INDEX TO VOL. LX.

We agree also with the committee,that some distinction must be made between cases of simple poaching, and those which are perpetrated by armed and daring gangs. To these banditti almost every instance of assault and murder connected with poaching is traceable, and the sooner such fellows are shipped off to hunt kangaroos in Australia the better. But we think that such penalties as we have indicated above, would in most cases act as a practical detention from this offence, and would certainly remove all ground for complaint against the unnecessary severity of the law.

With regard to the destruction of crops by game, especially when caused by the preserves of a neighbouring proprietor, the committee seems to have been rather at a loss to deal. And there is certainly a good deal of difficulty in the matter. For on the one hand, the game, while committing the depredation, is clearly not the property of the preserver, and may of course be killed by the party to whose ground it passes: on the other hand, it usually returns to the preserve after all the damage has been done. This seems to be one of the few instances in which the law can afford no remedy. The neighbouring farmer may indeed either shoot in person, or let the right of shooting to another; and in most cases he has the power to do so—for if his own landlord is also a preserver, it is not likely that the damage will be aggravated—and he has taken his farm in the full knowledge of the consequences of game preservation. Still there must always remain an evil, however partial, and this leads us to address a few words to the general body of the game-preservers.

Gentlemen, some of you are not altogether without fault in this matter. You have given a handle to accusations, which your enemies—and they are the enemies also of the true interests of the country—have been eager and zealous in using. You have pushed your privileges too far, and, if you do not take care, you will raise a storm which it may be very difficult to allay. What, in the name of common sense, is the use of this excessive preserving? You are not blamed, nor are you blamable, for reserving the right of sporting in your own properties to yourselves; but why make your game such utterly sacred animals? Why encourage their over-increase to such a degree as must naturally injure yourselves by curtailing your rent; and which, undoubtedly, whatever be his bargain, must irritate the farmer, and lessen that harmony and good-will which ought to exist betwixt you both? Is it for sport you do these things? If so, your definition of sport must be naturally different from ours. The natural instinct of the hunter, which is implanted in the heart of man, is in some respects a noble one. He does not, even in a savage state, pursue his game, like a wild beast of prey, merely for the sake of his appetite—he has a joy in the strong excitement and varied incidents of the chase. The wild Indian and the Norman disciple of St Hubert, alike considered it a science; and so it is even now to us who follow our pastime upon the mountains, and who must learn to be as wary and alert as the creatures which we seek to kill. The mere skill of the marksman has little to do with the real enjoyment of sport. That may be as well exhibited upon a target as upon a living object, and surely there is no pleasure at all in the mere wanton destruction of life. The true sportsman takes delight in the sagacity and steadiness of his dogs—in seeking for the different wild animals each in its peculiar haunt—and his relish is all the keener for the difficulty and uncertainty of his pursuit. Such at least is our idea of sport, and we should know something about it, having carried a gun almost as long as we can remember. But it is possible we may be getting antiquated in our notions. Two months ago we took occasion to make some remarks upon the modern murders on the moors, and we are glad to observe that our humane doctrine has been received with almost general acquiescence. We must now look to the doings at the Manor House, at which, Heaven be praised, we never have assisted; but the bruit thereof has gone abroad, and we believe the tidings to be true.

We have heard of game preserved over many thousands of acres, not waste, but yellow corn-land, withmany an intervening belt of noble wood and copse, until the ground seems actually alive with the number of its animal occupants. The large, squat, sleek hares lie couched in every furrow; each thistle-tuft has its lurking rabbit; and ceaseless at evening is the crow of the purple-necked pheasant from the gorse. The crops ripen, and are gathered in, not so plentifully as the richness of the land would warrant, but still strong and heavy. The partridges are now seen running in the stubble-fields, or sunning themselves on some pleasant bank, so secure that they hardly will take the trouble to fly away as you approach, but generally slip through a hedge, and lie down upon the other side. And no wonder; for not only has no gun been fired over the whole extensive domain, though the autumn is now well advanced; but a cordon of gamekeepers extends along the whole skirts of the estate, and neither lurcher nor poacher can manage to effect an entrance. Within ten minutes after they had set foot within the guarded territory, the first would be sprawling upon his back in the agonies of death, and the second on his way to the nearest justice of peace, with two pairs of knuckles uncomfortably lodged within the innermost folds of his neckcloth. The proprietor, a middle-aged gentleman of sedentary habits, does not, in all probability, care much about sporting. If he does, he rents a moor in Scotland, where he amuses himself until well on in October, and then feels less disposed for a tamer and a heavier sport. But in November he expects, after his ancient hospitable fashion, to have a select party at the manor-house, and he is desirous of affording them amusement. They arrive, to the number, perhaps, of a dozen males, some of then persons of an elevated rank, or of high political connexion. There is considerable commotion on the estate. The staff of upper and under keepers assemble with a large train of beaters before the baronial gateway. They bring with them neither pointers nor setters—these old companions of the sportsman are useless in a battue; but there are some retrievers in the leash, and a few well-broken spaniels. It is quite a scene for Landseer—that antique portico, with the group before it, and the gay and sloping uplands illuminated by a clear winter's sun. The guests sally forth, all mirth and spirits, and the whole party proceed to an appointed cover. Then begins the massacre. There is a shouting and rustling of beaters: at every step the gorgeous pheasant whirs from the bush, or the partridge glances slopingly through the trees, or the woodcock wings his way on scared and noiseless pinion. Rabbits by the hundred are scudding distractedly from one pile of brushwood to another. Loud cries of "Mark!" are heard on every side, and at each shout there is the explosion of a fowling-piece. No time now to stop and load. The keeper behind you is always ready with a spare gun. How he manages to cram in the powder and shot so quickly is an absolute matter of marvel; for you let fly at every thing, and have lost all regard to the ordinary calculations of distance. You had better take care of yourself, however, for you are getting into a thicket, and neither Sir Robert, who is on your right, nor the Marquis, who is your left-hand neighbour, are remarkable for extra caution, and the Baronet, in particular, is short-sighted. We don't quite like the appearance of that hare which is doubling back. You had better try to stop her before she reaches that vista in the wood. Bang!—you miss, and, at the same moment, a charge of number five, from the weapon of the Vavasour, takes effect upon the corduroys of your thigh, and, though the wound is but skin-deep, makes you dance an extempore fandango.

And so you go on from cover to cover, for five successive hours, through this rural poultry-yard, slaying, and, what is worse, wounding without slaying, beyond all ordinary calculation. You have had a good day's amusement, have you? Our dear sir, in the estimation of any sensible man or thorough sportsman, you might as well have been amusing yourself with a ride in the heart of Falkirk Tryst, or assisting at one of those German Jagds, where the deer are driven into inclosures, and shot down to the music of lute, harp, cymbal, dulcimer, sackbut, and psaltery.In fact, between ourselves, it is not a thing to boast of, and the amusement is, to say the least of it, an expensive one. For the sake of giving you, and the Marquis, and Sir Robert, and a few more, two or three days' sport, your host has sacrificed a great part of the legitimate rental of his estate—has maintained, from one end of the year to the other, all those personages in fustian and moleskin—and has, moreover, made his tenantry sulky. Do you think the price paid is in any way compensated by the value received? Of course not. You are a man of sense, and therefore, for the future, we trust that you will set your face decidedly against the battue system: shoot yourself, as a gentleman ought to do—or, if you do not care about it, give permission to your own tenantry to do so. Rely upon it, they will not abuse the privilege.

The fact is, there never should be more than two coveys in one field, or half-a-dozen hares in each moderate slip of plantation. That, believe us, with the accession you will derive from your neighbours, is quite sufficient to keep you in exercise during the season, and to supply your table with game. No tenant whatever will object to find food for such a stock. If you want more exciting sport, come north next August, and we shall take you to a moor which is preserved by a single shepherd's herd, where you may kill your twenty brace a-day for a month, and have a chance of a red-deer into the bargain. But, if you will not leave the south, do not, we beseech you, turn yourself into a hen-wife, and become ridiculous as a hatcher of pheasants' eggs. The thing, we are told, has been done by gentlemen of small property, for the purpose of getting up an appearance of game: it would be quite as sane a proceeding to improve the beauty of a prospect by erecting cast-iron trees. Above all things, whatever you do, remember that you are the denizen of a free country, where individual rights, however sacred in themselves, must not be extended to the injury of those around you.

To say the truth, we have observed with great pain, that a far too exclusive spirit has of late manifested itself in certain high places, and among persons whom we regard too much to be wholly indifferent to their conduct. This very summer the public press has been indignant in its denunciation of the Dukes of Atholl and Leeds—the one having, as it is alleged, attempted to shut up a servitude road through Glen Tilt, and the other established a cordon for many miles around the skirts of Ben-na-Mac-Dhui, our highest Scottish mountain. We are not fully acquainted with the particulars; but from what we have heard, it would appear that this wholesale exclusion from a vast tract of territory is intended to secure the solitude of two deer-forests. Now, we are not going to argue the matter upon legal grounds—although, knowing something of law, we have a shrewd suspicion that both noble lords are in utter misconception of their rights, and are usurping a sovereignty which is not to be found in their charters, and which was never claimed or exercised even by the Scottish Kings. But the churlishness of the step is undeniable, and we cannot but hope that it has proceeded far more on thoughtlessness than from intention. The day has been, when any clansman, or even any stranger, might have taken a deer from the forest, tree from the hill, or a salmon from the river, without leave asked or obtained: and though that state of society has long since passed away, we never till now have heard that the free air of the mountains, and their heather ranges, are not open to him who seeks them. Is it indeed come to this, that in bonny Scotland, the tourist, the botanist, or the painter, are to be debarred from visiting the loveliest spots which nature ever planted in the heart of a wilderness, on pretence that they disturb the deer! In a few years we suppose Ben Lomond will be preserved, and the summit of Ben Nevis remain as unvisited by the foot of the traveller as the icy peak of the Jungfrau. Not so, assuredly, would have acted the race of Tullibardine of yore. Royal were their hunting gatherings, and magnificent the driving of the Tinchel; but over all their large territory of Atholl, the stranger might have wandered unquestioned, except toknow if he required hospitality. It is not now the gate which is shut, but the moor; and that not against the depredator, but against the peaceful wayfaring man. Nor can we as sportsmen admit even the relevancy of the reasons which have been assigned for this wholesale exclusion. We are convinced, that in each season not above thirty or forty tourists essay the ascent of Ben-na-Mac-Dhui, and of that number, in all probability, not one has either met or startled a red deer. Very few men would venture to strike out a devious path for themselves over the mountains near Loch Aven, which, in fact, constitute the wildest district of the island. The Quaker tragedy of Helvellyn might easily be re-enacted amidst the dreary solitudes of Cairn Gorm, and months elapse before your friends are put in possession of some questionable bones. Nothing but enthusiasm will carry a man through the intricacies of Glen Lui, the property of Lord Fife, to whom it was granted at no very distant period of time out of the forfeited Mar estates, and which is presently rented by the Duke of Leeds; and nothing more absurd can be supposed, than that the entry of a single wanderer into that immense domain, can have the effect of scaring the deer from the limits of so large a range. This is an absurd and an empty excuse, as every deer-stalker must know. A stag is not so easily frightened, nor will he fly the country from terror at the apparition of the Cockney. Depend upon it, the latter will be a good deal the more startled of the two. With open mouth and large gooseberry eyes, he will stand gazing upon the vision of the Antlered Monarch; the sketch-book and pencil-case drop from his tremulous hands, and he stands aghast in apprehension of a charge of horning, against which he has no defence save a cane camp-stool, folded up into the semblance of a yellow walking-stick. Not so the Red-deer. For a few moments he will regard the Doudney-clad wanderer of the wilds, not in fear but in surprise; and then, snuffing the air which conveys to his nostrils an unaccustomed flavour of bergamot and lavender, he will trot away over the shoulder of the hill, move further up the nearest corrie, and in a quarter of an hour will be lying down amidst his hinds in the thick brackens that border the course of the lonely burn.

We could say a great deal more upon this subject; but we hope that expansion is unnecessary. Throughout all Europe the right of passage over waste and uncultivated land, where there never were and never can be inclosures, appears to be universally conceded. What would his Grace of Leeds say, if he were told that the Bernese Alps were shut up, and the liberty of crossing them denied, because some Swiss seigneur had taken it into his head to establish a chamois preserve? The idea of preserving deer in the way now attempted is completely modern, and we hope will be immediately abandoned. It must not, for the sake of our country, be said, that in Scotland, not only the inclosures, but the wilds and the mountains are shut out from the foot of man; and that, where no highway exists, he is debarred from the privilege of the heather. Whatever may be the abstract legal rights of the aristocracy, we protest against the policy and propriety of a system which would leave Ben Cruachan to the eagles, and render Loch Ericht and Loch Aven as inaccessible as those mighty lakes which are said to exist in Central Africa, somewhere about the sources of the Niger.

Abd-el-Kader, sketches of, 348.Adelaide, Queen, anecdote of, 584.Advice to an intending Serialist, 590.Affghanistan, sketch of the recent history of, 540.Agave Americana, the, 266.Agriculture in Mexico, 266.Aird, Thomas, a summer day by, 277.Aire, siege of, 529.Algeria, 534.America, effects of the discovery of, 261.Americans and Aborigines, the, a tale of the short war—Part Last, 45.Anhalt, Prince of, 529.Annals and antiquities of London, ,673.Anti-corn-law league, the, 250.Arabs, sketches of the, 341.Army, the, 129—present defects in, and their improvement, 131—punishments, 133—rewards, 136—sale of commissions, 137—education, 138—dress, 142.Arras, siege of, 527.Ascherson, Herr, 101.Badger, habits of the, 497.Barrados, General, defeat of, 274.Barrett, Miss, poems by, 488.Bautzen, battle of, 579.Ben Douda, an Arab chief, 341.Bethune, capture of, 528.Blanco, General, 2.Blidah, town of, 339.Bocca di Cattaro, the, 431.Bona, town of, 344.Boston, town of, 474.Bouchain, siege of, 537.Bright, Mr, on the game laws, ,757.British Association, remarks on the, 640.Burnes, Sir Alexander, murder of, 553.Bustamente, president of Mexico, 274.Cabanero, General, 302.Cabellos' life of Cabrera, 295.Cabrera, sketch of the career of, 293.Callao, fort of, 3.Canada, sketches of, 464.Carbunculo of Peru, the, 193.Carlist war, sketches of the, 293.Carnicer, Colonel, 293, 294.Carnival in Peru, the, 9.Castel Fuerte, viceroy of Peru, 7.Cathedral of Mexico, the, 269.Cattaro, town of, 431.Cerro de Parco, silver mines of, 182.Change on Change, 492.Charles Russell, the gentleman commoner, Chap. I., 145—Chap. II., 309.Chili, war of, with Peru, 2.Christina of Spain, notices of, ,741.Coco-tree of Peru, the, 189.Columbus, from Schiller, 333.Commissions, sale of, in the army, 137.Condé, Prince of, ,704.Conde's Daughter, the, 496.Condor, the, 3.Cookery and Civilisation, 238.Cordilleras of Peru, the, 181.Corn-law repeal, on the, 249.Cortes, armour of, 270—conquest of Mexico by, 272.Coursing, passion for, in Peru, 15.Creoles of Peru, the, 8.Criminal law, on the, ,721.Dance, the, from Schiller, 480.Dead Rose, a, by E. B. Barrett, 491.Death of Zumalacarregui, the, 56.Dedomenicis, Signor, 103.Dejazet the actress, 413.Denmark, sketches of, ,645.Diseases of Peru, the, 179, 181.Ditmarschers, the, ,646.Dost Mohammed, sketch of the life of, 540.Douay, siege of, 525.Drama, the romantic, 161.Dramatic mysteries in Peru, 187.Dress of the army, the, 143.Dudevant, Madame, 423.Dumas, Alexander, notices of, 417.Earthquakes in Lima, 13.Education of the soldier, on the, 138.Elinor Travis, a tale, Chap. II., 83.—Chapter the Last, 444.England in the new world, 464.English Hexameters, letters on,—Letter I., 19—Letter II., 327—Letter III., 477.English Poor laws, operation of the, 555.Epic poem, on the, 163.Espartero, General, 301.Espinoza, Major, anecdote of, 303.Esteller, death of, 303.Eugene, Prince, 34, ,698.Fergusson's notes of a professional life, review of, 129.Fishes of Peru, the, 18.Flogging in the army, on, 133.France, state of criminal procedure in, ,721.Free trade, on, 249.Frieslanders, the, ,651.From Schiller, 333.Game laws, on the, ,754.Gaming, prevalence of, in Mexico, 267.Germany, state of criminal law in, ,721.Ghent, capture of, by Marlborough, 23.Girardin, M., 420.Gomez, General, 299.Guano deposits in Peru, the, 17.Gutzkow's Paris, review of, 411.Hanging bridges of Peru, the, 182.Hector in the garden, by Elizabeth B. Barrett, 493.Heron, habits of the, 397.Hexameters, English, letters on—Letter I., 19.—Letter II., 327.—Letter III., 477.Hidalgos, insurrection of, in Mexico, 272.Highland wild sports, 389.Historical romance, on the, 162.Hochelaga, or England in the New World, review of, 464.Holsche, Lieutenant, anecdotes of, 587, 588.Holstein, sketches of, ,645.Honour to the Plough, 613.Horses of Algeria, the, 345—of Peru, 11.How I became a Yeoman—Chap. I., 358—Chap. II., 362—Chap. III., 366—Chap. IV., 371.—Chap. V., 374.How to build a house and live in it—No. II., 349.Howden, Lord, death of Zumalacarregui by, 56.Hydropathy, on, 376.Ignazio, 102.Imprisonment as a punishment, on, ,722.Indians of Peru, the, 183, 185.Inns of Peru, the, 181.Inquisition in Peru, the, 7.Isabella of Spain, marriage of, ,740.Iturbide, rise and fall of, 273.Jalapa, city of, 265.Jamaica, Metcalfe's government of, ,662.Janin, Jules, 421.Jesuits, expulsion of the, from Peru, 6.Jews in Algiers, the, 344.Juan Fernandez, island of, 3.Juan Santos, insurrection of, 190.Kabyles, the, 345.Kennedy's Algeria, review of, 334.Kingston, town of, 470.Kleist, General, 579.Kohl in Denmark and the Marshes, review of, ,645.Kulm, battle of, 581.Lal, Mohan, Life of Dost Mahommed by, 539.Last recollections of Napoleon, 110.Late and present Ministry, the, 249.Lays and legends of the Thames, ,729.Law, the, and its punishments, ,721.Letters and impressions from Paris, 411.Letters on English Hexameters—Letter I., 19.—Letter II., 327.—Letter III., 477.Life at the water cure, review of, 376.Lille, siege and citadel of, 22.Lima, town of, 5.Lodge, A., the Minstrel's Curse, by, 177.London, annals and antiquities of, ,673.London Bridge, ,730.Louis XIV., character of, 517—contrasted with William III., 522.Louis Philippe and the Spanish marriages, ,742.Lowe, Sir Hudson, 122, 126.Luigia de Medici, 614.Lutzen, battle of, 578.Maconochie, Captain, on punishment, ,725.Malplaquet, battle of, 33.Man's requirements, by Elizabeth B. Barrett, 489.Marey, General, 340.Market of Lima, the, 12.Marlborough's Dispatches, 1708, 1709, 22—1710, 1711, 517—1711, 1712, ,690—his death and character, ,702.Marshall's Military Miscellany, review of, 129.Maude's Spinning, by E. B. Barrett, 490.Medeah, town of, 340.Mesmeric mountebanks, 223.Metcalfe, Lord, government of Jamaica by, ,662.Mexico, its history and people, 261—valley and city of, 269.Mildred, a tale—Part I., chapter I., ,709—chapter II., ,713—chapter III., ,718.Military Education in Prussia, 573.Mine, forest, and cordillera, the, 172.Minstrel's Curse the, from Uhland, 177.Mohan Lal in Affghanistan, 539.Monasteries of Spain, state of, when suppressed, 295.Mons, siege of, 31.Montalban, siege of, 305.Montenegro, visit to the Vladika of, 428.Montesquieu, Marshal, 525.Montholon's Napoleon, review of, 110.Montpensier, Duke of, ,751.Montreal, town of, 470.More Rogues in Outline—the sick antiquary, 101—Signor Dedomenicis, 103—Scaling a coin, 107.Moreau, death of, 580.Morella, capture of, by Cabrera, 301.Morellos, insurrection of, 272.Moriamur pro Rege Nostro—Chap. I., 194—Chap. II., 201—Chap. III., 210—Chap. IV., 216—Conclusion, 221.Morning and other poems, review of, 62.Mules of Peru, the, 12.Museum of Mexico, the, 270.My College Friends—No. IV., Charles Russell, the gentleman commoner—Chap. I., 145—Chap. II., 309.Napoleon and Louis XIV., parallel between, 520—last recollections of, 110.Negro carnival in Peru, the, 17.Negroes of Peru, the, 9.Niagara, Falls of, 471.Nogueras, General, 297.North America, features of, 262.New Scottish Plays and Poems, 62.New Sentimental Journey, a—At Moulins, 481—Clermont, 484—on a stone, 606—the Philosopher, 608—a Shandrydan, 611.Newspapers, on, 629.Odysseus, from Schiller, 333.Ogilvy's Highland Minstrelsy, review of, 62.Old Ignazio, 102.Opera in Paris, state of the, 415.Operation of the English Poor-laws, 555.Orizaba, mountain of, 265.Palace of Mexico, the, 269.Pardinas, General, defeat and death of, 303.Paredes, General, 275.Paris, letters and impressions from, 411.Peel, Sir Robert, policy of, 249—his financial system, 252.Pellicer, Colonel, cruelties of, 306.Perote, town of, 265.Peru, 1—the mine, forest, and cordillera, 179.Poaching in the Highlands, 403.Poems by Elizabeth Barrett Barrett—a woman's shortcomings, 488—a man's requirements, 489—Maude's spinning, 490—a dead rose, 491—change on change, 492—a reed, ib.—Hector in the garden, 493.Poetry—The minstrel's curse, 177—a summer day, by Thomas Aird, 277—Columbus, &c., from Schiller, 333—the Dance, from Schiller, 480—poems by Miss Barrett, 488—honour to the plough, 613—London Bridge, ,730—Song for the million, ,733—Thames Tunnel, ,736—St Magnus', Kirkwall, ,753.Poor-Law, operation of the, 555.Prussian military memoirs, 572.Puebla, city of, 268.Pulque, manufacture of, 266.Puna of Peru, the, 186.Punishment, state of, under the English law, ,722—objects of, ,724.Punishments in the army, 134—of the law, ,721.Quebec, city of, 465.Quesnoy, capture of, ,694.Quinté, bay of, 470.Rachel the actress, 413.Rahden's wanderings of a soldier, review of, 572.Raven, anecdotes of the, 402.Recent royal marriages, on ,740.Red deer, habits of the, 408.Reed, a, by Elizabeth Barrett Barrett, 492.Reichenbach, count, anecdote of, 577, 584.Requiera, Padre, 15.Rewards for the army, on, 136.Roads of Peru, the, 80.Robbers of Mexico, the, 267—of Peru, 14.Romantic drama, the, 161.Russell minstry, the, 257.St John's wild sports of the Highlands, review of, 389.St John's, town of, 464.St Juan D'Ulloa, fort of, 265.St Magnus', Kirkwall, ,753.St Marie's Algeria, review of, 334.St Venant, capture of, 529.Salcedo silver mine, the, 184.San Jose silver mine, 185.Sand, George, 423.Santa Anna, rise of, 273.Santa Cruz, protector of Peru, 2.Santos, Juan, 190.Scaling a coin, 107.Schiller, translations from, 333, 480.Scorpion eaters among the Arabs, 342.Scottish plays and poems, 62.Seal, habits of the, 401.Segura, destruction of the town of, 304.Serialist, advice to an intending, 590.Shark, combat with a, 3.Short enlistments, advantages of, 132.Shujah, Shah, sketches of, 541.Sick antiquary, the, 101.Signor Dedomenicis, 103.Silver mines of Mexico, the, 271—of Peru, 182.Smith, Hannibal, letter to, 590.Smith's antiquarian ramble in the streets of London, review of, ,673.Solitary confinement, on, ,725.Song for the million, ,733.South America, features of, 262.Soyer's cookery, review of, 238.Spanish marriage, on the, 631-,740.Steffens, Professor, anecdote of, 577.Storms of Peru, the, 182.Summer day, a, by Thomas Aird, 277.Superstitions of Mexico, the, 275.Surville, defence of Tournay by, 29.Swan, wild, habits of the, 398.Thames, Lays and Legends of the, ,729—tunnel, ,735.Things in general, 625.Tournay, siege of, 28.Tower of London, the, ,732.Tschudi's Peru, review of, 1, 179.Tupac Amaru, 191.Turenne, Marshal, ,704.Uhland, the minstrel's curse by, 177.United States, sketches of the, 471.Utrecht, peace of, ,693.Valparaiso, town of, 3.Vampire bat of Peru, the, 192.Vandamme, General, 581.Vera Cruz, town of, 263.Vigo, General, death of, 304.Villars, Marshal, 33, 526.Visit to the Vladika of Montenegro, a, 428.Von Rahden's wanderings of a soldier, review of, 575.Water cure, the, 376.Waterloo, Napoleon on, 123.Welford's evidence on the game laws, ,757.West Indies, recent history of the, ,662.White's Earl of Gowrie, &c., review of, 62.Wild Sports and Natural History of the Highlands, 389.Wild swan, habits of the, 398.William III., parallel between, and Louis XIV., 522.Woman's shortcomings, by E. B. Barrett, 488.Woods of Peru, the, 192.Yanez, colonel, death of, 268.Yca, province of, 17.Yussuf, an Arab leader, 347Zettinié, city of, 439Zumalacarregui, death of, 56.

Edinburgh: Printed by Ballantyne and Hughes, Paul's Work, Canongate.

FOOTNOTES:[1]Mr Kohl fixes the date of the "melted lead" day at 1319, forgetting that Margaret, the Semiramis of the North, in whose reign the event occurred, did not reign in Denmark until about 1375. She died in 1412.[2]In the year 1660, the different estates of Denmark made a voluntary surrender of their rights into the hands of their sovereign, who became by that actabsolute: it is a fact unparalleled in the history of any other country. Up to the year 1834, this unlimited power was exercised by the kings, who, it must be said to their honour, never abused it by seeking to oppress or enslave their subjects. In the year 1834, however, Frederic VI., of his own free will and choice, established a representative government. The gift was by no means conferred in consequence of any discontent exhibited under the hitherto restrictive system. The intentions of the monarch were highly praiseworthy; their wisdom is not so clear, as, under the new law, the kingdom is divided into four parts—1. The Islands; 2. Sleswig; 3. Jutland; 4. Holstein; each having its own provincial assembly. The number of representatives for the whole country amounts to 1217. Each representative receives four rix-dollars a-day (a rix-dollar is 2s. 21⁄2d.) for his services, besides his travelling expenses. The communication between the sovereign and the assembly is through a royal commissioner, who is allowed to vote, but not to speak.—SeeWheaton's History of Scandinavia.[3]Whilst in this neighbourhood, Mr Kohl should have explored the Gunderler Wood, where stone circles and earth mounds are yet carefully preserved, marking the site of one of the principal places of sacrifice in heathen times. AtGysselfelt, a lay nunnery exists, founded as recently as the year 1799.[4]It was by the Duchess of Newcastle, according to Pepys, that this play was written. In his Diary he says, under date of the 11th April 1667:—"To Whitehall, thinking there to have seen the Duchess of Newcastle coming this night to court to make a visit to the Queen. The whole story of this lady is a romance, and all she does is romantic. Her footmen in velvet coats, and herself in an antique dress, as they say; and was the other day at her own play,TheHumorous Lovers, the most ridiculous thing that ever was wrote, but yet she and her lord mightily pleased with it; and she at the end made her respects to the players from her box, and did give them thanks." This was the eccentric dame who kept a maid of honour sitting up all night, to write down any bright idea or happy inspiration by which she might be visited.[5]"The siege, so far as it depends on me, shall be pushed with all possible vigour, and I do not altogether despair but that, from the success of this campaign, we may hear of some advances made towards that which we so much desire. And I shall esteem it much the happiest part of my life, if I can be instrumental in putting a good end to the war, which grows so burdensome to our country, as well as to our allies."—Marlborough to Lord Oxford, Aug. 20, 1711; Coxe, vi. 92.[6]Coxe, vi. 93.[7]"As you have given me encouragement to enter into the strictest confidence with you, I beg your friendly advice in what manner I am to conduct myself. You cannot but imagine it would be a terrible mortification for me to pass by the Hague when our plenipotentiaries are there, and myself a stranger to their transactions; and what hopes can I have of any countenance at home if I am not thought fit to be trusted abroad?"—Marlborough to the Lord Treasurer, 21st Oct. 1711.[8]I hear, that in his conversation with the Queen, the Duke of Marlborough has spoken against what we are doing; in short, his fate hangs heavy upon him, and he has of late pursued every counsel which was worst for him.—Bolingbroke's Letters, i. 480. Nov. 24, 1711.[9]Parl. Hist., 10th December 1711.[10]Swift'sJournal to Stella, Dec. 8, 1711.—Swift said to the Lord Treasurer, in his usual ironical style, "If there is no remedy, your lordship will lose your head; but I shall only be hung, and so carry my body entire to the grave."—Coxe, vi. 148, 157.[11]Cunningham, ii. 367.[12]Burnet'sHistory of his Own Times, vi. 116.[13]Mém. de Torcy, iii. 268, 269.[14]Swift'sFour Last Years of Queen Anne, 59;Continuation ofRapin, xviii. 468. 8vo edit.[15]"The French will see that there is a possibility of reviving the love of war in our people, by the indignation that has been expressed at the plan given in at Utrecht."—Mr Secretary St John to British Plenipotentiary, Dec. 28, 1711.—Bolingbroke'sCorrespondence, ii. 93.[16]Coxe, vi. 189, 184.[17]Mém. de Villars, ii. 197.[18]"Her Majesty, my lord, has reason to believe that we shall come to an agreement upon the great article of the union of the monarchies, as soon as a courier sent from Versailles to Madrid can return. It is, therefore, the Queen'spositive commandto your Grace thatyou avoid engaging in any siege, or hazarding a battle, till you have further orders from her Majesty. I am, at the same time, directed to let your Grace know, that you areto disguise the receipt of this order; and her Majesty thinks you cannot want pretences for conducting yourself, without owning that which might at present have an ill effect if it was publicly known.P.S.I had almost forgot to tell your Grace that communication is made of this orderto the Court of France, so that if the Marshal de Villars takes, in any private way, notice of it to you, your Grace will answer it accordingly."—Mr Secretary St John to the Duke of Ormond, May 10, 1712.Bolingbroke'sCorrespondence, ii. 320.[19]Eugene to Marlborough, June 9, 1712.—Coxe vi. 199.[20]Parl. Hist., May 28, 1712.Lockhart Papers, i, 392[21]Coxe, vi. 192, 193.[22]"No one can doubt the Duke of Ormond's bravery; but he is not like a certain general who led troops to the slaughter, to cause a great number of officers to be knocked on the head in a battle, or against stone walls, in order to fill his pockets by the sale of their commissions."—Coxe, vi. 196.[23]Lockhart Papers, i. 392; Coxe, vi. 196, 199.[24]The words of the treaty, which subsequent events have rendered of importance, on this point, were these:—Philippe V. King of Spain renounced "à toutes pretentions, droits, et tîtres que lui et sa postérité avaient ou pourraient avoir à l'avenir à la couronne de France. Il consentit pour lui et sa postérité que ce droit fût tenu et considéré comme passé au Duc de Berry son frère et à ses descendans et postéritémale; et en defaut de ce prince, et de sa postéritémale, au Duc de Bourbon son cousin età ses héritiers, et aussi successivement à tous les princes du sang de France." The Duke of Saxony and hismaleheirs were called to the succession, failing Philippe V. and his male heirs. This act of renunciation and entail of the crown of Spain onmaleheirs, was ratified by the Cortes of Castile and Arragon; by the parliament of Paris, by Great Britain and France in the sixth article of the Treaty of Utrecht.—VideSchoell,Hist. de Trait., ii. 99, 105, andDumont,Corp. Dipl., tom. viii. p. 1. p. 339.[25]Coxe, vi. 205.[26]Cunningham, ii. 432; Milner, 356.[27]Mém. de Villars, ii. 396, 421.[28]Mr Pitt to Sir Benjamin Keene.—Memoirs of the Spanish Kings, c. 57.[29]Life of Marlborough, 175.[30]"At the future congress, his Imperial Majesty will do all that is possible to sustain my Lord Duke in the principality of Mendleheim, but if it should so happen that any invincible difficulty should occur in that affair, his Imperial Highness will give his Highness an equivalent out of his own hereditary dominions."—Emperor Charles VI. to Duchess of Marlborough, August 8, 1712.—Coxe, vi. 248.[31]Coxe, vi. 249, 251.[32]Duke of Marlborough's Answer, June 2, 1713.[33]Coxe, vi. 369, 373.[34]Coxe, vi. 263.[35]Lediard, 496. Coxe, vi. 384, 385.[36]Coxe, vi. 384-387.[37]Marlborough's Dispatches.Blackwood's Magazine, Nov. 1846, p.[38]Marlborough House in London cost about L.100,000.—Coxe, vi. 399.[39]Smith'sMoral Sentiments, ii. 158.[40]Bolingbroke'sLetters on the Study of History, ii. 172.[41]"Il existe des malades dont les clous jai'lissent des chaussures quand ils sont étendus dans la direction du nord."

[1]Mr Kohl fixes the date of the "melted lead" day at 1319, forgetting that Margaret, the Semiramis of the North, in whose reign the event occurred, did not reign in Denmark until about 1375. She died in 1412.

[2]In the year 1660, the different estates of Denmark made a voluntary surrender of their rights into the hands of their sovereign, who became by that actabsolute: it is a fact unparalleled in the history of any other country. Up to the year 1834, this unlimited power was exercised by the kings, who, it must be said to their honour, never abused it by seeking to oppress or enslave their subjects. In the year 1834, however, Frederic VI., of his own free will and choice, established a representative government. The gift was by no means conferred in consequence of any discontent exhibited under the hitherto restrictive system. The intentions of the monarch were highly praiseworthy; their wisdom is not so clear, as, under the new law, the kingdom is divided into four parts—1. The Islands; 2. Sleswig; 3. Jutland; 4. Holstein; each having its own provincial assembly. The number of representatives for the whole country amounts to 1217. Each representative receives four rix-dollars a-day (a rix-dollar is 2s. 21⁄2d.) for his services, besides his travelling expenses. The communication between the sovereign and the assembly is through a royal commissioner, who is allowed to vote, but not to speak.—SeeWheaton's History of Scandinavia.

[3]Whilst in this neighbourhood, Mr Kohl should have explored the Gunderler Wood, where stone circles and earth mounds are yet carefully preserved, marking the site of one of the principal places of sacrifice in heathen times. AtGysselfelt, a lay nunnery exists, founded as recently as the year 1799.

[4]It was by the Duchess of Newcastle, according to Pepys, that this play was written. In his Diary he says, under date of the 11th April 1667:—"To Whitehall, thinking there to have seen the Duchess of Newcastle coming this night to court to make a visit to the Queen. The whole story of this lady is a romance, and all she does is romantic. Her footmen in velvet coats, and herself in an antique dress, as they say; and was the other day at her own play,TheHumorous Lovers, the most ridiculous thing that ever was wrote, but yet she and her lord mightily pleased with it; and she at the end made her respects to the players from her box, and did give them thanks." This was the eccentric dame who kept a maid of honour sitting up all night, to write down any bright idea or happy inspiration by which she might be visited.

[5]"The siege, so far as it depends on me, shall be pushed with all possible vigour, and I do not altogether despair but that, from the success of this campaign, we may hear of some advances made towards that which we so much desire. And I shall esteem it much the happiest part of my life, if I can be instrumental in putting a good end to the war, which grows so burdensome to our country, as well as to our allies."—Marlborough to Lord Oxford, Aug. 20, 1711; Coxe, vi. 92.

[6]Coxe, vi. 93.

[7]"As you have given me encouragement to enter into the strictest confidence with you, I beg your friendly advice in what manner I am to conduct myself. You cannot but imagine it would be a terrible mortification for me to pass by the Hague when our plenipotentiaries are there, and myself a stranger to their transactions; and what hopes can I have of any countenance at home if I am not thought fit to be trusted abroad?"—Marlborough to the Lord Treasurer, 21st Oct. 1711.

[8]I hear, that in his conversation with the Queen, the Duke of Marlborough has spoken against what we are doing; in short, his fate hangs heavy upon him, and he has of late pursued every counsel which was worst for him.—Bolingbroke's Letters, i. 480. Nov. 24, 1711.

[9]Parl. Hist., 10th December 1711.

[10]Swift'sJournal to Stella, Dec. 8, 1711.—Swift said to the Lord Treasurer, in his usual ironical style, "If there is no remedy, your lordship will lose your head; but I shall only be hung, and so carry my body entire to the grave."—Coxe, vi. 148, 157.

[11]Cunningham, ii. 367.

[12]Burnet'sHistory of his Own Times, vi. 116.

[13]Mém. de Torcy, iii. 268, 269.

[14]Swift'sFour Last Years of Queen Anne, 59;Continuation ofRapin, xviii. 468. 8vo edit.

[15]"The French will see that there is a possibility of reviving the love of war in our people, by the indignation that has been expressed at the plan given in at Utrecht."—Mr Secretary St John to British Plenipotentiary, Dec. 28, 1711.—Bolingbroke'sCorrespondence, ii. 93.

[16]Coxe, vi. 189, 184.

[17]Mém. de Villars, ii. 197.

[18]"Her Majesty, my lord, has reason to believe that we shall come to an agreement upon the great article of the union of the monarchies, as soon as a courier sent from Versailles to Madrid can return. It is, therefore, the Queen'spositive commandto your Grace thatyou avoid engaging in any siege, or hazarding a battle, till you have further orders from her Majesty. I am, at the same time, directed to let your Grace know, that you areto disguise the receipt of this order; and her Majesty thinks you cannot want pretences for conducting yourself, without owning that which might at present have an ill effect if it was publicly known.P.S.I had almost forgot to tell your Grace that communication is made of this orderto the Court of France, so that if the Marshal de Villars takes, in any private way, notice of it to you, your Grace will answer it accordingly."—Mr Secretary St John to the Duke of Ormond, May 10, 1712.Bolingbroke'sCorrespondence, ii. 320.

[19]Eugene to Marlborough, June 9, 1712.—Coxe vi. 199.

[20]Parl. Hist., May 28, 1712.Lockhart Papers, i, 392

[21]Coxe, vi. 192, 193.

[22]"No one can doubt the Duke of Ormond's bravery; but he is not like a certain general who led troops to the slaughter, to cause a great number of officers to be knocked on the head in a battle, or against stone walls, in order to fill his pockets by the sale of their commissions."—Coxe, vi. 196.

[23]Lockhart Papers, i. 392; Coxe, vi. 196, 199.

[24]The words of the treaty, which subsequent events have rendered of importance, on this point, were these:—Philippe V. King of Spain renounced "à toutes pretentions, droits, et tîtres que lui et sa postérité avaient ou pourraient avoir à l'avenir à la couronne de France. Il consentit pour lui et sa postérité que ce droit fût tenu et considéré comme passé au Duc de Berry son frère et à ses descendans et postéritémale; et en defaut de ce prince, et de sa postéritémale, au Duc de Bourbon son cousin età ses héritiers, et aussi successivement à tous les princes du sang de France." The Duke of Saxony and hismaleheirs were called to the succession, failing Philippe V. and his male heirs. This act of renunciation and entail of the crown of Spain onmaleheirs, was ratified by the Cortes of Castile and Arragon; by the parliament of Paris, by Great Britain and France in the sixth article of the Treaty of Utrecht.—VideSchoell,Hist. de Trait., ii. 99, 105, andDumont,Corp. Dipl., tom. viii. p. 1. p. 339.

[25]Coxe, vi. 205.

[26]Cunningham, ii. 432; Milner, 356.

[27]Mém. de Villars, ii. 396, 421.

[28]Mr Pitt to Sir Benjamin Keene.—Memoirs of the Spanish Kings, c. 57.

[29]Life of Marlborough, 175.

[30]"At the future congress, his Imperial Majesty will do all that is possible to sustain my Lord Duke in the principality of Mendleheim, but if it should so happen that any invincible difficulty should occur in that affair, his Imperial Highness will give his Highness an equivalent out of his own hereditary dominions."—Emperor Charles VI. to Duchess of Marlborough, August 8, 1712.—Coxe, vi. 248.

[31]Coxe, vi. 249, 251.

[32]Duke of Marlborough's Answer, June 2, 1713.

[33]Coxe, vi. 369, 373.

[34]Coxe, vi. 263.

[35]Lediard, 496. Coxe, vi. 384, 385.

[36]Coxe, vi. 384-387.

[37]Marlborough's Dispatches.Blackwood's Magazine, Nov. 1846, p.

[38]Marlborough House in London cost about L.100,000.—Coxe, vi. 399.

[39]Smith'sMoral Sentiments, ii. 158.

[40]Bolingbroke'sLetters on the Study of History, ii. 172.

[41]"Il existe des malades dont les clous jai'lissent des chaussures quand ils sont étendus dans la direction du nord."

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