Figure 57.—Teapot lamp, 18th century.(NMHT 199536 [M-6691]; SI photo 73-4218.)
Larger Image
Figure 58.—13th-century Arabic cupping scene. (From a manuscript held by the Freer Gallery. SI photo 43757-J.)
Figure 59.—Paré’s scarificator, 16th century. (FromThe Workes of that Famous Chirurgeon, Ambrose Parey, translated by Thomas Johnson, London, 1649. Photo courtesy of NLM.)
Figure 60.—Square scarificator, engraved “J.T./Wien,” late 18th-early 19th century. Vienna was an early center for the making of scarificators. (NMHT 218383 [M-9257]; SI photo 73-4212.)
Larger Image
Figure 61.—An early illustration of the scarificator. Also pictured are a fleam for making scarifications, the pattern of scarifications, a metal cup, and a leech. (From Laurence Heister,A General System of Surgery, 7th edition, London, 1759. SI photo 73-4182.)
Figure 62.—Square scarificator taken apart.(NMHT 152130 [M-4771]; SI photo 76-9113.)
Larger Image
Figure 63.—Cupping and bleeding instruments, 1780. Illustrated are spring lancets, thumb lancets, cups, a square scarificator with pointed blades, and a lamp in which animal fat was burned. Figs. 16, 17, and 18 are unrelated to bloodletting. (From J. A. Brambilla,Instrumentarium Chirurgicum Viennense, Vienna, 1780. Photo courtesy of NLM.)
Figure 64.—Set of scarificator blades. Each row of blades may be inserted in place of those in need of cleaning or repair. (From the original in the Wellcome Museum by courtesy of the Trustees. Photo L. 2418.)
Larger Image
Figure 65.—An early illustration of the octagonal scarificator, 1801. This plate also includes one of the earliest illustrations of the syringe applied to cupping cups. (From Benjamin Bell,A System of Surgery, 7th edition, volume 3, Edinburgh, 1801. SI photo 73-5181.)
Figure 66.—An unusual octagonal scarificator made by Domenico Pica in 1793. The blade cover is attached by a hinge, and the turnkey on top raises and lowers the entire interior chassis in order to regulate depth of cut. (NMHT 320033.01; SI photo 76-7742.)
Larger Image
Figure 67.—Scarificator marked DomoMorett, 1813. (From the original in the Wellcome Museum, by courtesy of the Trustees. Wellcome R2909/1936; photo L 1159.)
Figure 68.—Cupping set with base handled torch, 8 blade scarificator, 4 blade scarificator for cupping on temples, 2 cups and alcohol bottle. (NMHT, SI photo 76-9119.)
Figure 69.—Calling card, ca. 1860. (SI photo.)
Larger Image
Figure 70.—Cupping set manufactured by Charrière of Paris, mid-19th century. Note the tubing used to connect the pump to the cups, and the circular scarificator with blades cutting in opposite directions. (NMHT 302606.007; SI photo 75-090.)
Figure 71.—W. D. Hooper’s patent cupping apparatus with tubular blades. (From patent specifications, U.S. patent no. 68985. SI photo 73-5193.)
Figure 72.—Demours’ device for combining cup, scarifier and exhausting apparatus. (From Samuel Bayfield,A Treatise on Practical Cupping, London, 1823. Photo courtesy of the NLM.)
Larger Image
Figure 73.—R. J. Dodd’s patent cupping apparatus. Figs. 4 and 5 are the tubes for cupping the uterus. Fig. 3 is the flexible match scarifier. (From patent specifications, U.S. patent no. 3537. SI photo 73-5192.)
Figure 74.—Circular scarificator.(NMHT 320933.05; SI photo 76-7746.)
Figure 75.—Scarificator for vaccination. Mallam’s, made by Arnold & Sons, London. Patent 1406. (From the original in the Wellcome Museum by courtesy of the Trustees. Wellcome 13557; photo 125/1960.)
Figure 76.—Patent model of Tiemann’s scarificator.(NMHT 89797 [M-4289]; SI photo 76-9115.)
Figure 77.—Patent model of Leypoldt’s scarificator, 1847.(NMHT 89797 [M-4290]; SI photo 73-4213.)
Figure 78.—Patent model of Leypoldt’s scarificator, 1851.(NMHT 89797 [M-4293]; SI photo 76-9112.)
Larger Image
Figure 79.—Baunscheidt’sLebenswecker, a counter-irritation device.(NMHT 287885 [M-12936]; SI photo 76-7751.)
Larger Image
Figure 80.—Depurator patented by A. F. Jones, 1866.(From patent specifications, reissue 2276. SI photo.)
Figure 81.—Junod’s boot.(On loan from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. SI photo 73-7885.)
Figure 82.—Woman cupping her breast. (From Maw, Son & Thompson,Surgeon’s Instruments, etc., London, 1882. SI photo 76-13540.)
Figure 83.—Glass breast pump with spout for self application.(NMHT 260557 [M-11467]; SI photo 76-7759.)
Figure 84.—Goodyear’s patent breast pump, manufactured by the Union India Rubber Co. (NMHT 252497 [M-10510]; SI photo 76-7762.)
Larger Image
Figure 85.—Brier’s Hyperemia Apparatus, 1930s. (From Matthay Hospital Supply Co.,Surgical Instruments, Los Angeles, 1937(?). SI photo.)
Larger Image
Figure 86.—Patent for a complex cupping pump, J. A. Maxam, 1916. (From patent specifications, U.S. patent 1179129. SI photo 73-5186.)
Larger Image
Figure 87.—Heinrich Stern’s phlebostasis chair, 1915. (From Heinrich Stern,Theory and Practice of Bloodletting, New York, 1915. SI photo.)
Figure 88.—Old-fashioned cupping in a German physician’s office, Chicago, Illinois, 1904. (SI photo 45726-B.)
Figure 89.—A man employing leeches to reduce his weight, 16th century. (From P. Boaistuau,Histoire Podigieuses, Paris, 1567. Photo courtesy of NLM.)
Larger Image
Figure 90.—Osborne’s instrument for inserting leeches into the rectum. (From J. Osborne, “Observations on Local Bloodletting,”Dublin Journal of Medical and Chemical Science, volume 3 (1833). Photo courtesy of NLM.)
Figure 91.—Two leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) preserved in plastic.(Anthropology Catalog no. 143,077; SI photo 73-4233.)
Larger Image
Figure 92.—Satire on the theories of Broussais. The caption read, “But, I haven’t a drop of blood left in my veins! No matter, another fifty leeches.” (Undated print. Photo courtesy of NLM.)
Larger Image
Figure 93.—Woman using leeches, 17th century. (From Guillaume van den Bossche,Historica Medica, Brussels, 1639. Photo courtesy of NLM.)
Larger Image
Figure 94.—Heurteloup’s leech. (From George Tiemann & Co.,American Armamentarium Chirurgicum, New York, 1889. SI photo 76-13541.)
Figure 95.—Tiemann & Co.’s patent artificial leech. (From George Tiemann & Co.,American Armamentarium Chirurgicum, New York, 1889. SI photo 76-13541.)
Figure 96.—Reese’s uterine leech. (From George Tiemann & Co.,American Armamentarium Chirurgicum, New York, 1889. SI photo 76-13539.)
Larger Image
Figure 97.—Sarlandière’s bdellometer. Fig. 13 and Fig. 14 are a teapot lamp and a glass for measuring the blood taken in cupping. All the other figures illustrate variations on the bdellometer. Fig. 19 and Fig. 20 are attachments for bleeding the internal membranes. (From Sarlandière, “Ventouse,”Dictionnaire des sciences médicales, volume 57, 1821. Photo courtesy of NLM.)
Larger Image
Figure 98.—An artificial leech. Note the three blades on the scarificator that simulate the triangular puncture of the leech. (NMHT; SI photo 76-9120.)
Larger Image
Figure 99.—An 18th-century cutler’s illustration of veterinary instruments. Shown are a spring lancet and a fleam. Knives and hooks were often added to the bloodletting blades in foldout fleams. (From Jean Jacques Perret,L’Art du Coutelier, Paris, 1772. Photo courtesy of the NLM.)
Figure 100.—Fleam with brass shield, 18th-19th century.(NMHT 121573 [M-3462]; SI photo 73-4206.)
Figure 101.—Fleam with horn shield, 19th century.(NMHT 321697.05; SI photo 76-7758.)
Larger Image
Figure 102.—Phlebotomy knife by Rodgers & Co., London.(Loan no. 316478; SI photo 76-9108.)
Figure 103.—Unusual shaped brass spring lancet set by a sliding catch and released by a release lever. (NMHT 321697.11; SI photo 76-7754.)
Figure 104.—Brass spring lancet that is set by pulling on the string and released by pushing upon the button. (NMHT 321697.07; SI photo 76-7750.)
Figure 105.—Spring lancet.(NMHT 112827; SI photo 73-4235.)
Figure 106.—Scarificator, 12 blades.(NMHT 99749 [M-2336]; SI photo 76-7744.)
Figure 107.—Temple scarificator with case.(NMHT 233056 [M-9639]; SI photo 76-7745.)
Figure 108.—Persian cupping glass, 12th century.(NMHT 207389 [M-6836]; SI photo 73-4205.)
Figure 109.—Cupping cups, glass.(NMHT 308730.09; SI photo 74-4087.)
Figure 110.—Persian cupping cup and razor.(NMHT 320033.07; SI photo 76-7749.)
Figure 111.—Brass cup (1) and pewter cups (2). (NMHT 321697.22 and NMHT 207399 [M-6829 and M-6830]; SI photo 76-9109.)
Larger Image
Figure 112.—Cupping set.(NMHT 321697.21; SI photo 76-7747.)
Figure 113.—Breast pump.(NMHT 220170 [M-7435]; SI photo 76-7761.)
Figure 114.—Leech jar, minus top.(NMHT 201821 [M-6712]; SI photo 73-4232.)
Figure 115.—Staffordshire leech jars. (NMHT 321697.18 & .19; SI photo 76-7765.)
Figure 116.—Leech cage. (NMHT 1977.0576.02; SI photo 77-13984.)
Figure 117.—Veterinary fleam. (NMHT 218383 [M-9255]; SI photo 61125-A.)
Figure 118.—Veterinary fleam. (NMHT 233570 [M-9665]; SI photo 59139-H.)
Figure 119.—Veterinary spring lancet. (NMHT 321697.08; SI photo 76-7756.)
Figure 120.—Veterinary spring lancet. (NMHT 321697.09; SI photo 76-7755.)
Figure 121.—Spring lancet, 18th century.(NMHT 321697.10; SI photo 76-7753.)
Figure 122.—Spring lancet, 19th century.(NMHT 1977.0576.01; SI photo 77-13961.)
Figure 123.—Counter-irritation device.(NMHT 89797 [M-4305]; SI photo 72-11274.)
Larger Image
Figure 124.—Barber surgeon’s set, 18th century.(NMHT 199536 [M-6684-6692]; SI photo 73-4207.)
Manuscriptsintended for series publication receive substantive review within their originating Smithsonian museums or offices and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with approval of the appropriate museum authority on Form SI-36. Requests for special treatment—use of color, foldouts, casebound covers, etc.—require, on the same form, the added approval of designated committees or museum directors.
Reviewof manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of the manuscripts and art.
Copymust be typewritten, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper, with 1¼″ margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (not stapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.
Front matter (preceding the text) should include:title pagewith only title and author and no other information,abstract pagewith author/title/series/etc., following the established format,table of contentswith indents reflecting the heads and structure of the paper.
First page of textshould carry the title and author at the top of the page and an unnumbered footnote at the bottom consisting of author’s name and professional mailing address.
Center headsof whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, with extra space above and below the head, but with no other preparation (such as all caps or underline). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.
Tabulationswithin text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the text page where they occur, but they should not contain rules or formal, numbered table heads.
Formal tables(numbered, with table heads, boxheads, stubs, rules) should be submitted as camera copy, but the author must contact the series section of the Press for editorial attention and preparation assistance before final typing of this matter.
Taxonomic keysin natural history papers should use the alined-couplet form in the zoology and paleobiology series and the multi-level indent form in the botany series. If cross-referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within the key, but number the keyed-out taxa with their corresponding heads in the text.
Synonymyin the zoology and paleobiology series must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with a full reference at the end of the paper under “Literature Cited.” For the botany series, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, page, year, with no reference in the “Literature Cited”) is optional.
Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed at the bottom of the text page on which the reference occurs. Extensive notes must appear at the end of the text in a notes section. If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short form (author/brief title/page) with the full reference in the bibliography.
Text-reference system(author/year/page within the text, with the full reference in a “Literature Cited” at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in all scientific series and is strongly recommended in the history and technology series: “(Jones, 1910:122)” or “... Jones (1910:122).”
Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed “References,” “Selected References,” or “Literature Cited.” Spell out book, journal, and article titles, using initial caps in all major words. For capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language. Underline (for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume/number/page citations: “10(2):5-9.” For alinement and arrangement of elements, follow the format of the series for which the manuscript is intended.
Legendsfor illustrations must not be attached to the art nor included within the text but must be submitted at the end of the manuscript—with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.
Illustrationsmust not be included within the manuscript but must be submitted separately as original art (not copies). All illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) can be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termedFiguresand should be numbered consecutively. If several “figures” are treated as components of a single larger figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters (underlined in copy) on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references: “Figure 9b.” If illustrations are intended to be printed separately on coated stock following the text, they should be termedPlatesand any components should be lettered as in figures: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustration should appear on the art and not in the legend.
A few points of style: (1) Do not use periods after such abbreviations as “mm, ft, yds, USNM, NNE, AM, BC.” (2) Use hyphens in spelled-out fractions: “two-thirds.” (3) Spell out numbers “one” through “nine” in expository text, but use numerals in all other cases if possible. (4) Use the metric system of measurement, where possible, instead of the English system. (5) Use the decimal system, where possible, in place of fractions. (6) Use day/month/year sequence for dates: “9 April 1976.” (7) For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: “Jan, Mar, Jun,” etc.
Arrange and paginate sequentially EVERY sheet of manuscript—including ALL front matter and ALL legends, etc., at the back of the text—in the following order: (1) title page, (2) abstract, (3) table of contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendixes, (7) notes, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography, (10) index, (11) legends.
Transcriber’s Notes:
Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest paragraph break. Thus, page numbering around the images within the text does not exactly match the original.
The text in the Table of Contents is presented as in the original text, but the links navigate to the page number closest to the item’s loaction in this document.
Punctuation has been corrected without note.
Other than the corrections noted by hover information, printer’s inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained.