposagpò,sab-a(a kind of banana),sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a,bungto(town),bungtóhaynot bungtobungto.
Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the adjectives follow the same rules. As,
from
matám-is(sweet),matam-isay,malomó(soft),malomóhay,halípot(short),halipótay.
But in must of the adjectives formed withma(a particle bearing the idea of abundance) andha6(a particle that bears the idea of place), likemaopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà,the prefixesmaorhaare disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if such[12]adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus,opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their diminutives will be:
from
maópay(good),maopay-ópaymabuság(white),mabusagbúsagmapulá(red),mapulapuláhatáas(high),hataastáashalabà(long),halabalabà7
There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the following:
DIMINUTIVEfromREGULARIRREGULARdacò(large),dacòdacòdacolaay8gutì(small)gutigutìgutirurù9
FIGURATIVEWe call those nounsfigurativethat are applied to the objects which, not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application.Examples:frombobón(fountain),mobonbóbon10(fontanel);cabáyo(horse),carocabáyo,(objects that are like a horse or cloud).dámpog(cloud),darodámpog,When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic diminutive. As,from[13]hadì(king), we havehadihadi(a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the figure of a king).But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the syllablero(a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, or collection). As,fromsacayán(boat),sarosacáyanulalahípan(centipede),uroulalahipanisdà(fish),iroisdàcan’on(cooked rice)carocan’on11NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives.12
FIGURATIVE
We call those nounsfigurativethat are applied to the objects which, not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application.Examples:frombobón(fountain),mobonbóbon10(fontanel);cabáyo(horse),carocabáyo,(objects that are like a horse or cloud).dámpog(cloud),darodámpog,When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic diminutive. As,from[13]hadì(king), we havehadihadi(a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the figure of a king).But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the syllablero(a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, or collection). As,fromsacayán(boat),sarosacáyanulalahípan(centipede),uroulalahipanisdà(fish),iroisdàcan’on(cooked rice)carocan’on11NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives.12
We call those nounsfigurativethat are applied to the objects which, not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application.
Examples:
from
bobón(fountain),mobonbóbon10(fontanel);cabáyo(horse),carocabáyo,(objects that are like a horse or cloud).dámpog(cloud),darodámpog,
When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic diminutive. As,
from[13]
hadì(king), we havehadihadi(a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the figure of a king).
But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the syllablero(a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, or collection). As,
from
sacayán(boat),sarosacáyanulalahípan(centipede),uroulalahipanisdà(fish),iroisdàcan’on(cooked rice)carocan’on11
NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives.12
VERBALThese are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring to the agents or the objects of the roots.Examples:fromsáyau (to dance)parasayáu (dancer),tigsayáu (person who sometimes dances),magsarayáu (person appointed to dance)sarayauán13(place designed for dancing).[14]sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced)14;fromumá (to farm)paraúma (farmer),tig-úma (person used to do farming),mag-urúma (person in charge of farming),urumáhan, contracted urúmhan(place designed for farming),urumáhon, contracted urúmhon(ground or plant to be cultivated);fromsurat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea of the root and the use permit, with this variant:susurátan, not sururátan,susuráton, not sururáton;fromtoóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use permit, and this besides:matóoc (weeper);frombóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this:maboroóng̃ (liable or expected to be broken);frominóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following:mainominóm(an inviting drink);fromsosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this:hinóson (person fond of or bold in correcting);[15]fromútang̃ (to borrow),hing̃útang̃ orhing̃ung̃utáng̃15(person fond of or bold in borrowing).It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use.From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the prefixespara, tig, mag, ma, hi,the interfixes16r, ro, umor the affixesan, on.These particles are very important in Bisayan as they greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue.For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes.An, on.These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,fromcatúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, asfromcáon(to eat)caraonánfromtíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, asfromaro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).The particleonhas the same use asan, ascaturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,fromlohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19fromtambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).Para, tig.Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,fromcánhi (to come).paracánhi,tigcánhi.Ma, withon, withro, or withr.The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, asfromcáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, asfromcatúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),fromarába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, asfromcáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20[18]fromoná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, asfromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, asfromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).Magand ther.The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, asfromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).HiThis particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, asfrombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, asfrommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, asfromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, asfromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.Um.This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,[22]3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, asfromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).
VERBAL
These are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring to the agents or the objects of the roots.Examples:fromsáyau (to dance)parasayáu (dancer),tigsayáu (person who sometimes dances),magsarayáu (person appointed to dance)sarayauán13(place designed for dancing).[14]sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced)14;fromumá (to farm)paraúma (farmer),tig-úma (person used to do farming),mag-urúma (person in charge of farming),urumáhan, contracted urúmhan(place designed for farming),urumáhon, contracted urúmhon(ground or plant to be cultivated);fromsurat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea of the root and the use permit, with this variant:susurátan, not sururátan,susuráton, not sururáton;fromtoóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use permit, and this besides:matóoc (weeper);frombóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this:maboroóng̃ (liable or expected to be broken);frominóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following:mainominóm(an inviting drink);fromsosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this:hinóson (person fond of or bold in correcting);[15]fromútang̃ (to borrow),hing̃útang̃ orhing̃ung̃utáng̃15(person fond of or bold in borrowing).It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use.From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the prefixespara, tig, mag, ma, hi,the interfixes16r, ro, umor the affixesan, on.These particles are very important in Bisayan as they greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue.For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes.An, on.These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,fromcatúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, asfromcáon(to eat)caraonánfromtíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, asfromaro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).The particleonhas the same use asan, ascaturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,fromlohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19fromtambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).Para, tig.Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,fromcánhi (to come).paracánhi,tigcánhi.Ma, withon, withro, or withr.The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, asfromcáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, asfromcatúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),fromarába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, asfromcáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20[18]fromoná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, asfromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, asfromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).Magand ther.The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, asfromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).HiThis particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, asfrombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, asfrommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, asfromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, asfromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.Um.This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,[22]3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, asfromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).
These are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring to the agents or the objects of the roots.
Examples:
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
[15]
from
It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use.
From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the prefixespara, tig, mag, ma, hi,the interfixes16r, ro, umor the affixesan, on.These particles are very important in Bisayan as they greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue.
For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes.
An, on.These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,fromcatúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, asfromcáon(to eat)caraonánfromtíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, asfromaro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).The particleonhas the same use asan, ascaturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,fromlohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19fromtambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).
An, on.
These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,fromcatúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, asfromcáon(to eat)caraonánfromtíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, asfromaro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).The particleonhas the same use asan, ascaturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,fromlohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19fromtambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).
These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root,anto the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act occurs), andonto the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action).
Anoronis used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowelwitha grave or angular accent.
Anhpreceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants.
The particleanorhanis simply added to the root, as,
from
catúrog(to sleep),caturogán(sleeping place);sing̃ba(to adore),sing̃báhan(church);taclob(to cover),taclóban17(covering place);[16]tan-ao(to see at a distance),tan-aoan18(watching place);
or is employed either with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, as
from
cáon(to eat)caraonán
from
tíroc(to assembly)titiroeán(meeting place);
or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, as
from
aro(to ask)aaroán(place designed for asking).
The particleonhas the same use asan, as
caturogón,siringbahon,lilibácon(fromlibác, to backbite),aaroon.
NOTE.—The affixanis sometimes doubled, as,
from
lohód(to kneel down),lodhanán19
from
tambò(to lock out),tamboànan, fromtambóan(window).
Para, tig.Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,fromcánhi (to come).paracánhi,tigcánhi.
Para, tig.
Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,fromcánhi (to come).paracánhi,tigcánhi.
Parabears the idea of habit, custom or occupation.Tigconveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act.[17]
They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as,
from
Ma, withon, withro, or withr.The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, asfromcáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, asfromcatúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),fromarába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, asfromcáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20[18]fromoná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, asfromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, asfromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).
Ma, withon, withro, or withr.
The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, asfromcáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, asfromcatúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),fromarába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, asfromcáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20[18]fromoná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, asfromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, asfromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).
The particlemaconveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility.
When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the root without any other particle, as
from
cáon(to eat),macáon(glutton),
or by combining it with the affixonorhon, according to the case, as
from
catúrog(to sleep),macaturogón(sleepy head),
from
arába(to moan),maarabahón(person fond of moaning).
When the prefixma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, as
from
cáon,macaoncaón(thing inviting to be eaten)20
[18]
from
oná(to commence),maonaoná(provocative, quarrelsome),
and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfixropreceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the root begins with a vowel, as
fromcatúrog,macarocaturóg,from,,bányac,(to kick),maharobányac,from,,síd-ap,(to look at),masirosíd-ap,from,,arába,maaroarabá,from,,ígham,(to grunt),mairoígham,from,,ós-og(to draw near from afar),maoroós-og.
When the particlemaconveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the root. Therwith its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As,
frombóong(to break),maboroóng(brittle)from,,abót(to reach),maarábot(attainable).
The particlemais frequently replaced by the prefixigoricombined with the interfixror its substitutes, as
fromtambal(to cure),igtarámbaloritárambal(medicine),from,,surat(to write),isusúrat(thing to write with).
Magand ther.The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, asfromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).
Magand ther.
The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, asfromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).
The prefixmagbears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with the interfixrcombined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is anrin the root, the interfixris replaced by the first consonant of the[19]said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfixris sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. As,
fromsódoy(to stroll about),magsotodóy(one who strolls about)from,,bilíng̃(to seek or search),magbiríling̃(searcher),from,,siríng̃(to request),magsisíring̃,(petitioner), not magsiríring̃,from,,ósoc(to set up),mag-orosóc(person designed to set up),from,,arót(to cut the hair),mag-aárot(barber).
The particlemagis frequently contracted intoma, in which case the root is considered as having anr, as
fromsuláy(to tempt),manunúlay(tempter),from,,tábang̃(to assist),mananábang̃(helper).
HiThis particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, asfrombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, asfrommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, asfromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, asfromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.
Hi
This particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, asfrombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, asfrommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, asfromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, asfromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.
This particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, except them, the said consonant is transformed intom, as
frombása(to read),himása(person boldin reading),from,,pitíc(to leap),himític(person bold in leaping).
When the root begins with anm, the prefixhiis not commonly used but the prefixpara ma, or tig, as
frommúlay(to teach),para-, ma-,ortigmulay, nothimúlay,from,,mogó(to observe),para-, ma-,ortigmógo, nothimógo.
When the root begins with a vowel,ng̃is21appended to the prefix;ng̃is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said consonant is suppressed. As,
fromásoy(to refer),hing̃ásoy(garrolous),from,,cáon(to eat)hingáon(bold in eating),[20]from,,gúbat(to invade),hing̃úbat(bold in invading).
When the root commences with the nasal consonantng̃, the prefixhiis ordinarily replaced by the prefixpara,ma, ortig, or the first syllable of the root is made long, as
fromng̃isi(to laugh, showing the teeth),para-, ma,ortig̃ngisi, orñgisi(person fond of grinning).
When the root begins with any other consonant, exceptl, n, r, the said consonant is suppressed and the letternis appended to the prefix, as
fromdolóng,(to struggle),hinólong(bold in struggling),from,,sosón(to correct),hinóson(bold in correcting),from,,tápod(to confide),hinápod22(bold in confiding)
In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefixhiis sometimes doubled, according to the use, as,
fromhimític,himimític,from,,hing̃ásoy,hing̃ang̃asóy,from,,hinóson,hinonoson,23etc.
Um.This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,[22]3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, asfromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).
Um.
This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,[22]3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, asfromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).
This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfixror its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately before the vowel. Examples:
fromcáon(to eat),cumaraón(person going to, or expected to, eat),[21]from,,abót(to arrive),umarábot(person expected to arrive),from,,arò(to ask),umaarô(person expected to ask).
Some roots withoutrfollow the rule as if they had anr, as,
fromsacá(to go up, to board),sumasáca(boarder).
Observations: 1. There are verbals formed withmacombined with the interfixror its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing with the particlecawhich then conveys the idea of passivity. As,
fromcaauód(to be ashamed),macaaráuod(shameful),from,,cabórong̃(to be confused),macabobórong̃(confusing),from,,casína(to be angry),macasisína(odious).
2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particlepag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particlepagis transformed in the plural, itsgbeing then replaced by the letterng̃if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, exceptg, or by the consonantnwhen the root commences with a dental consonant, or by themif it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the gutturalg, said consonant is preserved and thegofpagis replaced byn. Examples:
fromarò(to ask),cáon(to eat),dáop(to approach)bása(to read),ng̃oyng̃oy(to groan),gábot(to, pull), we have:
SINGULARPLURALpag-arò(asking)pang̃arò,pagcáon(eating)pang̃áon,pagdáop(approaching)panáop,pagbása(reading)pamása,pagngoyngoy(groaning)panngóyagoy,paggábot(pulling)pangábot,
[22]
3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particlecaare also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefixpag.
fromcabido(to be sorry),pagcabídò, cabídò,(sorrow).
In such cases, the affixanoronis sometimes employed, as
fromcasáquit(to be sad),casaquítan(sadness),from,,casína(to be angry),casinahón(anger).
COMPOUNDThe use gives the following:fromsolód(to enter) andbaláy(house),sólodbálay, which means the person who thru his intimacy with the occupant of a house, enters in at any time;fromsacá(to go up) andlúsad(to go down),sacálúsad, applied to the person who is very busy or who suffers a great misfortune and goes up and down the house repeatedly. It is also applied to boys or girls who go out the house frequently, especially without permission of their parents;fromdosô(to push) andbótong(to pull),dosô-bótong,24applied to a person who takes determinations that are contradictory;fromcábcab(to scratch) andtocâ(what a bird does when it picks up or bites something with its beak),cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have to expend for their subsistence all that they gain by their work;fromdi, contraction ofdirì(not),abotón, fromabót(to reach), andcalóton, from cálot (to scratch),[23]diabotóncalóton, applied to that part of the human back, which our handscannot reachtoscratchwhen it itches;fromtábag(help),ha, a preposition for the objective case,among̃ámong̃(to malign);tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃,applied to those who maliciously pretend to help a person in trouble, but injure him. Etc.
COMPOUND
The use gives the following:fromsolód(to enter) andbaláy(house),sólodbálay, which means the person who thru his intimacy with the occupant of a house, enters in at any time;fromsacá(to go up) andlúsad(to go down),sacálúsad, applied to the person who is very busy or who suffers a great misfortune and goes up and down the house repeatedly. It is also applied to boys or girls who go out the house frequently, especially without permission of their parents;fromdosô(to push) andbótong(to pull),dosô-bótong,24applied to a person who takes determinations that are contradictory;fromcábcab(to scratch) andtocâ(what a bird does when it picks up or bites something with its beak),cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have to expend for their subsistence all that they gain by their work;fromdi, contraction ofdirì(not),abotón, fromabót(to reach), andcalóton, from cálot (to scratch),[23]diabotóncalóton, applied to that part of the human back, which our handscannot reachtoscratchwhen it itches;fromtábag(help),ha, a preposition for the objective case,among̃ámong̃(to malign);tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃,applied to those who maliciously pretend to help a person in trouble, but injure him. Etc.
The use gives the following:
fromsolód(to enter) andbaláy(house),sólodbálay, which means the person who thru his intimacy with the occupant of a house, enters in at any time;fromsacá(to go up) andlúsad(to go down),sacálúsad, applied to the person who is very busy or who suffers a great misfortune and goes up and down the house repeatedly. It is also applied to boys or girls who go out the house frequently, especially without permission of their parents;fromdosô(to push) andbótong(to pull),dosô-bótong,24applied to a person who takes determinations that are contradictory;fromcábcab(to scratch) andtocâ(what a bird does when it picks up or bites something with its beak),cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have to expend for their subsistence all that they gain by their work;fromdi, contraction ofdirì(not),abotón, fromabót(to reach), andcalóton, from cálot (to scratch),[23]diabotóncalóton, applied to that part of the human back, which our handscannot reachtoscratchwhen it itches;fromtábag(help),ha, a preposition for the objective case,among̃ámong̃(to malign);tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃,applied to those who maliciously pretend to help a person in trouble, but injure him. Etc.
DERIVATIVEWeconsider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of the derivatives are adjectives.The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, interfixes, and affixes.The usual particles areca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag,as prefixes;r, inas interfixes; andan, onas affixes. As,frompauà(light),capanà(clearness)from,,áram(wisdom),maáram(wise)from,,bayáu(brother in law),mabaráyau(brother-in-law-to-be)from,,bidò(sorrow),macabibidò(sorrowful)from,,isdà(fish),maquiisdà(fond of fish)from,,púsod(navel),himósod(payment for attending to the navel of a new-born child)from,,bugtò(brother or sister),magbugtò(referring to two persons who are brothers or sisters)25from,,bisaya(bisayan),binisaya(bisayan tongue)from,,salâ(fault or guilt),saláan(guilty)from,,búuà26(lie),buuáon(liar).[24]Cabears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with the affixan. Asfromhatáas(high),cahatáas(height),from,,dáot(bad),caraótan, carát’an(badness).from,,pauà(light),capauà(clearness).It is sometimes combined with the interfixinand the joined affixanon, asfrommasúgot(obedient),camasinug’tánon(obedience).Maconveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form of great many adjectives, as,fromísog(courage, rage),maísog(courageous);and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive, as,fromasáua(wife),maarasauá(woman betrothed)The particlemais frequently combined with the interfixinand the affixonoránon. In plural, themais appended withg. Asfromtúman(performance),matinumánon(faultless) plural, magtinumánonfrom,,sugót(obedience),masinug’tánon(obedient)It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ).Macahas the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using the intermixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromálo(shame),macaaálo(shameful),from,,lípay(joy),macalilípay(rejoicer),from,,budlay(grievance),macaburúdlay(grievous).Magconveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also[25]of continuity in a few cases. It issimplyadded at the beginning of the primitive.Relationship. Examples:frompatód(cousin),magpatód(cousins each other).It is sometimes appended withtala, as from amáy (father),magtalaamáy (father and son, or father and daughter).The derivatives formed withmagconveying the idea of mutual relationship, are always in plural.Continuity. Examples:fromága(morning),Mag-ága(the whole night until the morning);from,,colóp(evening);magcólop(the whole day until the evening.)Maquisignifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other transformative particle, as,fromDyos27(God),maquidyos(pious).It is used in very few cases to form verbals, asfromhámpang̃(to be present during a conversation),maquihahampang̃on(person fond of being present ortakingpart in a conversation).Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns28. As to its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. Examples:fromquinatsilâ(Spanish language),hing̃inatsilà(one who ventures to talk Spanish, knowing but little of it).[26]from,,apóy(grandfather),hing̃apóyfrom,,púsod(navel),himósod29Palameans resemblance. It is combined with the affixan. As,frombuyo(betel nut),palabuyóan(applied to the wine of cocoanut, that resembles the taste of the betel nut)from,,biráu(a plant),palabirauán(applied to the fruit of cocoanut that resembles the color ofbiráu)from,,camote(sweet potato),palacamotián(applied to the fruit of “nang̃ca” (a tree) that resembles the color ofcamote)from,,gátas(milk)palagatásan(applied to the young rice or corn whose grain is yet liquid resembling the milk)Tagconveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to the primitive. Asfrombaláy(house),tagbaláy(owner of a house)from,,sugò(order),tagsugò(author of an order).It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is frequently combined with the prefixmapreceding it. Asfromtúig(year),tagtuig(year by year)from,,ádlao(day),matag-ádlao(every day).These last particles are sometimes replaced byiquinawhich expressesthe same idea. Asfromtúig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal)iquinatúig(every year)iquinaadlao(every day)iquinabulan(every month)iquinapagcáon,(every meal)[27]The interfixr, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative and verbal nouns.The interfixinexpresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromSúlug30(the archipelago of Súlu),sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion)fromtuyáo (crazy),tinuyáo (foolishness)fromínsic (chinaman),ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit).Anandonamong the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or participation,anfrequently conveying the idea of place. Both are appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented with anh, in the same way as in the formation of verbals.31Examples:frompálad(fate),paláran32(fortunate),from,,asáua(wife),asauáhan(married man),from,,salapi(silver, money),salapian(wealthy)from,,curi(difficulty),curián(stubborn person)from,,sumat(information),sumatán(credulous)from,,burabud(fountain),buraburon33(place where there are many fountains)from,,taro(wax),taróhon(an object that has wax on)from,,tubac(ant),tubacón(a thing that has ants on.)[28]These particles are sometimes employed jointly, theanpreceding theon. This compound affix,anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or birth or residence place, and is preceeded by anhaccording to the same rules established foranandon. Examples:frommang̃gad(wealth),mang̃gáran(wealthy), manggaránon (rich).from,,abacá(hemp),abacáhan(person that has hemp), abacahànon(person that owns much hemp),from,,Tan-auan(a town so called),tan-auananon(native or resident of Tanauan).from,,Palo(a town so called),paloánoncontractedpalon’on(native or resident of Palo),from,,Tolosa(a town),tolosahanon, contractedtolosán’hon(native or resident of Tolosa),from,,Dagami(a town),dagamiánon, contracteddagamin’on(native or resident of Dagami),from,,Maasin(a town),maasinánon, contractedmaasinhon34(native or resident of Maasin),from,,Sugbu(Cebú),sugbuánon,(native or resident of Cebú),from,,Samar(province so called),samaránon, contractedsamárnon(native or resident of Sámar),from,,Manila(Manila),manilaanon, contractedmanilan’on(native or resident of Manila).from,,America(America),americahanon, contractedamericanhon35(American).OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz:ca cat iquinaorquina, taga, tagumortagun, hi.Cameans also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the person side by side).[29]Catmeans season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time).Iquinaorquinaexpresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), “iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life).Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” (Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” (up to the armpits). When this particletagameans measure, it is sometimes replaced bypa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the belly).Tagumexpresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the primitive commences withn, themoftagumis suppressed. When the primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the saidmis replaced byn. It is sometimes combined with the affixan, As: from “matá” (eye) “baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make himself invisible).Hiis also combined with the interfixrand the affixan, as from “polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbshais used instead ofhi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable).NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affixan, asfromcauil(fish-hook),quinauilán(fish caught with “cauil”)bitánà(a kind of fishing net),binitanáan(fish caught with “bitanà”).There are other transformative particles not so important as those already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student.
DERIVATIVE
Weconsider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of the derivatives are adjectives.The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, interfixes, and affixes.The usual particles areca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag,as prefixes;r, inas interfixes; andan, onas affixes. As,frompauà(light),capanà(clearness)from,,áram(wisdom),maáram(wise)from,,bayáu(brother in law),mabaráyau(brother-in-law-to-be)from,,bidò(sorrow),macabibidò(sorrowful)from,,isdà(fish),maquiisdà(fond of fish)from,,púsod(navel),himósod(payment for attending to the navel of a new-born child)from,,bugtò(brother or sister),magbugtò(referring to two persons who are brothers or sisters)25from,,bisaya(bisayan),binisaya(bisayan tongue)from,,salâ(fault or guilt),saláan(guilty)from,,búuà26(lie),buuáon(liar).[24]Cabears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with the affixan. Asfromhatáas(high),cahatáas(height),from,,dáot(bad),caraótan, carát’an(badness).from,,pauà(light),capauà(clearness).It is sometimes combined with the interfixinand the joined affixanon, asfrommasúgot(obedient),camasinug’tánon(obedience).Maconveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form of great many adjectives, as,fromísog(courage, rage),maísog(courageous);and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive, as,fromasáua(wife),maarasauá(woman betrothed)The particlemais frequently combined with the interfixinand the affixonoránon. In plural, themais appended withg. Asfromtúman(performance),matinumánon(faultless) plural, magtinumánonfrom,,sugót(obedience),masinug’tánon(obedient)It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ).Macahas the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using the intermixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromálo(shame),macaaálo(shameful),from,,lípay(joy),macalilípay(rejoicer),from,,budlay(grievance),macaburúdlay(grievous).Magconveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also[25]of continuity in a few cases. It issimplyadded at the beginning of the primitive.Relationship. Examples:frompatód(cousin),magpatód(cousins each other).It is sometimes appended withtala, as from amáy (father),magtalaamáy (father and son, or father and daughter).The derivatives formed withmagconveying the idea of mutual relationship, are always in plural.Continuity. Examples:fromága(morning),Mag-ága(the whole night until the morning);from,,colóp(evening);magcólop(the whole day until the evening.)Maquisignifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other transformative particle, as,fromDyos27(God),maquidyos(pious).It is used in very few cases to form verbals, asfromhámpang̃(to be present during a conversation),maquihahampang̃on(person fond of being present ortakingpart in a conversation).Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns28. As to its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. Examples:fromquinatsilâ(Spanish language),hing̃inatsilà(one who ventures to talk Spanish, knowing but little of it).[26]from,,apóy(grandfather),hing̃apóyfrom,,púsod(navel),himósod29Palameans resemblance. It is combined with the affixan. As,frombuyo(betel nut),palabuyóan(applied to the wine of cocoanut, that resembles the taste of the betel nut)from,,biráu(a plant),palabirauán(applied to the fruit of cocoanut that resembles the color ofbiráu)from,,camote(sweet potato),palacamotián(applied to the fruit of “nang̃ca” (a tree) that resembles the color ofcamote)from,,gátas(milk)palagatásan(applied to the young rice or corn whose grain is yet liquid resembling the milk)Tagconveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to the primitive. Asfrombaláy(house),tagbaláy(owner of a house)from,,sugò(order),tagsugò(author of an order).It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is frequently combined with the prefixmapreceding it. Asfromtúig(year),tagtuig(year by year)from,,ádlao(day),matag-ádlao(every day).These last particles are sometimes replaced byiquinawhich expressesthe same idea. Asfromtúig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal)iquinatúig(every year)iquinaadlao(every day)iquinabulan(every month)iquinapagcáon,(every meal)[27]The interfixr, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative and verbal nouns.The interfixinexpresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As,fromSúlug30(the archipelago of Súlu),sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion)fromtuyáo (crazy),tinuyáo (foolishness)fromínsic (chinaman),ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit).Anandonamong the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or participation,anfrequently conveying the idea of place. Both are appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented with anh, in the same way as in the formation of verbals.31Examples:frompálad(fate),paláran32(fortunate),from,,asáua(wife),asauáhan(married man),from,,salapi(silver, money),salapian(wealthy)from,,curi(difficulty),curián(stubborn person)from,,sumat(information),sumatán(credulous)from,,burabud(fountain),buraburon33(place where there are many fountains)from,,taro(wax),taróhon(an object that has wax on)from,,tubac(ant),tubacón(a thing that has ants on.)[28]These particles are sometimes employed jointly, theanpreceding theon. This compound affix,anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or birth or residence place, and is preceeded by anhaccording to the same rules established foranandon. Examples:frommang̃gad(wealth),mang̃gáran(wealthy), manggaránon (rich).from,,abacá(hemp),abacáhan(person that has hemp), abacahànon(person that owns much hemp),from,,Tan-auan(a town so called),tan-auananon(native or resident of Tanauan).from,,Palo(a town so called),paloánoncontractedpalon’on(native or resident of Palo),from,,Tolosa(a town),tolosahanon, contractedtolosán’hon(native or resident of Tolosa),from,,Dagami(a town),dagamiánon, contracteddagamin’on(native or resident of Dagami),from,,Maasin(a town),maasinánon, contractedmaasinhon34(native or resident of Maasin),from,,Sugbu(Cebú),sugbuánon,(native or resident of Cebú),from,,Samar(province so called),samaránon, contractedsamárnon(native or resident of Sámar),from,,Manila(Manila),manilaanon, contractedmanilan’on(native or resident of Manila).from,,America(America),americahanon, contractedamericanhon35(American).OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz:ca cat iquinaorquina, taga, tagumortagun, hi.Cameans also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the person side by side).[29]Catmeans season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time).Iquinaorquinaexpresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), “iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life).Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” (Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” (up to the armpits). When this particletagameans measure, it is sometimes replaced bypa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the belly).Tagumexpresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the primitive commences withn, themoftagumis suppressed. When the primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the saidmis replaced byn. It is sometimes combined with the affixan, As: from “matá” (eye) “baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make himself invisible).Hiis also combined with the interfixrand the affixan, as from “polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbshais used instead ofhi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable).NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affixan, asfromcauil(fish-hook),quinauilán(fish caught with “cauil”)bitánà(a kind of fishing net),binitanáan(fish caught with “bitanà”).There are other transformative particles not so important as those already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student.
Weconsider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of the derivatives are adjectives.
The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, interfixes, and affixes.
The usual particles areca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag,as prefixes;r, inas interfixes; andan, onas affixes. As,
frompauà(light),capanà(clearness)from,,áram(wisdom),maáram(wise)from,,bayáu(brother in law),mabaráyau(brother-in-law-to-be)from,,bidò(sorrow),macabibidò(sorrowful)from,,isdà(fish),maquiisdà(fond of fish)from,,púsod(navel),himósod(payment for attending to the navel of a new-born child)from,,bugtò(brother or sister),magbugtò(referring to two persons who are brothers or sisters)25from,,bisaya(bisayan),binisaya(bisayan tongue)from,,salâ(fault or guilt),saláan(guilty)from,,búuà26(lie),buuáon(liar).
[24]
Cabears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with the affixan. As
fromhatáas(high),cahatáas(height),from,,dáot(bad),caraótan, carát’an(badness).from,,pauà(light),capauà(clearness).
It is sometimes combined with the interfixinand the joined affixanon, as
frommasúgot(obedient),camasinug’tánon(obedience).
Maconveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form of great many adjectives, as,
fromísog(courage, rage),maísog(courageous);
and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive, as,
fromasáua(wife),maarasauá(woman betrothed)
The particlemais frequently combined with the interfixinand the affixonoránon. In plural, themais appended withg. As
fromtúman(performance),matinumánon(faultless) plural, magtinumánonfrom,,sugót(obedience),masinug’tánon(obedient)
It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ).
Macahas the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using the intermixrcombined with the first vowel of the primitive. As,
fromálo(shame),macaaálo(shameful),from,,lípay(joy),macalilípay(rejoicer),from,,budlay(grievance),macaburúdlay(grievous).
Magconveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also[25]of continuity in a few cases. It issimplyadded at the beginning of the primitive.
Relationship. Examples:
frompatód(cousin),magpatód(cousins each other).
It is sometimes appended withtala, as from amáy (father),magtalaamáy (father and son, or father and daughter).
The derivatives formed withmagconveying the idea of mutual relationship, are always in plural.
Continuity. Examples:
fromága(morning),Mag-ága(the whole night until the morning);from,,colóp(evening);magcólop(the whole day until the evening.)
Maquisignifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other transformative particle, as,
fromDyos27(God),maquidyos(pious).
It is used in very few cases to form verbals, as
fromhámpang̃(to be present during a conversation),maquihahampang̃on(person fond of being present ortakingpart in a conversation).
Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns28. As to its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. Examples:
fromquinatsilâ(Spanish language),hing̃inatsilà(one who ventures to talk Spanish, knowing but little of it).[26]from,,apóy(grandfather),hing̃apóyfrom,,púsod(navel),himósod29
Palameans resemblance. It is combined with the affixan. As,
frombuyo(betel nut),palabuyóan(applied to the wine of cocoanut, that resembles the taste of the betel nut)from,,biráu(a plant),palabirauán(applied to the fruit of cocoanut that resembles the color ofbiráu)from,,camote(sweet potato),palacamotián(applied to the fruit of “nang̃ca” (a tree) that resembles the color ofcamote)from,,gátas(milk)palagatásan(applied to the young rice or corn whose grain is yet liquid resembling the milk)
Tagconveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to the primitive. As
frombaláy(house),tagbaláy(owner of a house)from,,sugò(order),tagsugò(author of an order).
It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is frequently combined with the prefixmapreceding it. As
fromtúig(year),tagtuig(year by year)from,,ádlao(day),matag-ádlao(every day).
These last particles are sometimes replaced byiquinawhich expressesthe same idea. As
fromtúig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal)iquinatúig(every year)iquinaadlao(every day)iquinabulan(every month)iquinapagcáon,(every meal)
[27]
The interfixr, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative and verbal nouns.
The interfixinexpresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As,
fromSúlug30(the archipelago of Súlu),sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion)fromtuyáo (crazy),tinuyáo (foolishness)fromínsic (chinaman),ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit).
Anandonamong the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or participation,anfrequently conveying the idea of place. Both are appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented with anh, in the same way as in the formation of verbals.31Examples:
frompálad(fate),paláran32(fortunate),from,,asáua(wife),asauáhan(married man),from,,salapi(silver, money),salapian(wealthy)from,,curi(difficulty),curián(stubborn person)from,,sumat(information),sumatán(credulous)from,,burabud(fountain),buraburon33(place where there are many fountains)from,,taro(wax),taróhon(an object that has wax on)from,,tubac(ant),tubacón(a thing that has ants on.)
[28]
These particles are sometimes employed jointly, theanpreceding theon. This compound affix,anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or birth or residence place, and is preceeded by anhaccording to the same rules established foranandon. Examples:
frommang̃gad(wealth),mang̃gáran(wealthy), manggaránon (rich).from,,abacá(hemp),abacáhan(person that has hemp), abacahànon(person that owns much hemp),from,,Tan-auan(a town so called),tan-auananon(native or resident of Tanauan).from,,Palo(a town so called),paloánoncontractedpalon’on(native or resident of Palo),from,,Tolosa(a town),tolosahanon, contractedtolosán’hon(native or resident of Tolosa),from,,Dagami(a town),dagamiánon, contracteddagamin’on(native or resident of Dagami),from,,Maasin(a town),maasinánon, contractedmaasinhon34(native or resident of Maasin),from,,Sugbu(Cebú),sugbuánon,(native or resident of Cebú),from,,Samar(province so called),samaránon, contractedsamárnon(native or resident of Sámar),from,,Manila(Manila),manilaanon, contractedmanilan’on(native or resident of Manila).from,,America(America),americahanon, contractedamericanhon35(American).
OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz:ca cat iquinaorquina, taga, tagumortagun, hi.
Cameans also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the person side by side).[29]
Catmeans season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time).
Iquinaorquinaexpresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), “iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life).
Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” (Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” (up to the armpits). When this particletagameans measure, it is sometimes replaced bypa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the belly).
Tagumexpresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the primitive commences withn, themoftagumis suppressed. When the primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the saidmis replaced byn. It is sometimes combined with the affixan, As: from “matá” (eye) “baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make himself invisible).
Hiis also combined with the interfixrand the affixan, as from “polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbshais used instead ofhi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable).
NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affixan, asfromcauil(fish-hook),quinauilán(fish caught with “cauil”)bitánà(a kind of fishing net),binitanáan(fish caught with “bitanà”).
NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affixan, as
fromcauil(fish-hook),quinauilán(fish caught with “cauil”)bitánà(a kind of fishing net),binitanáan(fish caught with “bitanà”).
There are other transformative particles not so important as those already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student.