Chapter 15

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1. “On the French Revolutions,” Nos. I.–V. Jan.–May, 1831.

2. 5,468,000 in 1836, which must be at least 6,000,000 in 1848.—Statistique de la France—(Agriculture, 84–89.)

3.Democratie Pacifique, 1st March 1848.

4.Democratie Pacifique, 1st March, 1848, p. 1.

5. Ibid.

6.Democratie Pacifique, March 1, 1848.

7.Democratie Pacifique, March 2, 1848.

8. The present state of the finances of France is thus explained by the Finance Minister:—“On the 1st of January 1841, the capital of the public debt, the government stock belonging to the sinking fund being deducted, was 4,267,315,402 francs. On the 1st of January 1848, it amounted to 5,179,644,730 francs. Far from taking advantage of so long a peace to reduce the amount of the debt, the last administration augmented it in those enormous proportions,—912,329,328 francs in seven years.“BUDGETS.“The budgets followed the progression of the debt.“Those of 1829 to 1830 amount to 1,014,914,000 francs. The entire of the credits placed at the disposal of the fallen government to the year 1847 amounts to 1,712,979,639f. 62c. Notwithstanding the successive increase of the receipts, the budgets presented each year a considerable deficit. The expenses from 1840 to 1847 inclusively, exceeded the receipts by 604,525,000 francs. The deficit calculated for the year 1848 is 48,000,000 francs, without counting the additional chapter of supplementary and extraordinary credits, which will raise the total amount of the budgets to the charge of the last administration to 652,525,000 francs.“PUBLIC WORKS.“The public works heedlessly undertaken simultaneously, at all points of the territory, to satisfy or to encourage electoral corruption, and not with that reserve which prudence so imperiously commanded, have raised the credits to 1,081,000,000 francs. From this sum are to be deducted the sums reimbursed by the companies, amounting to 160,000,000 francs; the last loan, 82,000,000 francs, making together 242,000,000 francs, and leaving a balance of 839,000,000 francs. Out of this sum, 435,000,000 francs has been expended out of the resources of the floating debt, and 404,000,000 francs still remain to be expended on the completion of the works.“FLOATING DEBT.“The floating debt increased in proportions not less considerable. At the commencement of 1831 it reached an amount of about 250,000,000 francs. At the date of the 26th of February last it exceeded 670,000,000 francs, to which is to be added the government stock belonging to the savings’ banks, 202,000,000 francs, making altogether 972,000,000 francs. Under such a system the position of the central office of the Treasury could not often be brilliant. During the two hundred and sixty-eight last days of its existence, the fallen government expended more than 294,800,000 francs beyond its ordinary resources, or 1,100,000 francs per day.”—Report of Finance Minister, March 9, 1848.

8. The present state of the finances of France is thus explained by the Finance Minister:—

“On the 1st of January 1841, the capital of the public debt, the government stock belonging to the sinking fund being deducted, was 4,267,315,402 francs. On the 1st of January 1848, it amounted to 5,179,644,730 francs. Far from taking advantage of so long a peace to reduce the amount of the debt, the last administration augmented it in those enormous proportions,—912,329,328 francs in seven years.

“BUDGETS.

“The budgets followed the progression of the debt.

“Those of 1829 to 1830 amount to 1,014,914,000 francs. The entire of the credits placed at the disposal of the fallen government to the year 1847 amounts to 1,712,979,639f. 62c. Notwithstanding the successive increase of the receipts, the budgets presented each year a considerable deficit. The expenses from 1840 to 1847 inclusively, exceeded the receipts by 604,525,000 francs. The deficit calculated for the year 1848 is 48,000,000 francs, without counting the additional chapter of supplementary and extraordinary credits, which will raise the total amount of the budgets to the charge of the last administration to 652,525,000 francs.

“PUBLIC WORKS.

“The public works heedlessly undertaken simultaneously, at all points of the territory, to satisfy or to encourage electoral corruption, and not with that reserve which prudence so imperiously commanded, have raised the credits to 1,081,000,000 francs. From this sum are to be deducted the sums reimbursed by the companies, amounting to 160,000,000 francs; the last loan, 82,000,000 francs, making together 242,000,000 francs, and leaving a balance of 839,000,000 francs. Out of this sum, 435,000,000 francs has been expended out of the resources of the floating debt, and 404,000,000 francs still remain to be expended on the completion of the works.

“FLOATING DEBT.

“The floating debt increased in proportions not less considerable. At the commencement of 1831 it reached an amount of about 250,000,000 francs. At the date of the 26th of February last it exceeded 670,000,000 francs, to which is to be added the government stock belonging to the savings’ banks, 202,000,000 francs, making altogether 972,000,000 francs. Under such a system the position of the central office of the Treasury could not often be brilliant. During the two hundred and sixty-eight last days of its existence, the fallen government expended more than 294,800,000 francs beyond its ordinary resources, or 1,100,000 francs per day.”—Report of Finance Minister, March 9, 1848.

9. Lamartine, “Histoire des Girondins,” iii. 244, 245.

10.“La plus grande erreur contre laquelle il faille premunir la population de nos campagnes, c’est que pour être representant il soit nécessaire d’avoir de l’éducation ou de la fortune.”—Circulaire du Ministre d’Instruction publique, Mars 9 et 6, 1848.

11. Tacitus.

12. Burke’sWorks.

13. “God is patient because eternal.”

14. De Tocqueville,Democratie en Amerique, ii. 268.

15. These lines were composed on the north coast of Scotland, in view of a wild sea-cave, the extent of which has never been ascertained. The Atlantic rolls into it with such fury during a tempest, that the spray rises like smoke from an orifice in the rock resembling a chimney, at some distance from the mouth of the cave. This singular and startling effect has no doubt given rise to the popular name of this remarkable cavern—Hell’s Lum. Scott would have been pleased with it, and its romantic legends of mermaids, &c.

16.Histoire de la Conquête de Naples par Charles d’Anjou, frère de St Louis.Par le ComteAlexis de St Priest, Pair de France. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1848. Vols. i. to iii.

17.“Plasmi el cavalier FrancesE la donna Catalana,” &c., &c.A well-known song which Voltaire rightly attributes to Frederick II., and which Guinguené, who is here wrong in his criticism of Voltaire, gives to Frederick Barbarossa.

17.

“Plasmi el cavalier FrancesE la donna Catalana,” &c., &c.

“Plasmi el cavalier Frances

E la donna Catalana,” &c., &c.

A well-known song which Voltaire rightly attributes to Frederick II., and which Guinguené, who is here wrong in his criticism of Voltaire, gives to Frederick Barbarossa.

18.“Der wart auch Chunrad genantDoch ner alle Welhesche LanndDa nannten die Lewt inNicht anders denn Chunradin.”Ottakher’sAustriæ Chronicon Germanicum.

18.

“Der wart auch Chunrad genantDoch ner alle Welhesche LanndDa nannten die Lewt inNicht anders denn Chunradin.”Ottakher’sAustriæ Chronicon Germanicum.

“Der wart auch Chunrad genant

Doch ner alle Welhesche Lannd

Da nannten die Lewt in

Nicht anders denn Chunradin.”

Ottakher’sAustriæ Chronicon Germanicum.

19. In the middle ages remarried queens lost their title. Conradin, in his edicts, never called his mother otherwise thancomitissa.

20.The Life of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke; with Selections from his Correspondence, Diaries, Speeches, and Judgments.ByGeorge Harris, Esq., Barrister at Law. In 3 vols. London: Moxon.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTESPageChanged fromChanged to439when Conrad died, at the of twenty-sixwhen Conrad died, at the age of twenty-six441allowed our lord to enter our wallsallow our lord to enter our walls442with the Infante Don Pedro, daughterwith the Infante Don Pedro, son497intrépide! A la recousse!” wasintrépide! A la rescousse!” was504Liberté—Fraternité—EgalitéLiberté—Fraternité—Égalité506Ah traitre! monstre! polissonAh traître! monstre! polissonTypos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

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