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1.Of the Plurality of Worlds; an Essay. Also a Dialogue on the same subject.Second Edition. Parker and Son, 1854.More Worlds than One, the Creed of the Philosopher, and the Hope of the Christian, By SirDavid Brewster, K.H., D.C.L. Murray, 1854.The Planets: Are they Inhabited Worlds?Museum of Science and Art. ByDionysius Lardner, D.C.L., Chapters i., ii., iii., iv. Walton and Maberly, 1854.
1.Of the Plurality of Worlds; an Essay. Also a Dialogue on the same subject.Second Edition. Parker and Son, 1854.
More Worlds than One, the Creed of the Philosopher, and the Hope of the Christian, By SirDavid Brewster, K.H., D.C.L. Murray, 1854.
The Planets: Are they Inhabited Worlds?Museum of Science and Art. ByDionysius Lardner, D.C.L., Chapters i., ii., iii., iv. Walton and Maberly, 1854.
2.Works, vol. xi. p. 198 (Bishop Heber’s edition). The following is the entire sentence of which the above is the commencing section: “Whatever we talk, things are as they are—not as we grant, dispute, or hope; depending on neither our affirmative nor negative, but upon the rate and value which God sets upon things.”
2.Works, vol. xi. p. 198 (Bishop Heber’s edition). The following is the entire sentence of which the above is the commencing section: “Whatever we talk, things are as they are—not as we grant, dispute, or hope; depending on neither our affirmative nor negative, but upon the rate and value which God sets upon things.”
3.Dialogue, p. 37.
3.Dialogue, p. 37.
4.More Worlds than One, p. 59.
4.More Worlds than One, p. 59.
5.Dialogue, pp. 5, 6.
5.Dialogue, pp. 5, 6.
6.Daily News.
6.Daily News.
7.Essay, p. 120.
7.Essay, p. 120.
8.Ante, p. 300, No. cccclxvii.
8.Ante, p. 300, No. cccclxvii.
9.Essay, p. 202.
9.Essay, p. 202.
10. Ibid., pp. 134–136.
10. Ibid., pp. 134–136.
11. Ibid., p. 137.
11. Ibid., p. 137.
12. One or two of these “Discourses,” all of which were delivered in the Tron Church, Glasgow, at noon on the week day, were heard by the writer of this paper, then a boy. He had to wait nearly four hours before he could gain admission as one of a crowd, in which he was nearly crushed to death. It was with no little effort that the great preacher could find his way to his pulpit. As soon as his fervid eloquence began to stream from it, the intense enthusiasm of the auditory became almost irrestrainable; and in that enthusiasm the writer, young as he was, fully participated. He has never since witnessed anything equal to the scene.
12. One or two of these “Discourses,” all of which were delivered in the Tron Church, Glasgow, at noon on the week day, were heard by the writer of this paper, then a boy. He had to wait nearly four hours before he could gain admission as one of a crowd, in which he was nearly crushed to death. It was with no little effort that the great preacher could find his way to his pulpit. As soon as his fervid eloquence began to stream from it, the intense enthusiasm of the auditory became almost irrestrainable; and in that enthusiasm the writer, young as he was, fully participated. He has never since witnessed anything equal to the scene.
13.Essay, pp. 193, 194.
13.Essay, pp. 193, 194.
14. In the “Dialogue,” Dr Whewell states that it was not till after the publication of his “Essay” that he became acquainted with the fact of the coincidence of his views, on the subject of Geology, with those of Mr Hugh Miller, in his “First Impressions of England,” with reference to astronomical objections to Revelation.
14. In the “Dialogue,” Dr Whewell states that it was not till after the publication of his “Essay” that he became acquainted with the fact of the coincidence of his views, on the subject of Geology, with those of Mr Hugh Miller, in his “First Impressions of England,” with reference to astronomical objections to Revelation.
15. Ibid., chap. vii., § 1, p. 206.
15. Ibid., chap. vii., § 1, p. 206.
16. Ibid., chap. vi., § 27, p. 190.
16. Ibid., chap. vi., § 27, p. 190.
17.Essay, pp. 191, 192.
17.Essay, pp. 191, 192.
18. Ibid., p. 148.
18. Ibid., p. 148.
19. Ibid., pp. 151, 152.
19. Ibid., pp. 151, 152.
20. Ibid., p. 154.
20. Ibid., p. 154.
21. Ibid., p. 166.
21. Ibid., p. 166.
22. Ibid., p. 155.
22. Ibid., p. 155.
23.More Worlds than One, p. 52.
23.More Worlds than One, p. 52.
24.Essay, p. 188.
24.Essay, p. 188.
25.Essay, pp. 198–199.
25.Essay, pp. 198–199.
26. Ibid., p. 203.
26. Ibid., p. 203.
27.Ante, p. 289.
27.Ante, p. 289.
28.Essay, p. 194.
28.Essay, p. 194.
29.Essay, p. 195.
29.Essay, p. 195.
30. Ibid., p. 196.
30. Ibid., p. 196.
31. Even of monkeys, there have been found fossil remains.
31. Even of monkeys, there have been found fossil remains.
32.Essay, p. 197.
32.Essay, p. 197.
33.Essay, p. 198.
33.Essay, p. 198.
34. Ibid., pp. 199, 200.
34. Ibid., pp. 199, 200.
35.More Worlds than One, p. 237, (we quote from the first edition).
35.More Worlds than One, p. 237, (we quote from the first edition).
36. Ibid., p. 230.
36. Ibid., p. 230.
37. Ibid., p. 240.
37. Ibid., p. 240.
38.More Worlds than One, p. 202.
38.More Worlds than One, p. 202.
39. Ibid., p. 199.
39. Ibid., p. 199.
40. In fact, in a note to page 247, Sir David thus slily alludes to those “conjectures” of Dr Whewell in hisBridgewater Treatise, to which we have referred (ante, pp. 290, 291):—“A very different opinion is stated by Dr Whewell, in hisBridgewater Treatise;” adding, after citing the passages, “the rest of the chapter, ‘On the vastness of the Universe,’ is well worthy of the perusal of the reader, and forms a striking contrast with the opinions of the Essayist.”—This is perfectly fair.
40. In fact, in a note to page 247, Sir David thus slily alludes to those “conjectures” of Dr Whewell in hisBridgewater Treatise, to which we have referred (ante, pp. 290, 291):—“A very different opinion is stated by Dr Whewell, in hisBridgewater Treatise;” adding, after citing the passages, “the rest of the chapter, ‘On the vastness of the Universe,’ is well worthy of the perusal of the reader, and forms a striking contrast with the opinions of the Essayist.”—This is perfectly fair.
41.More Worlds than One, p. 98.
41.More Worlds than One, p. 98.
42. Ibid., p. 108.
42. Ibid., p. 108.
43. Ibid., p. 166.
43. Ibid., p. 166.
44.More Worlds than One, pp. 180, 183.
44.More Worlds than One, pp. 180, 183.
45. Ibid., p. 185.
45. Ibid., p. 185.
46.Essay, ch. vii. sec. 17, p. 221.
46.Essay, ch. vii. sec. 17, p. 221.
47.More Worlds than One, p. 248.
47.More Worlds than One, p. 248.
48.Essay, chap. x. sec. 10, pp. 308, 309; chap. xii. sec. 1, p. 359.
48.Essay, chap. x. sec. 10, pp. 308, 309; chap. xii. sec. 1, p. 359.
49.More Worlds than One, pp. 178, 179.
49.More Worlds than One, pp. 178, 179.
50.More Worlds than One, p. 18.
50.More Worlds than One, p. 18.
51.Dialogue, pp. 62–64.
51.Dialogue, pp. 62–64.
52.More Worlds than One, p. 131.
52.More Worlds than One, p. 131.
53. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid., p. 138.
54. Ibid., p. 138.
55. Ibid., p. 139.
55. Ibid., p. 139.
56. Ibid., p. 140.
56. Ibid., p. 140.
57.More Worlds than One, pp. 141–142.
57.More Worlds than One, pp. 141–142.
58. Ibid., p. 151.
58. Ibid., p. 151.
59. Ibid., p. 152.
59. Ibid., p. 152.
60. Ibid., p. 153.
60. Ibid., p. 153.
61. Ibid., pp. 44–47.
61. Ibid., pp. 44–47.
62.More Worlds than One, p. 47.
62.More Worlds than One, p. 47.
63. Azoic signifies those primary rocks which contain no traces of organic life, no remains of plants or animals.
63. Azoic signifies those primary rocks which contain no traces of organic life, no remains of plants or animals.
64.More Worlds than One, p. 52.
64.More Worlds than One, p. 52.
65. Ibid., p. 206.
65. Ibid., p. 206.
66.More Worlds than One, pp. 206, 207.
66.More Worlds than One, pp. 206, 207.
67. A thirtieth planetoid was discovered by Mr Hind since the publication of the second edition of theEssay.
67. A thirtieth planetoid was discovered by Mr Hind since the publication of the second edition of theEssay.
68.Lardner,Museum of Science and Art, vol. i. p. 156.
68.Lardner,Museum of Science and Art, vol. i. p. 156.
69.Dial., p. 60.
69.Dial., p. 60.
70. Ibid., p. 28.
70. Ibid., p. 28.
71.Museum, &c., vol. i. p. 64.
71.Museum, &c., vol. i. p. 64.
72. P. 271. Her distance from us is 240,000 miles; and our Essayist, by the way, tells us (chap. x. §7) that “a railroad-carriage, at its ordinary rate of travelling, would reach her ina month.” We should not like to travel by the Lunar Express, but should prefer the parliamentary train, and hope, starting from the Hanwell station, to get to the terminus in a couple of years or so. Good Bishop Wilkins intended to be taken up by birds of flight trained for the purpose. When the Duchess of Newcastle asked him where he intended to bait by the way, he answered, “Your Grace is the last person to ask me the question, having built so manycastles in the air!”
72. P. 271. Her distance from us is 240,000 miles; and our Essayist, by the way, tells us (chap. x. §7) that “a railroad-carriage, at its ordinary rate of travelling, would reach her ina month.” We should not like to travel by the Lunar Express, but should prefer the parliamentary train, and hope, starting from the Hanwell station, to get to the terminus in a couple of years or so. Good Bishop Wilkins intended to be taken up by birds of flight trained for the purpose. When the Duchess of Newcastle asked him where he intended to bait by the way, he answered, “Your Grace is the last person to ask me the question, having built so manycastles in the air!”
73.Essay, p. 272.
73.Essay, p. 272.
74. Pp. 80, 81.
74. Pp. 80, 81.
75.Museum, &c., vol. iii. p. 48.
75.Museum, &c., vol. iii. p. 48.
76. P. 108.
76. P. 108.
77. P. 24.
77. P. 24.
78.Museum, &c., vol. iii. p. 109.
78.Museum, &c., vol. iii. p. 109.
79. P. 112.
79. P. 112.
80. Ibid., vol. i. p. 63.
80. Ibid., vol. i. p. 63.
81.More Worlds than One, pp. 97, 101.
81.More Worlds than One, pp. 97, 101.
82. Pp. 99, 100.
82. Pp. 99, 100.
83.Essay, p. 278.
83.Essay, p. 278.
84.Essay, p. 281, 289.
84.Essay, p. 281, 289.
85. Brewster, p. 60.
85. Brewster, p. 60.
86. To descend, for a moment, to details. Sir David Brewster will not allow himself to be driven to elect between the icy or watery constituency of Jupiter. He declares direct experiment to have proved that it is neither; that if Jupiter were a sphere of water, the light reflected from his surface, when in his quadratures, must contain, as it doesnot, a large portion of polarised light; and if his crust consist of mountains, precipices, and rocks of ice, some of whose faces must occasionally reflect the incident light at nearly the polarising angle, the polarisation of their light would be distinctly indicated. The Essayist, in hisDialogue, “doubts whether the remark is applicable; for Jupiter’s watery or icy mass must be clothed in a thick stratum of air, and aqueous vapour, and clouds. But even were the planet free from clouds, the parts of the planet’s surface from which polarised light would be reflected, would be only as points compared with the whole surface; and the common light reflected from the whole surface would quite overwhelm and obliterate the polarised light.”—Dial.p. 64. We cite this as a sample of the ingenuity of both disputants, in a point of scientific contact. Whether Sir David’s conjectural polarised light be or be not thus obliterated, in our view the item in dispute is quite lost in the general question, and the great principles on which its solution depends. If driven to elect between ice and water, asks Sir David playfully, “may we not, upon good grounds, prefer the probableiceto the possible water, and accommodate the inhabitants of Jupiter with very comfortable quarters, in huts of snow and houses of crystal, warmed by subterranean heat, and lighted with the hydrogen of its waters, and its cinders not wholly deprived of their bitumen?”—Pp. 236, 237. The answer of his opponent would be obvious.
86. To descend, for a moment, to details. Sir David Brewster will not allow himself to be driven to elect between the icy or watery constituency of Jupiter. He declares direct experiment to have proved that it is neither; that if Jupiter were a sphere of water, the light reflected from his surface, when in his quadratures, must contain, as it doesnot, a large portion of polarised light; and if his crust consist of mountains, precipices, and rocks of ice, some of whose faces must occasionally reflect the incident light at nearly the polarising angle, the polarisation of their light would be distinctly indicated. The Essayist, in hisDialogue, “doubts whether the remark is applicable; for Jupiter’s watery or icy mass must be clothed in a thick stratum of air, and aqueous vapour, and clouds. But even were the planet free from clouds, the parts of the planet’s surface from which polarised light would be reflected, would be only as points compared with the whole surface; and the common light reflected from the whole surface would quite overwhelm and obliterate the polarised light.”—Dial.p. 64. We cite this as a sample of the ingenuity of both disputants, in a point of scientific contact. Whether Sir David’s conjectural polarised light be or be not thus obliterated, in our view the item in dispute is quite lost in the general question, and the great principles on which its solution depends. If driven to elect between ice and water, asks Sir David playfully, “may we not, upon good grounds, prefer the probableiceto the possible water, and accommodate the inhabitants of Jupiter with very comfortable quarters, in huts of snow and houses of crystal, warmed by subterranean heat, and lighted with the hydrogen of its waters, and its cinders not wholly deprived of their bitumen?”—Pp. 236, 237. The answer of his opponent would be obvious.
87. Brewster, p. 61.
87. Brewster, p. 61.
88. Ibid., p. 62.
88. Ibid., p. 62.
89. Ibid., pp. 65, 66.
89. Ibid., pp. 65, 66.
90. Ibid., pp. 68, 69.
90. Ibid., pp. 68, 69.
91.Dial., p. 6.
91.Dial., p. 6.
92. Ibid., p. 23.
92. Ibid., p. 23.
93.Dial., p. 76.
93.Dial., p. 76.
94.Museum, &c., vol. i. p. 35.
94.Museum, &c., vol. i. p. 35.
95.Dial., p. 23.
95.Dial., p. 23.
96. Lord Byron—Hebrew Melodies. “The philosopher will scan,” says Sir David, at the close of his eloquent Treatise, “with a new sense, the lofty spheres in which he is to study.”—P. 259.
96. Lord Byron—Hebrew Melodies. “The philosopher will scan,” says Sir David, at the close of his eloquent Treatise, “with a new sense, the lofty spheres in which he is to study.”—P. 259.
97. Pp. 164, 165.
97. Pp. 164, 165.
98. Isaiah, xlv. 9.
98. Isaiah, xlv. 9.
99. Isaiah, lv. 8, 9.
99. Isaiah, lv. 8, 9.
100.Essay, p. 244.
100.Essay, p. 244.
101. Pp. vii.–viii.
101. Pp. vii.–viii.
102.Essay, pp. 243, 244.
102.Essay, pp. 243, 244.
103. See them specified, p. 251.
103. See them specified, p. 251.
104.Cosmos, iii. 373.
104.Cosmos, iii. 373.
105. Ch. viii.,passim.
105. Ch. viii.,passim.
106.Dial., pp. 20–23.
106.Dial., pp. 20–23.
107.More Worlds than One, Ch. vi.,passim.
107.More Worlds than One, Ch. vi.,passim.
108.More Worlds than One, Ch. viii.,passim.
108.More Worlds than One, Ch. viii.,passim.
109. Ibid., p. 164.
109. Ibid., p. 164.
110. Ibid., p. 119.
110. Ibid., p. 119.
111.Essay, p. 257.
111.Essay, p. 257.
112.Lect. on Astron., 2d edit. (1849.)
112.Lect. on Astron., 2d edit. (1849.)
113. Pp. ix. x.
113. Pp. ix. x.
114.More Worlds than One, p. 176.
114.More Worlds than One, p. 176.
115.Essay, p. 211.
115.Essay, p. 211.
116.Essay, pp. 235–236.
116.Essay, pp. 235–236.
117.Dial., p. 18.
117.Dial., p. 18.
118.Essay, p. 214.
118.Essay, p. 214.
119. Ibid., p. 216.
119. Ibid., p. 216.
120.More Worlds than One, p. 215.
120.More Worlds than One, p. 215.
121.Essay, p. 298.
121.Essay, p. 298.
122.More Worlds than One, p. 315, and note.
122.More Worlds than One, p. 315, and note.
123. Ibid., p. 315.
123. Ibid., p. 315.
124. Romans, i. 22.
124. Romans, i. 22.
125. Matthew, vii. 26.
125. Matthew, vii. 26.
126.Dialogue, p. 74.
126.Dialogue, p. 74.
127. Isaiah, lxiv. 4; 1 Cor., ii. 9.
127. Isaiah, lxiv. 4; 1 Cor., ii. 9.
128. John, xiv. 2, 23.
128. John, xiv. 2, 23.
129.Dialogue, p. 42.
129.Dialogue, p. 42.
130.Wisdom of God in the Worlds of Creation, vol. iii. p. 265.
130.Wisdom of God in the Worlds of Creation, vol. iii. p. 265.
131.Monthly Magazine,A.D.1798—art. “Walpoliana.”
131.Monthly Magazine,A.D.1798—art. “Walpoliana.”
132. Matthew, vii. 24.
132. Matthew, vii. 24.
133. This must evidently mean Loufti Pasha, who was grand vizier fromA.D.1539 to 1541.
133. This must evidently mean Loufti Pasha, who was grand vizier fromA.D.1539 to 1541.
134. This passage may be admitted as a proof that the tribute of children was not regularly exacted from the population of the capital. The difficulty Mohammed the Second found in repeopling Constantinople explains the exemption.
134. This passage may be admitted as a proof that the tribute of children was not regularly exacted from the population of the capital. The difficulty Mohammed the Second found in repeopling Constantinople explains the exemption.
135.Glasgow Records, ii. 341.
135.Glasgow Records, ii. 341.
136. Ibid., p. 343.
136. Ibid., p. 343.
137. Ibid., p. 422.
137. Ibid., p. 422.
138. “Gladios, pugiones sicas machæras rhomphæas acinaces fustes, præsertim si præferrati vel plumbati sint, veruta missilia tela sclopos tormenta bombardas balistas ac arma ulla bellica nemo discipulus gestato.”—Fasti Aberdonienses, 242. The Glasgow list is less formidable: “Nemo gladium pugionem tormenta bellica aut aliud quodvis armorum et telorum genus gestet; sed apud præfectum omnia deponat.”—Instituta, 49.
138. “Gladios, pugiones sicas machæras rhomphæas acinaces fustes, præsertim si præferrati vel plumbati sint, veruta missilia tela sclopos tormenta bombardas balistas ac arma ulla bellica nemo discipulus gestato.”—Fasti Aberdonienses, 242. The Glasgow list is less formidable: “Nemo gladium pugionem tormenta bellica aut aliud quodvis armorum et telorum genus gestet; sed apud præfectum omnia deponat.”—Instituta, 49.
139.Instituta Univ. Glasg., p. 519, 520.
139.Instituta Univ. Glasg., p. 519, 520.
140.Fasti Univ. Glasg., p. 548.
140.Fasti Univ. Glasg., p. 548.
141.Hist. Univ. Paris, iv. 266.
141.Hist. Univ. Paris, iv. 266.
142.Fasti, p. 400.
142.Fasti, p. 400.
143. Ibid., p. 400.
143. Ibid., p. 400.
144. There was an attempt toenforcereturns upon religious and educational statistics, but, in the words of the Report, “It was, however, considered doubtful whether, upon a rigid construction, the Census Act rendered it compulsory upon parties to afford information upon these particulars; and the inquiry was, therefore, pursued as a purely voluntary investigation.”—Report, No. 1.
144. There was an attempt toenforcereturns upon religious and educational statistics, but, in the words of the Report, “It was, however, considered doubtful whether, upon a rigid construction, the Census Act rendered it compulsory upon parties to afford information upon these particulars; and the inquiry was, therefore, pursued as a purely voluntary investigation.”—Report, No. 1.
145. “The weight of the schedules, blank enumeration-books, and other forms despatched from the Central Office, exceeded fifty-two tons.”—Report, No. 1.
145. “The weight of the schedules, blank enumeration-books, and other forms despatched from the Central Office, exceeded fifty-two tons.”—Report, No. 1.
146.Layard.Alexander the Great, after he had transferred his seat of empire to the East, so fully appreciated the importance of those great works that he ordered them to be cleansed and repaired, and superintended the work in person, steering his boat with his own hand through the channels. Similar operations undertaken now would again restore to Mesopotamia its old fertility, and fit Babylon, not only for regaining her place as the emporium of the Eastern world, but for becoming the great entrepot of commerce between the West and East, which will ere long, in consequence of the introduction of railways, again flow into its old overland route by Palmyra, through the deserts, from the Levant to the head of the Persian Gulf.
146.Layard.Alexander the Great, after he had transferred his seat of empire to the East, so fully appreciated the importance of those great works that he ordered them to be cleansed and repaired, and superintended the work in person, steering his boat with his own hand through the channels. Similar operations undertaken now would again restore to Mesopotamia its old fertility, and fit Babylon, not only for regaining her place as the emporium of the Eastern world, but for becoming the great entrepot of commerce between the West and East, which will ere long, in consequence of the introduction of railways, again flow into its old overland route by Palmyra, through the deserts, from the Levant to the head of the Persian Gulf.
147. Ctesias and other writers speak of the Bactrian and Indian expedition of Ninus and Semiramis; and in connection with this it is important to notice, that upon the obelisk discovered at Nimroud—which belongs to the period of the earliest palace, having been erected by the son of the founder of that building—are represented the Bactrian camel, the elephant, and the rhinoceros—(all animals from India and Central Asia)—brought as tribute by a conquered people to the Assyrian king.
147. Ctesias and other writers speak of the Bactrian and Indian expedition of Ninus and Semiramis; and in connection with this it is important to notice, that upon the obelisk discovered at Nimroud—which belongs to the period of the earliest palace, having been erected by the son of the founder of that building—are represented the Bactrian camel, the elephant, and the rhinoceros—(all animals from India and Central Asia)—brought as tribute by a conquered people to the Assyrian king.
148. The Hon. James Thomason, late Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Provinces, who lingered too long in India, chiefly in the hope to have been present on the occasion above commemorated.
148. The Hon. James Thomason, late Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Provinces, who lingered too long in India, chiefly in the hope to have been present on the occasion above commemorated.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTESTypos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter.
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