FOOTNOTES

FOOTNOTES[1]Judson, in Documents, pp. 223, 229.[2]Or Dr. Buchanan. See his paper in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, vol. ii. p. 99 sqq.[3]Penny Cyclopædia, vol. iv, p. 435 sq.[4]Penny Cyclopædia, vol. iv. p. 437.[5]Embassy to Ava, vol. ii. p. 227 sq.[6]Embassy to Ava, vol. iii. p. 233 sq.[7]Near Amarapura, however, Symes observed a man in a plantation using a wheel to a well. See his Ava, vol. ii. p. 87, small edition.[8]Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 127 sq.[9]Malcom, Travels in South-Eastern Asia, vol. i. p. 96 sq.[10]Malcom, vol. i. p. 173 sqq.; and Wallich,Plantæ Rariores, &c.[11]Prescott’s Conquest of Peru, vol. ii. p. 101-3.[12]Malcom, vol. i. p. 167.[13]See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. iv. p. 704. On the Further Discovery of Coalbeds in Assam, by Capt. F. Jenkins; also vol. viii. p. 385. The existence of coal has, however, been disputed.[14]Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. ii. p. 75 sq.[15]Thevissis equal to 3½ pounds. The Burmese word ispeik-tha.[16]Japon, Indo-Chine, et Ceylan, par M. Dubois de Jancigny, p. 236.[17]Crawfurd’s Ava, vol. ii. p. 222, to whom I am mainly indebted.[18]Researches into the Physical History of Mankind, vol. iv. p. 499.[19]Races of Man, p. 137. See his Ethnological map.[20]Prichard, vol. iv. p. 506.[21]Asiat. Res. vol. x. p. 240.[22]Low’s Grammar of the T’hay.[23]See my remarks in Buckley’s Great Cities of the Ancient World, p. 369.[24]In concluding this subject, allow me to refer the reader to some useful observations on Ethnology by Dr. Prichard, in the Admiralty Manual of Scientific Inquiry, edited by Sir John Herschel, p. 423-444.[25]Embassy to Ava, vol. i. p. 286 sq.; later edition, vol. i. p. 148.[26]Sangermano’s Description of the Burmese Empire, p. 58.[27]Prescott, Conquest of Peru, vol. ii. p. 80.[28]Ava, vol. ii. p. 137 and note.[29]Malcom, Travels, vol. i. p. 249.[30]My immediate authority is Sangermano, p. 60. This most lucid and interesting account of the Burmese empire, containing more than its title imports, deserves the most earnest attention of the historian. Compiled from Burmese documents, it bears the highest worth in itself.[31]Sangermano, p. 64.[32]Ava, vol. ii. p. 137.[33]In accordance with my suggestions at p. 16 of this work.[34]Thucydides, lib. i. c. 138.[35]Malcom, vol. i. p. 262.[36]Sangermano, p. 66.[37]Ava, vol. ii. p. 149 sq.[38]Page 74.[39]Ava, vol. ii. pp. 152-156.[40]Sangermano, p. 67.[41]My authority is, as usual, the excellent Sangermano, p. 68.[42]This shows how the Burmans fearjustice. How deeply seated is this disorder, and who can unseat and drive it away?[43]I am indebted to Malcom, vol. i. p. 256, and others.[44]Report on Bassein.[45]Ava, vol. ii. p. 156.[46]Travels, vol. i. p. 256.[47]Ava, vol. ii. p. 157.[48]This is remarkably applicable to a certain European nation.[49]I should not have ventured to say as much as this, had I not found myself corroborated by Dr. Buchanan Hamilton. His remark is as follows:—“I should certainly have been silent, had I thought that Captain Symes or Mr. Wood’s inquiries on these subjects had prepared them to give their opinions with advantage. But I imagine that this has not been the case; and I hope the information I here give may be of use to professional men.”—MS. in the British Museum, Additional MS. No. 13,872. In the same collection of papers on Ava are a number of communications from Symes to the Marquis of Wellesley, in the course of his second embassy. It is but fair to add, that these letters appear written under more just impressions than his printed journal was.[50]Ava, vol. ii. p. 206.[51]Residence in Ava, p. 134.[52]Embassy to Ava, vol. i. p. 93 sq.[53]Governor or chief man.[54]Ava, vol. i. p. 98 sq. See also Cox, Residence in Ava, pp. 37-45.[55]Cox, on the contrary, was informed that there were five hundred and twenty wells: this, however, is ably shown to be impossible by Crawfurd, not by snappish contradiction, but by calculation. The captain was, evidently, misinformed.[56]Ava, vol. ii. p. 178.[57]Sangermano, p. 171.[58]Ava, vol. ii. p. 162.[59]Alves, quoted in Ava, vol. ii. pp. 167-9.[60]A tical is worth about two shillings and sixpence. This would be £6,250.[61]See Wilson’s Documents of the Burmese War, Appendix, p. xliv.[62]But, after all, this cannot be considered as other than the substitution of a light or heavy, as the case might be, personal service for a tax in kind or specie. The tax was taken in labour; that is all the difference.[63]Crawfurd, vol. ii. p. 175.[64]See Malcom, vol. i. p. 174.[65]Ava, vol. ii. p. 186.[66]Page 75.[67]Edinburgh Review, No. xliv. p. 354, Jan. 1814.[68]I am chiefly indebted to Sangermano, pp. 76-9; and Crawfurd, vol. ii. pp. 157-9.[69]Page 77.[70]Description, p. 77.[71]Now, however, the soldiers have attempted to get into uniform, and wear belts and conical cases of tin, to resemble the English cap.[72]Snodgrass, Narrative of the Burmese War, pp. 64 and 65. We shall hereafter return to these excellent “soldiers and gentlemen.”[73]Ava, vol. ii. p. 160.[74]Burmese War, p. 21.[75]Description, p. 78.[76]Sangermano, p. 79.[77]Burmese War, p. 205.[78]Ralph Fitch, in Hakluyt, vol. ii. p. 259. London, 1599.[79]See p. 18.[80]I have preferred to give the spelling of the black-letter folio, as it is not very corrupt, and lends additional quaintness to the writer’s remarks.[81]Page 61.[82]This intimated that the elephant was the divine ruler of the other animals, and the scarlet borla of the Peruvian Inca was bound upon its temples.—Prescott, Conquest of Peru, vol. ii. p. 44.[83]Herodotus has recorded the fact of the fishermen of Egypt hanging their nets around them to keep off the mosquitoes.—Herod. ii. c. 95.The following remarks, for which I am indebted to my friend the Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A., will, I am sure, interest the reader:—“The same precautions are taken now. The fisherman plants a pole, usually his fishing-pole, upright in the ground, and disposes his net over it so as to form a kind of tent. Under this he sleeps securely, as no flies dare pass through the meshes of a net, even were they an inch wide. This may be proved by stretching a series of crossed threads across an open window. No flies will venture to pass through the spaces, as they evidently take the net for the toils of some overgrown spider. Should, however, a gauze curtain be drawn across the window, and a small hole made in it, plenty of flies will creep through. By thus stretching a net, it is possible, even in the heat of summer, to enjoy the full benefit of the fresh air, and yet to have the satisfaction of knowing that your winged foes are buzzing outside in useless anxiety. There must be no cross light, or the flies do not appear to see the net.”[84]Crawfurd, vol. i. p. 247.[85]Description, p. 63.[86]Description of the Burmese Empire. Compiled from native documents, by the Rev. Father Sangermano. Translated from his MS. by W. Tandy. Published at Rome in 1833, in the invaluable series of the Oriental Translation Committee. I have abridged the lengthy details in the work of the father.[87]Sangermano, Description, p. 2. See Buchanan, Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 168. The latter tells us that these measures are not used in Burmah. Who can wonder at it?[88]Strange this is; but at the same time it displays a species of physical and mechanical knowledge which we should hardly have expected in these legends.[89]Sangermano, p. 3.[90]Buchanan, Asiat. Res. vol. vi. p. 175.[91]As. Res. vol. vi. p. 175 n. He adds that it would seem to be identical with the Meru Paravada of the Brahmins.[92]The eastern island is named Pioppavideha; the western, Amaragoga; the northern, Unchegru; and the southern, Zabudiba. The tree of Godama (mentioned in a former chapter, p. 23) is theFicus religiosa, the Bŏdhĕ-bayn.[93]As. Res. vol. vi. p. 178.[94]Sangermano, p. 6.[95]Ava, vol. ii. Appendix, No. xi. p. 140.[96]As. Res. vol. vi. p. 180.[97]Trans. R. A. S. vol. i. p. 566.[98]Description, p. 6.[99]Page 7.[100]Sangermano, p. 20.[101]See Sangermano and Malcom, vol. i. pp. 289-294.[102]Hesiod, Op. et Dies, lib. i. vv. 120-125. The above must rather be called a paraphrase than a strict version.[103]I have partly availed myself of the able summary of Crawfurd, vol. ii. p. 274 sq.; as well as Malcom, vol. i. p. 287 sq.; and Sangermano, p. 80 sq.[104]Encyclopædia Metropolitana, vol. iii. Miscellaneous, p. 55.[105]Vol. iii. p. 56.[106]Prinsep’s Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia, p. 136 and 162 n.[107]My immediate authority is Prinsep, in Tibet, &c. pp. 142-144.[108]Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia, p. 145.[109]Prinsep, p. 167.[110]I quote Prinsep’s summary, p. 168.[111]Sangermano, pp. 80 et sqq.[112]See my remarks on Buddhism in Peking; Great Cities of the Ancient World, p. 177. It may be interesting to compare the oath of the witness at p. 24, with the Buddhist treatise, translated from the Chinese by myself, in the same work, pp. 181-184.[113]As. Res. vol. vi. p. 255.[114]Encyclopædia Metropolitana, art. Buddhism, p. 60.[115]As. Res. vol. v. p. 115 sq.[116]See my essay on the “Ruins of American Civilisation,” pp. 252-259, in Great Cities of the Ancient World, by my friend the Rev. T. A. Buckley, B.A.; also Prescott’s Mexico, vol. i. p. 60; and Peru, vol. i. pp. 91-94.[117]Ava, vol. i. p. 392 sq.[118]Will no one observe that “correct orthography” is tautology, and “false orthography” a contradiction? How can our language be pure under such circumstances?[119]I am indebted to Crawfurd, vol. i. p. 397.[120]Two Years in Ava, pp. 262 sqq. This most interesting work seems freer from prejudice than many of its more assuming brethren.[121]I am chiefly indebted to Malcom, vol. i. p. 308 sq.[122]Pages 89-94; but see also Malcom,l.c.[123]Travels in Tartary.[124]Malcom, vol. i. p. 315 sq.[125]Encyclopædia Metropolitana,s.v.Buddhism, p. 61.[126]Lib. ii. cc. 86-90.[127]I am indebted to an account by Mr. Carey in Asiatic Researches, vol. xvi. p. 186 sq.[128]Ava, vol. ii. p. 127.[129]The Anacalypsis, vol. i. p. 93. I may here take occasion to remark, that the author of India in Greece, Mr. Pococke, to whose enthusiastic labours I would do all the justice in my power, has not, in any part of that work, acknowledged the manifold obligations under which he lies to the author of the Anacalypsis. I make this remark more in self-defence than otherwise, for, upon my attention having been lately turned to Godfrey Higgins’s work, I there found my own theory of the population of America anticipated, though not worked out in the manner it might be done. I must own this, as I am anxious to avoid the imputation of plagiarism. However, I find myself amply corroborated in some of my own researches; but the writer’s whole feelings merge into a love of every kind of mystical foolery that man has ever imagined.[130]Malcom, vol. i. p. 321 sq.[131]My immediate authority is Malcom, vol. i. p. 278.[132]Pali Grammar, with a copious vocabulary in the same language. By the Rev. B. Clough, 8vo. Colombo. 1824.[133]Malcom, vol. i. p. 277.[134]Vol. i. p. 277.[135]I must not in this place forget to thank the gentlemen at the Museum for the aid they so courteously and willingly gave me in my examination of their Burmese MSS.[136]Asiatic Researches, vol. vii. p. 305 sq.[137]Page 15.[138]I do not know but that this ought to be written paruæk.—Buchanan.[139]Buchanan, in Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 307.[140]Description, p. 141 et sqq.[141]Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 172.[142]Asiat. Res. vol. ii. p. 285.[143]Asiat. Res. vol. vi. p. 174.[144]Burmese Empire, p. 111 sq.[145]Burmese Empire, p. 113.[146]Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. pp. 188-205.[147]Description, pp. 11-14.[148]Buchanan,ubi supra, p. 191; and Sangermano, p. 13.[149]See book i. chap. iii. p. 50.[150]Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 169 sq.[151]Loubère, du Royaume de Siam, vol. ii. p. 102.[152]Malcom, vol. i. p. 275.[153]Crawfurd, vol. ii. p. 188.[154]Malcom, vol. i. p. 275.[155]Book i, chap. i. p. 9.[156]Sangermano, p. 167.[157]Sangermano, p. 167.[158]Book i. chap. iii. p. 56.[159]Sangermano, p. 126.[160]Malcom, vol. i. p. 211.[161]Sangermano, p. 124.[162]Book i. chap. ii. p. 38.[163]South-Eastern Asia, vol. i. p. 212.[164]Sangermano, p. 129.[165]Sangermano,ubi supra, p. 129.[166]My principal authority is Sangermano, p. 136.[167]My chief authority is Sangermano, pp. 144-146.[168]Burmese Empire, p. 146.[169]Malcom, vol. i. p. 272.[170]Vol. i. p. 7, note.[171]Lib. v. tit. 4, ley 16.[172]Lib. ix. tit. 2, ley 8.[173]Lex Salica, tit. 43, sec. 1, 8.[174]Lib. vi. tit. 4, ley 1.[175]Lib. vi. tit. 5, leyes 12, 13.[176]Lex Salica, tit. 11, sec. 1, 3.[177]Embassy to Ava in the year 1795, vol. ii. p. 41 sqq.; later ed. vol. i. p. 208 sq.[178]Called by Sir William Jones, Valmiec.[179]Honymaan is worshipped by the Hindoos under the form of an ape, and is one of the most frequent objects of their adoration; almost every Hindoo pagoda has this figure delineated in some part of it. Honymaan (Hanuman) is the term used by the Hindoos to denote a large ape. The worship was widely extended even among the Mexicans, who portrayed monkeys in their picture writings. In the Coptic-Egyptian, Haanu signifies monkey.[180]Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 305.[181]Stock characters seem as prevalent as at the Victoria or Adelphi.[182]Journal of the As. Soc. of Bengal, vol. viii. p. 535 sq.[183]I am partly indebted to Cox, Asiatic Researches, vol. vii. p. 497 sq.[184]Asiatic Researches, vol. vii. p. 499. Comp. Symes, vol. ii. p. 226, small ed.[185]Sangermano, p. 127.[186]Vol. i. p. 240.[187]Vol. i. p. 242.[188]Burmese Empire, p. 128.[189]My authority is an interesting article in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. v. p. 159 sq.[190]A territory to the southward of Manipur.[191]Sravasti in Oude.—Wilson.[192]Yázá is the Burmese pronunciation of Rája.[193]Book i. chap. iii. p. 47.[194]Ava, vol. i. p. 270, small edition.[195]Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. v. p. 164.[196]One of the king of Ava’s titles is Nedwet bhuyen—Sun-descended monarch. Strange coincidence with the Inca boast![197]Mr. Judson has given us a translation of a chronological summary, which is of extreme value. It is now, together with the text, in the British Museum.—(Additional MS., No. 12,400.)[198]Symes, vol. ii. p. 51 sqq.[199]Ib. id. p. 55.[200]Symes, vol. ii. p. 58.[201]Malcom, vol. i. p. 220.[202]Sangermano, p. 119.[203]Ibid.[204]Sangermano, p. 120.[205]Ibid.[206]Symes, Ava, vol. i. p. 1.[207]The particulars will be found in Captain Drury’s paper in No. V. of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1851; and in Allen’s Indian Mail, vol. x. p. 265.[208]Burmese Empire, p. 47.[209]Ava, vol. i. p. 12.[210]My sketch of the Burmese revolution is derived from Symes.[211]The first is a Burmese word signifying victory; the second, Pali, for the same.—Crawfurd, vol. ii. p. 281.[212]Jancigny,Indo-Chine, p. 255.[213]See book i. chap. ii. p. 40.[214]Ava, vol. i. p. 34.[215]So Symes always spells the word. It is now generally spelt Burmans.[216]Symes, vol. i. pp. 43-49.[217]Ava, vol. i. pp. 53-55.[218]Vol. i. pp. 56-57.[219]Symes, vol. i. p. 67.[220]Compare the following observations of a late excellent writer upon India. “M. Dupleix’s wonderful talent for diplomacy and intrigue soon obtained signal triumphs. His emissaries were everywhere; and the native princes were all as fickle as faithless. In his intrigues with them he is said to have derived wonderful assistance from his wife, who was born in India, and perfectly understood not only the languages, but also the character of the natives. In his union with this lady, who is described as being even more ambitious than himself, we may probably trace the cause of the essentially Oriental spirit of many of his proceedings.”—Macfarlane’s History of British India, chap. iii. p. 31. We shall, hereafter, have occasion to return to this work, in connection with the Burmese war in 1824-26.[221]Symes, vol. i. pp. 70-72.[222]Sangermano, however, shows, by the ordinance of the port, that the seizure of the vessel and its contents was nothing remarkable.—See his Burmese Empire, p. 170.[223]Vol. i. p. 74.[224]Book i. chap. vi. p. 103.[225]Symes, vol. i. p. 76.[226]Book i. chap. iii. p. 56.[227]Symes, vol. i. p. 81.[228]Symes, vol. i. pp. 83-88.[229]Ava, vol. i. p. 96.[230]Symes, vol. i. pp. 106-109.[231]Ib. id. pp. 113-115.[232]Symes, vol. i. p. 120 sqq.[233]Burmese Empire, p. 48.[234]Ava, vol. i. p. 124.[235]Symes, vol. i. p. 147 sq.[236]Burmese Empire, p. 49.[237]Symes, vol. i. p. 150.[238]Ib. id. p. 151.[239]Ib. id. p. 191 sqq.[240]Symes alludes to the fate of Louis XVI.[241]See book i. chap. iv. p. 78.[242]I continue the narrative in the words of Sangermano, p. 50.[243]According to Malcom (vol. i. p. 157), thefourthson.[244]His reign, however, included eleven days.—Symes, vol. i. p. 227.[245]My chief authority is Symes, vol. i. p. 218 sq.[246]Symes, vol. i. pp. 221-224. Sangermano’s account, it will be perceived, is somewhat different.[247]Ava, vol. i. p. 231.[248]See book i. chap. ii. p. 40.[249]My chief authority is Crawfurd, vol. ii. pp. 1-9.[250]Ava, vol. ii, p. 5.[251]Ib. id. p. 6.[252]Ava, vol. i. p. 131.[253]Ava, vol. i. p. 133.[254]Symes, vol. i. p. 138.[255]Alves in Journal quoted by Symes, vol. i. p. 140.[256]Bassein.[257]Symes, vol. i. p. 142.[258]Marquis Wellesley’s Indian Despatches, &c.[259]Macfarlane’s History of British India, p. 355.[260]Macfarlane,l.c.[261]In 1802 Symes again visited Burmah for a diplomatic purpose; but his letters, while they modify his book, add little of value to our knowledge of the country.[262]This is, however, very problematical. Mr. Macfarlane cannot have forgotten the whole previous history of European intercourse with the country, and how many distinctions and quibblings were brought forward at different times upon that plea.[263]Travels, vol. i. p. 159.[264]See Sangermano, p. 113.[265]Wilson’s Narrative of the Burmese War, p. 1 of the reprint of 1852.[266]Wilson, p. 25.[267]Wilson, p. 29 sq.[268]Macfarlane’s British India, pp. 450-452.[269]Burmese War, p. 52, ed. 1852.[270]Burmese War, p. 54.[271]Burmese War, p. 56 sq.[272]Wilson, p. 61.[273]Crawfurd’s Ava, vol. i. p. 304.[274]Edinburgh Review, vol. lxxi, p. 361, July, 1840.[275]Wilson’s Burmese War, p. 63.[276]The gilt umbrella surmounting the highest pinnacle of the pagoda.[277]Two Years in Ava, p. 26 sqq. This interesting and well-written book seems to be the production of a naval officer attached to the expedition. It is by far the most attractive narrative of the proceedings in 1824, with which I am acquainted.[278]Snodgrass, Burmese War, p. 12.[279]See Two Years in Ava, p. 25.[280]Snodgrass, p. 6.[281]Two Years in Ava, p. 24.[282]Ibid. p. 29. Cf. book i. chap. ii. p. 40 of this work.[283]Burmese War, pp. 15-20.[284]Page 16.[285]Snodgrass, pp. 20-22.[286]Page 25.[287]Edinburgh Review, vol. lxxi. p. 358.[288]Two Years in Ava, p. 40.[289]Burmese War, p. 27.[290]Page 43 sq.[291]A doolie is a species of litter, used in the East to carry the wounded from the field of battle.[292]Burmese War, pp. 35-37.[293]Two Years in Ava, p. 56. So, too, did the wild shouts and savage songs of the Mexicans strike on the ears of the watching Spaniards.[294]Wilson, Burmese War, p. 86 sq., and the authorities quoted there.[295]Two Years in Ava, p. 60.[296]Two Years in Ava, p. 66 sq.[297]I may here mention, that Major Canning, who had accompanied the expedition as political agent, about this time returned to Calcutta by theNereide, where, debilitated by the marsh fever of Ava, he shortly died.[298]Burmese War, p. 96.[299]Book i. chap. ii. p. 39.[300]British India, p. 463 sq. Geijer, the historian of Sweden, well compares them to the Bersekkars.[301]Wilson’s Burmese War, p. 105.[302]It may be as well to state, that about this time Colonel Godwin, after a gallant resistance, took Martaban for the first time; it has since been given up to the Burmese; but in this last war it was again taken possession of, and it is now in our hands.[303]Wilson, pp. 106, 107.[304]Wilson, p. 113.[305]Burmese War, p. 119. My limits do not admit of my speaking much of the war in Arakhan, which was yet undetermined. I shall content myself with referring to Macfarlane, Wilson, and other historians, merely adding, that the conquest of the province was completed by the end of April, 1825.[306]Wilson, p. 175.[307]I may here mention, that the author of Two Years in Ava has enriched his book by an excellent and complete plan of the fortress and works of Donabew, which I most heartily recommend to the student of military science.[308]MacFarlane’s India, p. 479.[309]Wilson’s Burmese War, p. 181.[310]Edinburgh Review, vol. lxxi. p. 356.[311]Wilson, Burmese War, p. 184.[312]British India, p. 485.[313]“In the month of August, Sir Archibald Campbell went down to Rangoon, and returned from that place to Prome, in the steam-vessel theDiana, with as much ease and tranquillity as we go from London-bridge to Ramsgate and back again.”—Mac Farlane.[314]Wilson’s Burmese War, p. 196.[315]Mac Farlane’s British India, p. 487.[316]Wilson, p. 209.[317]Burmese War, p. 216.[318]Statistical Report.[319]British India, p. 490.[320]It may not be inapposite here to mention that, according to a writer in theTimesof the 7th of September, 1852, “letters were found in the stockades at Prome, ordering white slaves to be sent up to Ava, for the use of the Ava ladies.”[321]Wilson, p. 229.[322]Burmese War, p. 238.[323]British India, p. 492.[324]Page 355.[325]Papers relating to the Hostilities with Burmah. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by her Majesty’s command, June 4, 1852, pp. 87-89.[326]Edinburgh Review, vol. lxxi. p. 356.

[1]Judson, in Documents, pp. 223, 229.

[2]Or Dr. Buchanan. See his paper in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, vol. ii. p. 99 sqq.

[3]Penny Cyclopædia, vol. iv, p. 435 sq.

[4]Penny Cyclopædia, vol. iv. p. 437.

[5]Embassy to Ava, vol. ii. p. 227 sq.

[6]Embassy to Ava, vol. iii. p. 233 sq.

[7]Near Amarapura, however, Symes observed a man in a plantation using a wheel to a well. See his Ava, vol. ii. p. 87, small edition.

[8]Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 127 sq.

[9]Malcom, Travels in South-Eastern Asia, vol. i. p. 96 sq.

[10]Malcom, vol. i. p. 173 sqq.; and Wallich,Plantæ Rariores, &c.

[11]Prescott’s Conquest of Peru, vol. ii. p. 101-3.

[12]Malcom, vol. i. p. 167.

[13]See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. iv. p. 704. On the Further Discovery of Coalbeds in Assam, by Capt. F. Jenkins; also vol. viii. p. 385. The existence of coal has, however, been disputed.

[14]Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. ii. p. 75 sq.

[15]Thevissis equal to 3½ pounds. The Burmese word ispeik-tha.

[16]Japon, Indo-Chine, et Ceylan, par M. Dubois de Jancigny, p. 236.

[17]Crawfurd’s Ava, vol. ii. p. 222, to whom I am mainly indebted.

[18]Researches into the Physical History of Mankind, vol. iv. p. 499.

[19]Races of Man, p. 137. See his Ethnological map.

[20]Prichard, vol. iv. p. 506.

[21]Asiat. Res. vol. x. p. 240.

[22]Low’s Grammar of the T’hay.

[23]See my remarks in Buckley’s Great Cities of the Ancient World, p. 369.

[24]In concluding this subject, allow me to refer the reader to some useful observations on Ethnology by Dr. Prichard, in the Admiralty Manual of Scientific Inquiry, edited by Sir John Herschel, p. 423-444.

[25]Embassy to Ava, vol. i. p. 286 sq.; later edition, vol. i. p. 148.

[26]Sangermano’s Description of the Burmese Empire, p. 58.

[27]Prescott, Conquest of Peru, vol. ii. p. 80.

[28]Ava, vol. ii. p. 137 and note.

[29]Malcom, Travels, vol. i. p. 249.

[30]My immediate authority is Sangermano, p. 60. This most lucid and interesting account of the Burmese empire, containing more than its title imports, deserves the most earnest attention of the historian. Compiled from Burmese documents, it bears the highest worth in itself.

[31]Sangermano, p. 64.

[32]Ava, vol. ii. p. 137.

[33]In accordance with my suggestions at p. 16 of this work.

[34]Thucydides, lib. i. c. 138.

[35]Malcom, vol. i. p. 262.

[36]Sangermano, p. 66.

[37]Ava, vol. ii. p. 149 sq.

[38]Page 74.

[39]Ava, vol. ii. pp. 152-156.

[40]Sangermano, p. 67.

[41]My authority is, as usual, the excellent Sangermano, p. 68.

[42]This shows how the Burmans fearjustice. How deeply seated is this disorder, and who can unseat and drive it away?

[43]I am indebted to Malcom, vol. i. p. 256, and others.

[44]Report on Bassein.

[45]Ava, vol. ii. p. 156.

[46]Travels, vol. i. p. 256.

[47]Ava, vol. ii. p. 157.

[48]This is remarkably applicable to a certain European nation.

[49]I should not have ventured to say as much as this, had I not found myself corroborated by Dr. Buchanan Hamilton. His remark is as follows:—“I should certainly have been silent, had I thought that Captain Symes or Mr. Wood’s inquiries on these subjects had prepared them to give their opinions with advantage. But I imagine that this has not been the case; and I hope the information I here give may be of use to professional men.”—MS. in the British Museum, Additional MS. No. 13,872. In the same collection of papers on Ava are a number of communications from Symes to the Marquis of Wellesley, in the course of his second embassy. It is but fair to add, that these letters appear written under more just impressions than his printed journal was.

[50]Ava, vol. ii. p. 206.

[51]Residence in Ava, p. 134.

[52]Embassy to Ava, vol. i. p. 93 sq.

[53]Governor or chief man.

[54]Ava, vol. i. p. 98 sq. See also Cox, Residence in Ava, pp. 37-45.

[55]Cox, on the contrary, was informed that there were five hundred and twenty wells: this, however, is ably shown to be impossible by Crawfurd, not by snappish contradiction, but by calculation. The captain was, evidently, misinformed.

[56]Ava, vol. ii. p. 178.

[57]Sangermano, p. 171.

[58]Ava, vol. ii. p. 162.

[59]Alves, quoted in Ava, vol. ii. pp. 167-9.

[60]A tical is worth about two shillings and sixpence. This would be £6,250.

[61]See Wilson’s Documents of the Burmese War, Appendix, p. xliv.

[62]But, after all, this cannot be considered as other than the substitution of a light or heavy, as the case might be, personal service for a tax in kind or specie. The tax was taken in labour; that is all the difference.

[63]Crawfurd, vol. ii. p. 175.

[64]See Malcom, vol. i. p. 174.

[65]Ava, vol. ii. p. 186.

[66]Page 75.

[67]Edinburgh Review, No. xliv. p. 354, Jan. 1814.

[68]I am chiefly indebted to Sangermano, pp. 76-9; and Crawfurd, vol. ii. pp. 157-9.

[69]Page 77.

[70]Description, p. 77.

[71]Now, however, the soldiers have attempted to get into uniform, and wear belts and conical cases of tin, to resemble the English cap.

[72]Snodgrass, Narrative of the Burmese War, pp. 64 and 65. We shall hereafter return to these excellent “soldiers and gentlemen.”

[73]Ava, vol. ii. p. 160.

[74]Burmese War, p. 21.

[75]Description, p. 78.

[76]Sangermano, p. 79.

[77]Burmese War, p. 205.

[78]Ralph Fitch, in Hakluyt, vol. ii. p. 259. London, 1599.

[79]See p. 18.

[80]I have preferred to give the spelling of the black-letter folio, as it is not very corrupt, and lends additional quaintness to the writer’s remarks.

[81]Page 61.

[82]This intimated that the elephant was the divine ruler of the other animals, and the scarlet borla of the Peruvian Inca was bound upon its temples.—Prescott, Conquest of Peru, vol. ii. p. 44.

[83]Herodotus has recorded the fact of the fishermen of Egypt hanging their nets around them to keep off the mosquitoes.—Herod. ii. c. 95.The following remarks, for which I am indebted to my friend the Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A., will, I am sure, interest the reader:—“The same precautions are taken now. The fisherman plants a pole, usually his fishing-pole, upright in the ground, and disposes his net over it so as to form a kind of tent. Under this he sleeps securely, as no flies dare pass through the meshes of a net, even were they an inch wide. This may be proved by stretching a series of crossed threads across an open window. No flies will venture to pass through the spaces, as they evidently take the net for the toils of some overgrown spider. Should, however, a gauze curtain be drawn across the window, and a small hole made in it, plenty of flies will creep through. By thus stretching a net, it is possible, even in the heat of summer, to enjoy the full benefit of the fresh air, and yet to have the satisfaction of knowing that your winged foes are buzzing outside in useless anxiety. There must be no cross light, or the flies do not appear to see the net.”

[83]Herodotus has recorded the fact of the fishermen of Egypt hanging their nets around them to keep off the mosquitoes.—Herod. ii. c. 95.

The following remarks, for which I am indebted to my friend the Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A., will, I am sure, interest the reader:—

“The same precautions are taken now. The fisherman plants a pole, usually his fishing-pole, upright in the ground, and disposes his net over it so as to form a kind of tent. Under this he sleeps securely, as no flies dare pass through the meshes of a net, even were they an inch wide. This may be proved by stretching a series of crossed threads across an open window. No flies will venture to pass through the spaces, as they evidently take the net for the toils of some overgrown spider. Should, however, a gauze curtain be drawn across the window, and a small hole made in it, plenty of flies will creep through. By thus stretching a net, it is possible, even in the heat of summer, to enjoy the full benefit of the fresh air, and yet to have the satisfaction of knowing that your winged foes are buzzing outside in useless anxiety. There must be no cross light, or the flies do not appear to see the net.”

[84]Crawfurd, vol. i. p. 247.

[85]Description, p. 63.

[86]Description of the Burmese Empire. Compiled from native documents, by the Rev. Father Sangermano. Translated from his MS. by W. Tandy. Published at Rome in 1833, in the invaluable series of the Oriental Translation Committee. I have abridged the lengthy details in the work of the father.

[87]Sangermano, Description, p. 2. See Buchanan, Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 168. The latter tells us that these measures are not used in Burmah. Who can wonder at it?

[88]Strange this is; but at the same time it displays a species of physical and mechanical knowledge which we should hardly have expected in these legends.

[89]Sangermano, p. 3.

[90]Buchanan, Asiat. Res. vol. vi. p. 175.

[91]As. Res. vol. vi. p. 175 n. He adds that it would seem to be identical with the Meru Paravada of the Brahmins.

[92]The eastern island is named Pioppavideha; the western, Amaragoga; the northern, Unchegru; and the southern, Zabudiba. The tree of Godama (mentioned in a former chapter, p. 23) is theFicus religiosa, the Bŏdhĕ-bayn.

[93]As. Res. vol. vi. p. 178.

[94]Sangermano, p. 6.

[95]Ava, vol. ii. Appendix, No. xi. p. 140.

[96]As. Res. vol. vi. p. 180.

[97]Trans. R. A. S. vol. i. p. 566.

[98]Description, p. 6.

[99]Page 7.

[100]Sangermano, p. 20.

[101]See Sangermano and Malcom, vol. i. pp. 289-294.

[102]Hesiod, Op. et Dies, lib. i. vv. 120-125. The above must rather be called a paraphrase than a strict version.

[103]I have partly availed myself of the able summary of Crawfurd, vol. ii. p. 274 sq.; as well as Malcom, vol. i. p. 287 sq.; and Sangermano, p. 80 sq.

[104]Encyclopædia Metropolitana, vol. iii. Miscellaneous, p. 55.

[105]Vol. iii. p. 56.

[106]Prinsep’s Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia, p. 136 and 162 n.

[107]My immediate authority is Prinsep, in Tibet, &c. pp. 142-144.

[108]Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia, p. 145.

[109]Prinsep, p. 167.

[110]I quote Prinsep’s summary, p. 168.

[111]Sangermano, pp. 80 et sqq.

[112]See my remarks on Buddhism in Peking; Great Cities of the Ancient World, p. 177. It may be interesting to compare the oath of the witness at p. 24, with the Buddhist treatise, translated from the Chinese by myself, in the same work, pp. 181-184.

[113]As. Res. vol. vi. p. 255.

[114]Encyclopædia Metropolitana, art. Buddhism, p. 60.

[115]As. Res. vol. v. p. 115 sq.

[116]See my essay on the “Ruins of American Civilisation,” pp. 252-259, in Great Cities of the Ancient World, by my friend the Rev. T. A. Buckley, B.A.; also Prescott’s Mexico, vol. i. p. 60; and Peru, vol. i. pp. 91-94.

[117]Ava, vol. i. p. 392 sq.

[118]Will no one observe that “correct orthography” is tautology, and “false orthography” a contradiction? How can our language be pure under such circumstances?

[119]I am indebted to Crawfurd, vol. i. p. 397.

[120]Two Years in Ava, pp. 262 sqq. This most interesting work seems freer from prejudice than many of its more assuming brethren.

[121]I am chiefly indebted to Malcom, vol. i. p. 308 sq.

[122]Pages 89-94; but see also Malcom,l.c.

[123]Travels in Tartary.

[124]Malcom, vol. i. p. 315 sq.

[125]Encyclopædia Metropolitana,s.v.Buddhism, p. 61.

[126]Lib. ii. cc. 86-90.

[127]I am indebted to an account by Mr. Carey in Asiatic Researches, vol. xvi. p. 186 sq.

[128]Ava, vol. ii. p. 127.

[129]The Anacalypsis, vol. i. p. 93. I may here take occasion to remark, that the author of India in Greece, Mr. Pococke, to whose enthusiastic labours I would do all the justice in my power, has not, in any part of that work, acknowledged the manifold obligations under which he lies to the author of the Anacalypsis. I make this remark more in self-defence than otherwise, for, upon my attention having been lately turned to Godfrey Higgins’s work, I there found my own theory of the population of America anticipated, though not worked out in the manner it might be done. I must own this, as I am anxious to avoid the imputation of plagiarism. However, I find myself amply corroborated in some of my own researches; but the writer’s whole feelings merge into a love of every kind of mystical foolery that man has ever imagined.

[130]Malcom, vol. i. p. 321 sq.

[131]My immediate authority is Malcom, vol. i. p. 278.

[132]Pali Grammar, with a copious vocabulary in the same language. By the Rev. B. Clough, 8vo. Colombo. 1824.

[133]Malcom, vol. i. p. 277.

[134]Vol. i. p. 277.

[135]I must not in this place forget to thank the gentlemen at the Museum for the aid they so courteously and willingly gave me in my examination of their Burmese MSS.

[136]Asiatic Researches, vol. vii. p. 305 sq.

[137]Page 15.

[138]I do not know but that this ought to be written paruæk.—Buchanan.

[139]Buchanan, in Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 307.

[140]Description, p. 141 et sqq.

[141]Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 172.

[142]Asiat. Res. vol. ii. p. 285.

[143]Asiat. Res. vol. vi. p. 174.

[144]Burmese Empire, p. 111 sq.

[145]Burmese Empire, p. 113.

[146]Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. pp. 188-205.

[147]Description, pp. 11-14.

[148]Buchanan,ubi supra, p. 191; and Sangermano, p. 13.

[149]See book i. chap. iii. p. 50.

[150]Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 169 sq.

[151]Loubère, du Royaume de Siam, vol. ii. p. 102.

[152]Malcom, vol. i. p. 275.

[153]Crawfurd, vol. ii. p. 188.

[154]Malcom, vol. i. p. 275.

[155]Book i, chap. i. p. 9.

[156]Sangermano, p. 167.

[157]Sangermano, p. 167.

[158]Book i. chap. iii. p. 56.

[159]Sangermano, p. 126.

[160]Malcom, vol. i. p. 211.

[161]Sangermano, p. 124.

[162]Book i. chap. ii. p. 38.

[163]South-Eastern Asia, vol. i. p. 212.

[164]Sangermano, p. 129.

[165]Sangermano,ubi supra, p. 129.

[166]My principal authority is Sangermano, p. 136.

[167]My chief authority is Sangermano, pp. 144-146.

[168]Burmese Empire, p. 146.

[169]Malcom, vol. i. p. 272.

[170]Vol. i. p. 7, note.

[171]Lib. v. tit. 4, ley 16.

[172]Lib. ix. tit. 2, ley 8.

[173]Lex Salica, tit. 43, sec. 1, 8.

[174]Lib. vi. tit. 4, ley 1.

[175]Lib. vi. tit. 5, leyes 12, 13.

[176]Lex Salica, tit. 11, sec. 1, 3.

[177]Embassy to Ava in the year 1795, vol. ii. p. 41 sqq.; later ed. vol. i. p. 208 sq.

[178]Called by Sir William Jones, Valmiec.

[179]Honymaan is worshipped by the Hindoos under the form of an ape, and is one of the most frequent objects of their adoration; almost every Hindoo pagoda has this figure delineated in some part of it. Honymaan (Hanuman) is the term used by the Hindoos to denote a large ape. The worship was widely extended even among the Mexicans, who portrayed monkeys in their picture writings. In the Coptic-Egyptian, Haanu signifies monkey.

[180]Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 305.

[181]Stock characters seem as prevalent as at the Victoria or Adelphi.

[182]Journal of the As. Soc. of Bengal, vol. viii. p. 535 sq.

[183]I am partly indebted to Cox, Asiatic Researches, vol. vii. p. 497 sq.

[184]Asiatic Researches, vol. vii. p. 499. Comp. Symes, vol. ii. p. 226, small ed.

[185]Sangermano, p. 127.

[186]Vol. i. p. 240.

[187]Vol. i. p. 242.

[188]Burmese Empire, p. 128.

[189]My authority is an interesting article in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. v. p. 159 sq.

[190]A territory to the southward of Manipur.

[191]Sravasti in Oude.—Wilson.

[192]Yázá is the Burmese pronunciation of Rája.

[193]Book i. chap. iii. p. 47.

[194]Ava, vol. i. p. 270, small edition.

[195]Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. v. p. 164.

[196]One of the king of Ava’s titles is Nedwet bhuyen—Sun-descended monarch. Strange coincidence with the Inca boast!

[197]Mr. Judson has given us a translation of a chronological summary, which is of extreme value. It is now, together with the text, in the British Museum.—(Additional MS., No. 12,400.)

[198]Symes, vol. ii. p. 51 sqq.

[199]Ib. id. p. 55.

[200]Symes, vol. ii. p. 58.

[201]Malcom, vol. i. p. 220.

[202]Sangermano, p. 119.

[203]Ibid.

[204]Sangermano, p. 120.

[205]Ibid.

[206]Symes, Ava, vol. i. p. 1.

[207]The particulars will be found in Captain Drury’s paper in No. V. of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1851; and in Allen’s Indian Mail, vol. x. p. 265.

[208]Burmese Empire, p. 47.

[209]Ava, vol. i. p. 12.

[210]My sketch of the Burmese revolution is derived from Symes.

[211]The first is a Burmese word signifying victory; the second, Pali, for the same.—Crawfurd, vol. ii. p. 281.

[212]Jancigny,Indo-Chine, p. 255.

[213]See book i. chap. ii. p. 40.

[214]Ava, vol. i. p. 34.

[215]So Symes always spells the word. It is now generally spelt Burmans.

[216]Symes, vol. i. pp. 43-49.

[217]Ava, vol. i. pp. 53-55.

[218]Vol. i. pp. 56-57.

[219]Symes, vol. i. p. 67.

[220]Compare the following observations of a late excellent writer upon India. “M. Dupleix’s wonderful talent for diplomacy and intrigue soon obtained signal triumphs. His emissaries were everywhere; and the native princes were all as fickle as faithless. In his intrigues with them he is said to have derived wonderful assistance from his wife, who was born in India, and perfectly understood not only the languages, but also the character of the natives. In his union with this lady, who is described as being even more ambitious than himself, we may probably trace the cause of the essentially Oriental spirit of many of his proceedings.”—Macfarlane’s History of British India, chap. iii. p. 31. We shall, hereafter, have occasion to return to this work, in connection with the Burmese war in 1824-26.

[221]Symes, vol. i. pp. 70-72.

[222]Sangermano, however, shows, by the ordinance of the port, that the seizure of the vessel and its contents was nothing remarkable.—See his Burmese Empire, p. 170.

[223]Vol. i. p. 74.

[224]Book i. chap. vi. p. 103.

[225]Symes, vol. i. p. 76.

[226]Book i. chap. iii. p. 56.

[227]Symes, vol. i. p. 81.

[228]Symes, vol. i. pp. 83-88.

[229]Ava, vol. i. p. 96.

[230]Symes, vol. i. pp. 106-109.

[231]Ib. id. pp. 113-115.

[232]Symes, vol. i. p. 120 sqq.

[233]Burmese Empire, p. 48.

[234]Ava, vol. i. p. 124.

[235]Symes, vol. i. p. 147 sq.

[236]Burmese Empire, p. 49.

[237]Symes, vol. i. p. 150.

[238]Ib. id. p. 151.

[239]Ib. id. p. 191 sqq.

[240]Symes alludes to the fate of Louis XVI.

[241]See book i. chap. iv. p. 78.

[242]I continue the narrative in the words of Sangermano, p. 50.

[243]According to Malcom (vol. i. p. 157), thefourthson.

[244]His reign, however, included eleven days.—Symes, vol. i. p. 227.

[245]My chief authority is Symes, vol. i. p. 218 sq.

[246]Symes, vol. i. pp. 221-224. Sangermano’s account, it will be perceived, is somewhat different.

[247]Ava, vol. i. p. 231.

[248]See book i. chap. ii. p. 40.

[249]My chief authority is Crawfurd, vol. ii. pp. 1-9.

[250]Ava, vol. ii, p. 5.

[251]Ib. id. p. 6.

[252]Ava, vol. i. p. 131.

[253]Ava, vol. i. p. 133.

[254]Symes, vol. i. p. 138.

[255]Alves in Journal quoted by Symes, vol. i. p. 140.

[256]Bassein.

[257]Symes, vol. i. p. 142.

[258]Marquis Wellesley’s Indian Despatches, &c.

[259]Macfarlane’s History of British India, p. 355.

[260]Macfarlane,l.c.

[261]In 1802 Symes again visited Burmah for a diplomatic purpose; but his letters, while they modify his book, add little of value to our knowledge of the country.

[262]This is, however, very problematical. Mr. Macfarlane cannot have forgotten the whole previous history of European intercourse with the country, and how many distinctions and quibblings were brought forward at different times upon that plea.

[263]Travels, vol. i. p. 159.

[264]See Sangermano, p. 113.

[265]Wilson’s Narrative of the Burmese War, p. 1 of the reprint of 1852.

[266]Wilson, p. 25.

[267]Wilson, p. 29 sq.

[268]Macfarlane’s British India, pp. 450-452.

[269]Burmese War, p. 52, ed. 1852.

[270]Burmese War, p. 54.

[271]Burmese War, p. 56 sq.

[272]Wilson, p. 61.

[273]Crawfurd’s Ava, vol. i. p. 304.

[274]Edinburgh Review, vol. lxxi, p. 361, July, 1840.

[275]Wilson’s Burmese War, p. 63.

[276]The gilt umbrella surmounting the highest pinnacle of the pagoda.

[277]Two Years in Ava, p. 26 sqq. This interesting and well-written book seems to be the production of a naval officer attached to the expedition. It is by far the most attractive narrative of the proceedings in 1824, with which I am acquainted.

[278]Snodgrass, Burmese War, p. 12.

[279]See Two Years in Ava, p. 25.

[280]Snodgrass, p. 6.

[281]Two Years in Ava, p. 24.

[282]Ibid. p. 29. Cf. book i. chap. ii. p. 40 of this work.

[283]Burmese War, pp. 15-20.

[284]Page 16.

[285]Snodgrass, pp. 20-22.

[286]Page 25.

[287]Edinburgh Review, vol. lxxi. p. 358.

[288]Two Years in Ava, p. 40.

[289]Burmese War, p. 27.

[290]Page 43 sq.

[291]A doolie is a species of litter, used in the East to carry the wounded from the field of battle.

[292]Burmese War, pp. 35-37.

[293]Two Years in Ava, p. 56. So, too, did the wild shouts and savage songs of the Mexicans strike on the ears of the watching Spaniards.

[294]Wilson, Burmese War, p. 86 sq., and the authorities quoted there.

[295]Two Years in Ava, p. 60.

[296]Two Years in Ava, p. 66 sq.

[297]I may here mention, that Major Canning, who had accompanied the expedition as political agent, about this time returned to Calcutta by theNereide, where, debilitated by the marsh fever of Ava, he shortly died.

[298]Burmese War, p. 96.

[299]Book i. chap. ii. p. 39.

[300]British India, p. 463 sq. Geijer, the historian of Sweden, well compares them to the Bersekkars.

[301]Wilson’s Burmese War, p. 105.

[302]It may be as well to state, that about this time Colonel Godwin, after a gallant resistance, took Martaban for the first time; it has since been given up to the Burmese; but in this last war it was again taken possession of, and it is now in our hands.

[303]Wilson, pp. 106, 107.

[304]Wilson, p. 113.

[305]Burmese War, p. 119. My limits do not admit of my speaking much of the war in Arakhan, which was yet undetermined. I shall content myself with referring to Macfarlane, Wilson, and other historians, merely adding, that the conquest of the province was completed by the end of April, 1825.

[306]Wilson, p. 175.

[307]I may here mention, that the author of Two Years in Ava has enriched his book by an excellent and complete plan of the fortress and works of Donabew, which I most heartily recommend to the student of military science.

[308]MacFarlane’s India, p. 479.

[309]Wilson’s Burmese War, p. 181.

[310]Edinburgh Review, vol. lxxi. p. 356.

[311]Wilson, Burmese War, p. 184.

[312]British India, p. 485.

[313]“In the month of August, Sir Archibald Campbell went down to Rangoon, and returned from that place to Prome, in the steam-vessel theDiana, with as much ease and tranquillity as we go from London-bridge to Ramsgate and back again.”—Mac Farlane.

[314]Wilson’s Burmese War, p. 196.

[315]Mac Farlane’s British India, p. 487.

[316]Wilson, p. 209.

[317]Burmese War, p. 216.

[318]Statistical Report.

[319]British India, p. 490.

[320]It may not be inapposite here to mention that, according to a writer in theTimesof the 7th of September, 1852, “letters were found in the stockades at Prome, ordering white slaves to be sent up to Ava, for the use of the Ava ladies.”

[321]Wilson, p. 229.

[322]Burmese War, p. 238.

[323]British India, p. 492.

[324]Page 355.

[325]Papers relating to the Hostilities with Burmah. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by her Majesty’s command, June 4, 1852, pp. 87-89.

[326]Edinburgh Review, vol. lxxi. p. 356.

COX (BROTHERS) AND WYNAN, PRINTERS, GREAT QUEEN STREET.

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