FOOTNOTES:

Edinburgh: Printed by Ballantyne and Hughes, Paul's Work.

FOOTNOTES:[1]Peru. Reiseskizzen aus den Jahren 1838-1842.VonJ. J. von Tschudi. St Gall: 1846.[2]Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana.St Gall: 1846.[3]An Historical and Descriptive Narrative of Twenty Years' Residence in South America. Containing Travels in Arauco, Chili, Peru, and Columbia; with an account of the Revolution, its rise, progress, and results; by W. B.Stevenson. London: 1825.[4]Europeans are apt to attach the idea of some particular colour to the word Creole. It is a vulgar error. Creole (Spanish, Criollo) is derived fromcriar, to breed or produce, and is applied to native Americans descended from 'Old World' parents. Thus there are black Creoles as well as white, and a horse or a dog may be a Creole as well as a man, so long as the European or African blood is preserved unmixed.[5]The day and the event strangely coincide with the passage in Schiller's "Wilhelm Tell"—"'s ist Simon und Judä"Da rast der See und will sein Opfer haben."[6]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 17th December 1708.Disp.iv. 362.[7]Disp.iv. 315, 323, 345. Marlborough to Duke de Mole, 10th Dec. 1708.Ibid.346.Coxe, iv. 278.[8]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 3d January 1709,Disp.iv. 389.[9]"'Can I do more than I do now?' said the King. 'I make treaties, but the Emperor breaks his word with me, as well as Holland, every moment. Besides it is impossible, without great inconvenience,to give more than three battalions; and he is a wretch who would advise me otherwise.' I said he was a wretch who should advise him not to do it. He replied, 'You speak very boldly, and may perhaps repent it, if your arguments are not conclusive.'"—General Grumbkow to Marlborough, March 9, 1709.Coxe, iv. 341.[10]King of Prussia to Marlborough, March 9, 1709.Coxe, iv. 346.[11]In communicating the thanks of the House of Lords, the Chancellor said,"I shall not be thought to exceed my present commission, if, being thus led to contemplate the mighty things which your Grace has done for us, I cannot but conclude with acknowledging, with all gratitude, the providence of God in raising you up to be an instrument of so much good, in so critical a juncture, when it was so much wanted."Coxe, iv. 375.[12]Coxe, iv. 352, 366, 377.[13]"M. de Torcy has offered so much, that I have no doubt it will end in a good peace." Marlborough to Godolphin, 19th May 1707."Every thing goes on so well here, that there is no doubt of its ending in a good peace. Government have in readiness the sideboard of plate, and the chairs of state and canopy; and I beg it may be made so as to form part of a bed when I am done with it here,which I hope may be by the end of this summer, so that I may enjoy your dear society in quiet, which is the greatest satisfaction I am capable of having." Marlborough to the Duchess, 19th May 1709.Coxe, iv. 393.[14]Mémoire, M. de Torcy, ii. 104-111.[15]Swift'sConduct of the Allies, 72;Coxe, iv. 395-415.[16]"I have as much mistrust for the sincerity of France as any body living can have; but I will own to you, that in my opinion, if France had delivered the towns promised by the plenipotentiaries, and demolished Dunkirk and the other towns mentioned, they must have been at our discretion; so that if they had played tricks, so much the worse for themselves." Marlborough to Lord Godolphin, June 10, 1709.Coxe, iv. 405.[17]Coxe, iv. 401.[18]Ibid.v. i. 5.[19]Mém. de Villars, ii. 63. Marlborough to Godolphin, June 27, 1709.Coxe, iv. 5, 6.[20]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 27th June 1709.Disp.iv. 520.Coxe, v. 7, 8.[21]Marlborough to Lord Galway, 4th July 1709; and to the Queen, 29th July 1709.Disp.iv. 530 and 556.Coxe, v. 8, 13. Marlborough's private letters to the Duchess at this period, as indeed throughout all his campaigns, prove how he was tired of the war, and how ardently he sighed for repose at Blenheim. "The taking of the citadel of Tournay will, I fear, cost us more men and time than that of the town; but that which gives me the greatest prospect for the happiness of being with you, is, that certainly the misery of France increases, which must bring us a peace. The misery of the poor people we see is such, that one must be a brute not to pity them. May you be ever happy, and I enjoy some few years of quiet with you, is what I daily pray for." Marlborough to the Duchess, July 30, 1709.Coxe, v. 12.[22]Dumont'sMilitary History, ii. 104.Coxe, v. 15, 16.[23]A very striking incident occurred in the siege, which shows to what a height the heroic spirit with which the troops were animated had risen. An officer commanding a detachment, was sent by Lord Albemarle to occupy a certain lunette which had been captured from the enemy; and though it was concealed from the men, the commander told the officer he had every reason to believe the post was undermined, and that the party would be blown up. Knowing this, he proceeded with perfect calmness to the place of his destination; and when provisions and wine were served out to the men, he desired them to fill their calashes, and said, "Here is a health to those who die the death of the brave." The mine in effect was immediately after sprung; but fortunately the explosion failed, and his comrades survived to relate their commander's noble conduct.[24]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 31st August and 3d September 1709.Disp.iv. 585, 588.Coxe, v. 14, 18.Dumont'sMilitary History, ii. 103.[25]Mackenzie's brigade, which joined Wellington's army after the battle of Talavera, marched sixty-two English miles in twenty-six hours.Napier, ii. 412.[26]Coxe, v. 20, 25. Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 7th September 1709.Disp.iv. 590.[27]A similar incident occurred in the British service, when Sir Henry, now Lord Hardinge, and Governor-general of India, served as second in command to Sir Hugh Gough, his senior in military rank, but subordinate in station, at the glorious battles of Ferozepore and Sobraon, with the Sikhs. How identical is the noble and heroic spirit in all ages and countries! It forms a freemasonry throughout the world.[28]Coxe, v. 24, 25.Disp.iv. 588, 595.[29]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 7th and 11th September 1709.Disp.iv. 591, 592.Coxe, v. 25, 26.[30]Mém. de Villars, ii. 167, 184.Coxe, v. 26, 28.[31]Coxe, v. 29, 30. The author has passed over the ground, and can attest the accuracy of the description here given.[32]Viz. Artagnan, Maréchal de Montesquieu; De Guiche, Maréchal de Grammont; Puysegur, Montmorenci, Coigny, Broglio, Chaulnes, Nangis, Isenghien, Duras, Houdancourt, and Sanneterre. The monarchy never sent forth a nobler array.[33]Coxe, v. 32.Mém. de Villars, ii, 280.[34]Coxe, v. 34, 37;Dumont'sMilitary History, ii. 381-7.[35]Marlborough's General Orders, Sept. 10, 1709.[36]Coxe, v. 40, 44.[37]Lediard,Life of Marlborough, ii. 172, 180.Coxe, v. 45, 47.[38]The regiments of Tullibardine and Hepburn were almost all Atholl Highlanders.[39]Coxe, v. 54, 63;Disp.v. 592, Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, Sept. 11, 1709, and to Mr Wauchope, same date, v. 598.[40]"The Eugenes and Marlboroughs ought to be well satisfied with us during that day; since till then they had not met with resistance worthy of them. They may now say with justice that nothing can stand before them; and indeed what shall be able to stay the rapid progress of these heroes, if an army of one hundred thousand men of the best troops, strongly posted between two woods, trebly entrenched, and performing their duty as well as any brave men could do, were not able to stop them one day? Will you not then own with me that they surpass all the heroes of former ages?"—Letter of a French Officer who fought at Malplaquet;Coxe, v. 65.[41]At Waterloo, there were sixty-nine thousand six hundred and eighty-six men in Wellington's army, and the loss was twenty-two thousand four hundred and sixty-nine, or one in three nearly; at Malplaquet, it was one in five; at Talavera, one in four—five thousand being killed and wounded out of nineteen thousand eight hundred engaged.—Siborne'sWaterloo, ii. 352 and 519.[42]Marlborough to Marshal Villars, 13th September 1709, and to Mr Secretary Boyle, 16th September 1709;Disp.v. 596, 599.—Coxe, v. 64.[43]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, October 21, 1709.Disp.v. 617, 621.[44]"Be assured that Mrs Masham and Mr Harley will, underhand, do every thing that can make the business uneasy, particularly to you the Lord Treasurer, and me, for they know well that if we were removed every thing would be in their power. This is what they labour for, believing it would make them both great and happy; but I am very well persuaded it would be their destruction."Marlborough to Godolphin, Nov. 1, 1709;Coxe, v. 105.[45]Coxe, v. 105, 111.[46]Coxe, v. 115, 116.[47]Swift,Mem. on Queen's Change of Ministry in 1710, p. 37.Coxe, v. 117-118.[48]Coxe, v. 124, 133.[49]Duchess of Marlborough to Maynwaring, January 18, 1710.Coxe, v. 134[50]Marlborough to Queen Anne, January 19, 1710.[51]"On Wednesday sennight I waited upon the Queen, in order to represent the mischief of such recommendations in the army, and before I came away I expressed all the concern for her change to me, that is natural to a man that has served her so faithfully for many years, which made no impression, nor was her Majesty pleased to take so much notice of me as to ask my Lord Treasurer where I was upon her missing me at Council. I have had several letters from him since I came here, and I cannot find that her Majesty has ever thought me worth naming; when my Lord Treasurer once endeavoured to show her the mischief that would happen, she made him no answer but a bow." Marlborough to Lord Somers, January 21, 1710.[52]"If this unfortunate king had been so well advised as to have made peace the beginning of this summer, he might in a great measure have influenced the peace between France and the Allies, and made other kingdoms happy. I am extremely touched with the misfortunes of this young king. His continued successes, and the contempt he had of his enemies, have been his ruin." Marlborough to Godolphin, August 26, 1709.Disp.v. 510.[53]The Earl of Gowrie; a Tragedy. By the Rev.James White. London: 1845.The King of the Commons; a Drama. By the Same. 1846.A Book of Highland Minstrelsy.By MrsD. Ogilvy. Illustrated byR. R. M'Ian. London: 1846.Morning, and other Poems.By a Member of the Scotch Bar. London: 1846.[54]It is worth noting, because one does not see why it is so, that the only imperialbirboneof the lot universally known and execrated at Rome isNero. One is much better able to understand (with Capri in front of one's windows) why a like exclusive and unenviable popularity at Naples attaches toTiberius.[55]Theharewas first introduced into Sicily by Anaxilaus of Rhegium, and was adopted by the Messenians on their coins, as was also thechariot, in commemoration of his victory in themuleraces at Olympia.[56]On the urbic coins of Aquinum, Suessa, and Tiano, which are generally of bronze, thecockfigures on one side, the subject on the other varying; on those of Himera (a silver currency,) chanticleer is always confronted on the reverse by Dame Partlett.[57]Hiero the Second, tyrant of Syracuse, who flourished 216B.C., and was contemporary with Archimedes. The face is one expressive of refinement, and the coin of a very fine style of art, as indeed are all those that ever issued from the old and original mint of Sicily; but alas! there are now many small and illicit mints to which the travelling public that buys coins, is, without always knowing it, vastly more indebted. "Roba Siciliana"—Sicilian trash, exclaims the indignant Neapolitan, when you show him a modern forgery by which you have been duped. "Sciochezza di Napoli" retorts the dealer at Messina or Palermo, vindicating at once his own honour, which seems aspersed, and that of his Trinacrian associates. To reconcile these two statements, which are both true, the reader has only to be informed that there are mints every where, and coiners as cunning at Pozzuoli as at Palermo.[58]By the wordanima, orsoulof a coin, numismatists designate the interior of the metal, as opposed to its superficies orfield.[59]Therestitutionof the coinage of one Emperor by his successor, consisting of a smaller issue of pieces than the original from which it is taken, has become comparatively scarce; hence suchrestitutionsfetch a muchhigher pricethan those of the earlier currency, and Dedomenicis's remark was not without its meaning.[60]Moneta, one of the many epithets oraliasesof Juno, borrowed by the Emperor Caligula for his three sisters, Agrippina, Drusilla, and Livilla, who are represented standing in a row, each with her cornucopia and scales, and her name behind her back.[61]"La petite verole" is the name employed by French numismatists to designate thisdisease. They could not have hit upon a happier. A finely characteristic specimen of it is to be seen at present in the bronze impersonation of George IV. which stands on the Steym at Brighton, where the whole face looking seaward has becomebalafréand pock-marked. It is strange that under the epithet ofpustular, as applied tosilver, the ancients appear to have meant the purest and most refined quality of that metal, when it is the alloy mixed with the bronze that makes it pustular.[62]History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena.ByGeneral Count Montholon. 2 vols. London: Colburn.

[1]Peru. Reiseskizzen aus den Jahren 1838-1842.VonJ. J. von Tschudi. St Gall: 1846.

[2]Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana.St Gall: 1846.

[3]An Historical and Descriptive Narrative of Twenty Years' Residence in South America. Containing Travels in Arauco, Chili, Peru, and Columbia; with an account of the Revolution, its rise, progress, and results; by W. B.Stevenson. London: 1825.

[4]Europeans are apt to attach the idea of some particular colour to the word Creole. It is a vulgar error. Creole (Spanish, Criollo) is derived fromcriar, to breed or produce, and is applied to native Americans descended from 'Old World' parents. Thus there are black Creoles as well as white, and a horse or a dog may be a Creole as well as a man, so long as the European or African blood is preserved unmixed.

[5]The day and the event strangely coincide with the passage in Schiller's "Wilhelm Tell"—"'s ist Simon und Judä"Da rast der See und will sein Opfer haben."

[6]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 17th December 1708.Disp.iv. 362.

[7]Disp.iv. 315, 323, 345. Marlborough to Duke de Mole, 10th Dec. 1708.Ibid.346.Coxe, iv. 278.

[8]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 3d January 1709,Disp.iv. 389.

[9]"'Can I do more than I do now?' said the King. 'I make treaties, but the Emperor breaks his word with me, as well as Holland, every moment. Besides it is impossible, without great inconvenience,to give more than three battalions; and he is a wretch who would advise me otherwise.' I said he was a wretch who should advise him not to do it. He replied, 'You speak very boldly, and may perhaps repent it, if your arguments are not conclusive.'"—General Grumbkow to Marlborough, March 9, 1709.Coxe, iv. 341.

[10]King of Prussia to Marlborough, March 9, 1709.Coxe, iv. 346.

[11]In communicating the thanks of the House of Lords, the Chancellor said,"I shall not be thought to exceed my present commission, if, being thus led to contemplate the mighty things which your Grace has done for us, I cannot but conclude with acknowledging, with all gratitude, the providence of God in raising you up to be an instrument of so much good, in so critical a juncture, when it was so much wanted."Coxe, iv. 375.

[11]In communicating the thanks of the House of Lords, the Chancellor said,

"I shall not be thought to exceed my present commission, if, being thus led to contemplate the mighty things which your Grace has done for us, I cannot but conclude with acknowledging, with all gratitude, the providence of God in raising you up to be an instrument of so much good, in so critical a juncture, when it was so much wanted."Coxe, iv. 375.

[12]Coxe, iv. 352, 366, 377.

[13]"M. de Torcy has offered so much, that I have no doubt it will end in a good peace." Marlborough to Godolphin, 19th May 1707."Every thing goes on so well here, that there is no doubt of its ending in a good peace. Government have in readiness the sideboard of plate, and the chairs of state and canopy; and I beg it may be made so as to form part of a bed when I am done with it here,which I hope may be by the end of this summer, so that I may enjoy your dear society in quiet, which is the greatest satisfaction I am capable of having." Marlborough to the Duchess, 19th May 1709.Coxe, iv. 393.

[13]"M. de Torcy has offered so much, that I have no doubt it will end in a good peace." Marlborough to Godolphin, 19th May 1707.

"Every thing goes on so well here, that there is no doubt of its ending in a good peace. Government have in readiness the sideboard of plate, and the chairs of state and canopy; and I beg it may be made so as to form part of a bed when I am done with it here,which I hope may be by the end of this summer, so that I may enjoy your dear society in quiet, which is the greatest satisfaction I am capable of having." Marlborough to the Duchess, 19th May 1709.Coxe, iv. 393.

[14]Mémoire, M. de Torcy, ii. 104-111.

[15]Swift'sConduct of the Allies, 72;Coxe, iv. 395-415.

[16]"I have as much mistrust for the sincerity of France as any body living can have; but I will own to you, that in my opinion, if France had delivered the towns promised by the plenipotentiaries, and demolished Dunkirk and the other towns mentioned, they must have been at our discretion; so that if they had played tricks, so much the worse for themselves." Marlborough to Lord Godolphin, June 10, 1709.Coxe, iv. 405.

[17]Coxe, iv. 401.

[18]Ibid.v. i. 5.

[19]Mém. de Villars, ii. 63. Marlborough to Godolphin, June 27, 1709.Coxe, iv. 5, 6.

[20]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 27th June 1709.Disp.iv. 520.Coxe, v. 7, 8.

[21]Marlborough to Lord Galway, 4th July 1709; and to the Queen, 29th July 1709.Disp.iv. 530 and 556.Coxe, v. 8, 13. Marlborough's private letters to the Duchess at this period, as indeed throughout all his campaigns, prove how he was tired of the war, and how ardently he sighed for repose at Blenheim. "The taking of the citadel of Tournay will, I fear, cost us more men and time than that of the town; but that which gives me the greatest prospect for the happiness of being with you, is, that certainly the misery of France increases, which must bring us a peace. The misery of the poor people we see is such, that one must be a brute not to pity them. May you be ever happy, and I enjoy some few years of quiet with you, is what I daily pray for." Marlborough to the Duchess, July 30, 1709.Coxe, v. 12.

[22]Dumont'sMilitary History, ii. 104.Coxe, v. 15, 16.

[23]A very striking incident occurred in the siege, which shows to what a height the heroic spirit with which the troops were animated had risen. An officer commanding a detachment, was sent by Lord Albemarle to occupy a certain lunette which had been captured from the enemy; and though it was concealed from the men, the commander told the officer he had every reason to believe the post was undermined, and that the party would be blown up. Knowing this, he proceeded with perfect calmness to the place of his destination; and when provisions and wine were served out to the men, he desired them to fill their calashes, and said, "Here is a health to those who die the death of the brave." The mine in effect was immediately after sprung; but fortunately the explosion failed, and his comrades survived to relate their commander's noble conduct.

[24]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 31st August and 3d September 1709.Disp.iv. 585, 588.Coxe, v. 14, 18.Dumont'sMilitary History, ii. 103.

[25]Mackenzie's brigade, which joined Wellington's army after the battle of Talavera, marched sixty-two English miles in twenty-six hours.Napier, ii. 412.

[26]Coxe, v. 20, 25. Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 7th September 1709.Disp.iv. 590.

[27]A similar incident occurred in the British service, when Sir Henry, now Lord Hardinge, and Governor-general of India, served as second in command to Sir Hugh Gough, his senior in military rank, but subordinate in station, at the glorious battles of Ferozepore and Sobraon, with the Sikhs. How identical is the noble and heroic spirit in all ages and countries! It forms a freemasonry throughout the world.

[28]Coxe, v. 24, 25.Disp.iv. 588, 595.

[29]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, 7th and 11th September 1709.Disp.iv. 591, 592.Coxe, v. 25, 26.

[30]Mém. de Villars, ii. 167, 184.Coxe, v. 26, 28.

[31]Coxe, v. 29, 30. The author has passed over the ground, and can attest the accuracy of the description here given.

[32]Viz. Artagnan, Maréchal de Montesquieu; De Guiche, Maréchal de Grammont; Puysegur, Montmorenci, Coigny, Broglio, Chaulnes, Nangis, Isenghien, Duras, Houdancourt, and Sanneterre. The monarchy never sent forth a nobler array.

[33]Coxe, v. 32.Mém. de Villars, ii, 280.

[34]Coxe, v. 34, 37;Dumont'sMilitary History, ii. 381-7.

[35]Marlborough's General Orders, Sept. 10, 1709.

[36]Coxe, v. 40, 44.

[37]Lediard,Life of Marlborough, ii. 172, 180.Coxe, v. 45, 47.

[38]The regiments of Tullibardine and Hepburn were almost all Atholl Highlanders.

[39]Coxe, v. 54, 63;Disp.v. 592, Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, Sept. 11, 1709, and to Mr Wauchope, same date, v. 598.

[40]"The Eugenes and Marlboroughs ought to be well satisfied with us during that day; since till then they had not met with resistance worthy of them. They may now say with justice that nothing can stand before them; and indeed what shall be able to stay the rapid progress of these heroes, if an army of one hundred thousand men of the best troops, strongly posted between two woods, trebly entrenched, and performing their duty as well as any brave men could do, were not able to stop them one day? Will you not then own with me that they surpass all the heroes of former ages?"—Letter of a French Officer who fought at Malplaquet;Coxe, v. 65.

[41]At Waterloo, there were sixty-nine thousand six hundred and eighty-six men in Wellington's army, and the loss was twenty-two thousand four hundred and sixty-nine, or one in three nearly; at Malplaquet, it was one in five; at Talavera, one in four—five thousand being killed and wounded out of nineteen thousand eight hundred engaged.—Siborne'sWaterloo, ii. 352 and 519.

[42]Marlborough to Marshal Villars, 13th September 1709, and to Mr Secretary Boyle, 16th September 1709;Disp.v. 596, 599.—Coxe, v. 64.

[43]Marlborough to Mr Secretary Boyle, October 21, 1709.Disp.v. 617, 621.

[44]"Be assured that Mrs Masham and Mr Harley will, underhand, do every thing that can make the business uneasy, particularly to you the Lord Treasurer, and me, for they know well that if we were removed every thing would be in their power. This is what they labour for, believing it would make them both great and happy; but I am very well persuaded it would be their destruction."Marlborough to Godolphin, Nov. 1, 1709;Coxe, v. 105.

[45]Coxe, v. 105, 111.

[46]Coxe, v. 115, 116.

[47]Swift,Mem. on Queen's Change of Ministry in 1710, p. 37.Coxe, v. 117-118.

[48]Coxe, v. 124, 133.

[49]Duchess of Marlborough to Maynwaring, January 18, 1710.Coxe, v. 134

[50]Marlborough to Queen Anne, January 19, 1710.

[51]"On Wednesday sennight I waited upon the Queen, in order to represent the mischief of such recommendations in the army, and before I came away I expressed all the concern for her change to me, that is natural to a man that has served her so faithfully for many years, which made no impression, nor was her Majesty pleased to take so much notice of me as to ask my Lord Treasurer where I was upon her missing me at Council. I have had several letters from him since I came here, and I cannot find that her Majesty has ever thought me worth naming; when my Lord Treasurer once endeavoured to show her the mischief that would happen, she made him no answer but a bow." Marlborough to Lord Somers, January 21, 1710.

[52]"If this unfortunate king had been so well advised as to have made peace the beginning of this summer, he might in a great measure have influenced the peace between France and the Allies, and made other kingdoms happy. I am extremely touched with the misfortunes of this young king. His continued successes, and the contempt he had of his enemies, have been his ruin." Marlborough to Godolphin, August 26, 1709.Disp.v. 510.

[53]The Earl of Gowrie; a Tragedy. By the Rev.James White. London: 1845.The King of the Commons; a Drama. By the Same. 1846.A Book of Highland Minstrelsy.By MrsD. Ogilvy. Illustrated byR. R. M'Ian. London: 1846.Morning, and other Poems.By a Member of the Scotch Bar. London: 1846.

[53]The Earl of Gowrie; a Tragedy. By the Rev.James White. London: 1845.

The King of the Commons; a Drama. By the Same. 1846.

A Book of Highland Minstrelsy.By MrsD. Ogilvy. Illustrated byR. R. M'Ian. London: 1846.

Morning, and other Poems.By a Member of the Scotch Bar. London: 1846.

[54]It is worth noting, because one does not see why it is so, that the only imperialbirboneof the lot universally known and execrated at Rome isNero. One is much better able to understand (with Capri in front of one's windows) why a like exclusive and unenviable popularity at Naples attaches toTiberius.

[55]Theharewas first introduced into Sicily by Anaxilaus of Rhegium, and was adopted by the Messenians on their coins, as was also thechariot, in commemoration of his victory in themuleraces at Olympia.

[56]On the urbic coins of Aquinum, Suessa, and Tiano, which are generally of bronze, thecockfigures on one side, the subject on the other varying; on those of Himera (a silver currency,) chanticleer is always confronted on the reverse by Dame Partlett.

[57]Hiero the Second, tyrant of Syracuse, who flourished 216B.C., and was contemporary with Archimedes. The face is one expressive of refinement, and the coin of a very fine style of art, as indeed are all those that ever issued from the old and original mint of Sicily; but alas! there are now many small and illicit mints to which the travelling public that buys coins, is, without always knowing it, vastly more indebted. "Roba Siciliana"—Sicilian trash, exclaims the indignant Neapolitan, when you show him a modern forgery by which you have been duped. "Sciochezza di Napoli" retorts the dealer at Messina or Palermo, vindicating at once his own honour, which seems aspersed, and that of his Trinacrian associates. To reconcile these two statements, which are both true, the reader has only to be informed that there are mints every where, and coiners as cunning at Pozzuoli as at Palermo.

[58]By the wordanima, orsoulof a coin, numismatists designate the interior of the metal, as opposed to its superficies orfield.

[59]Therestitutionof the coinage of one Emperor by his successor, consisting of a smaller issue of pieces than the original from which it is taken, has become comparatively scarce; hence suchrestitutionsfetch a muchhigher pricethan those of the earlier currency, and Dedomenicis's remark was not without its meaning.

[60]Moneta, one of the many epithets oraliasesof Juno, borrowed by the Emperor Caligula for his three sisters, Agrippina, Drusilla, and Livilla, who are represented standing in a row, each with her cornucopia and scales, and her name behind her back.

[61]"La petite verole" is the name employed by French numismatists to designate thisdisease. They could not have hit upon a happier. A finely characteristic specimen of it is to be seen at present in the bronze impersonation of George IV. which stands on the Steym at Brighton, where the whole face looking seaward has becomebalafréand pock-marked. It is strange that under the epithet ofpustular, as applied tosilver, the ancients appear to have meant the purest and most refined quality of that metal, when it is the alloy mixed with the bronze that makes it pustular.

[62]History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena.ByGeneral Count Montholon. 2 vols. London: Colburn.

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