Exercise 73
Write sentences using each of the following words to introduce a phrase, and to introduce a clause.
1. after3. for5. until2. before4. since
Remember that just as a preposition must be followed by anobjectto form a phrase, a conjunction must be followed by asubjectto form a clause.
Illustration
I have not seen himsinceBracketChristmas.—Object.hewent away.—Subject.
Exercise 74
Name the complete subject in the following. Then name the simple subject, explaining by what elements—words, phrases, or clauses—it is modified.
Name the complete predicate. Then name the simple predicate, explaining by what elements the verb is modified.
1. Modern business cannot be carried on by old-fashioned methods.2. When a man engages in business, he buys or sells.3. The great routes of trade have changed from time to time.4. Your order will be filled within a few days.5. Both blanks were properly filled out at the time.6. Means of travel have developed from the slowly moving caravan to the palatial railway coach.7. Commerce originated when one human being demanded something which had to be supplied by some one else.8. The latest American and European styles will be displayed in our new millinery department, which will be formally opened on the first of March.9. The prosperity of nations rests very largely on the six inches of soil between the surface and the subsoil of the territory.10. One of the greatest losses to the Ohio farm lands in the floods of 1913 came about because the water took off the topsoil from the hillside and valleys and carried the vegetable material with it.11. The conserving of the top soil is one of the greatest problems in national prosperity.12. We trust that shipment about September 8 will be satisfactory to you, as it is the best that we can do under the circumstances.
1. Modern business cannot be carried on by old-fashioned methods.
2. When a man engages in business, he buys or sells.
3. The great routes of trade have changed from time to time.
4. Your order will be filled within a few days.
5. Both blanks were properly filled out at the time.
6. Means of travel have developed from the slowly moving caravan to the palatial railway coach.
7. Commerce originated when one human being demanded something which had to be supplied by some one else.
8. The latest American and European styles will be displayed in our new millinery department, which will be formally opened on the first of March.
9. The prosperity of nations rests very largely on the six inches of soil between the surface and the subsoil of the territory.
10. One of the greatest losses to the Ohio farm lands in the floods of 1913 came about because the water took off the topsoil from the hillside and valleys and carried the vegetable material with it.
11. The conserving of the top soil is one of the greatest problems in national prosperity.
12. We trust that shipment about September 8 will be satisfactory to you, as it is the best that we can do under the circumstances.
THE NOUN AND THE PRONOUN
Forthe plural of nouns seeChapter III.
The classes to which nouns belong are distinguished as follows:
Acommonnoun is the name given to an object to denote the class to which it belongs; as,book,man.
Apropernoun is the name given to a particular object to distinguish it from others of the same class; as,Mary,Republicans,England. Proper nouns should always be capitalized.
Acollectivenoun is a name which in the singular denotes a collection. It is usually plural in idea but singular in use; as,congregation,crowd.
Anabstractnoun is the name denoting a quality of an object; as,power,purity,strength.
Averbalnoun is the name of an action. As its name suggests, it is made from a verb; as,Sweepingis good exercise.
Exercise 75
In the following sentences supply necessary capital letters. Explain why the same word in one expression needs a capital and in another does not.
1. I have just taken out an endowment policy in the northwestern mutual life insurance company.2. There are many mutual life insurance companies in the country.3. His refusing the terms was practically a declaration of independence.4. On the fourth of July we celebrate the signing of the declaration of independence, the first step in the revolutionary war.5. Mexico has had many revolutionary wars.6. And king Arthur said, "The king who fights his people fights himself."7. When does the bank close?8. I have an account with the first national bank.9. This is the first national bank that was ever established in this country.
1. I have just taken out an endowment policy in the northwestern mutual life insurance company.
2. There are many mutual life insurance companies in the country.
3. His refusing the terms was practically a declaration of independence.
4. On the fourth of July we celebrate the signing of the declaration of independence, the first step in the revolutionary war.
5. Mexico has had many revolutionary wars.
6. And king Arthur said, "The king who fights his people fights himself."
7. When does the bank close?
8. I have an account with the first national bank.
9. This is the first national bank that was ever established in this country.
Explain to which class each noun in the foregoing sentences belongs. Be particularly careful to distinguish between common and proper nouns.
Exercise 76—Pronouns
The different classes of pronouns are distinguished as follows:
Thepersonalpronoun is used in place of the name of a person or thing. The pronoun of thefirstperson indicates the speaker, the pronoun of thesecondperson indicates the person spoken to, and the pronoun of thethirdperson indicates the person spoken of. They are declined as follows:
First personSingularPluralNom.IwePoss.my, mineour, oursObj.meusSecond personNom.you (thou)you (ye)Poss.your, yours (thy, thine)your, yoursObj.you (thee)you
In modern usageyouis used for both the singular and the plural, but the verb that goes withyouis always plural.
Third personSingularPluralMasc.Fem.Neut.Nom.hesheittheyPoss.hisher, hersitstheir, theirsObj.himheritthem
Note.—The formsmine,thine,yours,hers,ours,theirs, and sometimeshisare possessive case in form, but nominative or objective case in use. That pencil isminereally means, That pencil ismypencil.Mineis used as a substitute for a possessive pronoun and the noun it modifies.
Note.—The formsmine,thine,yours,hers,ours,theirs, and sometimeshisare possessive case in form, but nominative or objective case in use. That pencil isminereally means, That pencil ismypencil.Mineis used as a substitute for a possessive pronoun and the noun it modifies.
The personal pronouns compounded withselfare of two kinds:
1.Emphaticpronouns; as,
The buyerhimselftold me.
2.Reflexivepronouns, referring back to the subject and at the same time being in the objective case; as,
John slipped and hurthimself.
Therelativepronoun is so called because it relates or refers to another word, called its antecedent, to which it joins the clause that it introduces. The relative pronouns arewho,which,what,that;and the compound relatives arewhoever,whosoever,whichever,whichsoever,whatever,whatsoever.
They are declined as follows:
Singular and Plural
Nom.whowhichwhoeverwhosoeverPoss.whoseof whichwhoseverwhosesoeverObj.whomwhichwhomeverwhomsoever
That,what,whichever,whichsoever,whatever, andwhatsoeverare not declined. They have the same form in the nominative and objective cases, and are not used in the possessive case.
Whatis peculiar in that it never has an antecedent expressed, but itself stands for both antecedent and relative. It is called thedouble relative. Compare the following:
I did not hearthe words thathe said.I did not hearthat whichhe said.I did not hearwhathe said.
Thatis called the restrictive relative, because it limits or restricts its antecedent to the meaning expressed in theclause introduced bythat. A restrictive clause is one, therefore, that is needed to make the meaning of the sentence clear. Compare the following:
Non-restrictive:John Brown,whohas no disease, needs no physician.Restrictive:Hethathath no disease needs no physician.
Non-restrictive:John Brown,whohas no disease, needs no physician.
Restrictive:Hethathath no disease needs no physician.
Notice that a restrictive, or necessary, clause is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.
Whoandwhichare sometimes used with restrictive force; as,
1. Thosewhohave finished their work may leave. (Not everybody.)2. Have you read the bookwhichhe recommended? (He recommended but one.)
1. Thosewhohave finished their work may leave. (Not everybody.)
2. Have you read the bookwhichhe recommended? (He recommended but one.)
Interrogativepronouns are used in asking questions. They arewho,which,what.Whorefers to persons;whichrefers to persons or things, and is used to distinguish one object from another;whatrefers to things. They are declined as follows:
Singular and Plural
Nom.whowhichwhatPoss.whose(of which)(of what)Obj.whomwhichwhat
The interrogative pronounswhichandwhatare frequently used as adjectives. In this case they are calledpronominal adjectives. Compare:
Pronoun:Whichof these hats do you prefer?Adjective:Whichhat do you prefer?
Thedemonstrativepronouns arethisandthatwith their pluralstheseandthose. They are always used to point out, or demonstrate, the noun to which they refer.Thisandtheseare used for objects near at hand, or recently named;thatandthoseare used for objects far away, or not recently named.
The demonstrative pronouns are frequently used as adjectives; as,
Pronoun:Thatis my book.Adjective:Thatbook is mine.
Indefinitepronouns refer to objects or persons, but do not define or limit them. The indefinite pronouns areeach,every,either,neither,one,none,other,another,few,all,many,several,some,each other,one another, and the compoundsany one,some one,every one,something,nothing. Indefinite pronouns are frequently used as adjectives.Each,every,either,one,another,any one,some one,every one, whether they are used as pronouns or as adjectives, are singular in number. If another pronoun is used to refer to one of them, it must be in the singular number.
Exercise 77—Classes of Pronouns
In the following sentences, explain which pronouns represent the person speaking, which represent the person spoken to, and which represent the person spoken of. Tell which pronouns ask questions; which are used as adjectives; which are used to connect subordinate clauses to the word for which they stand. If the antecedent is expressed, point it out.
1. Who is talking?2. The man who is speaking is the head of the credit department.3. If you are going, get ready.4. Which is the better piece of cloth?5. This is the better piece of cloth.6. The one who wishes to succeed must exercise great care in his work.7. He that would succeed must work.8. Many men fail because of laziness.9. What did you say?10. Can you guess whom I saw?11. He himself told us.12. A cousin of ours is coming to town.13. The man whose life is above criticism need fear no one.14. Whoever lives the truth need fear no criticism.15. I wish you would remove those files.16. Ink that is thick makes illegible writing.17. What paper should I destroy?18. I cannot understand what any one is saying.19. This is not my umbrella. It is yours.20. No friend of his would talk in that way.21. This is no book of theirs; it belongs to us.22. Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it.23. I shall ask whomever I see.24. Each of us has his work assigned.25. Every boy has his work assigned.
1. Who is talking?
2. The man who is speaking is the head of the credit department.
3. If you are going, get ready.
4. Which is the better piece of cloth?
5. This is the better piece of cloth.
6. The one who wishes to succeed must exercise great care in his work.
7. He that would succeed must work.
8. Many men fail because of laziness.
9. What did you say?
10. Can you guess whom I saw?
11. He himself told us.
12. A cousin of ours is coming to town.
13. The man whose life is above criticism need fear no one.
14. Whoever lives the truth need fear no criticism.
15. I wish you would remove those files.
16. Ink that is thick makes illegible writing.
17. What paper should I destroy?
18. I cannot understand what any one is saying.
19. This is not my umbrella. It is yours.
20. No friend of his would talk in that way.
21. This is no book of theirs; it belongs to us.
22. Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it.
23. I shall ask whomever I see.
24. Each of us has his work assigned.
25. Every boy has his work assigned.
Exercise 78
In the following sentenceshe,his,they,their,them,it, oritsshould be inserted. Give the reason for your choice.
1. No man is allowed to leave —— desk untidy.2. Every one must put —— tools away before leaving the shop.3. Every office worker is required to be in —— place at eight-thirty every morning.4. In my business a person must learn to make up —— mind quickly.5. It was cold this morning. Every one wore —— wraps.6. Every clerk must do —— own work.7. If an employee has ideas for the improvement of the business, —— is requested to report —— suggestions to the superintendent.8. The superintendent is anxious to have every workman feel that —— (has, have) a definite place in the organization, and that if —— (does not, don't) do —— work, the business will suffer.9. No goods will be accepted unless —— (are, is) in good condition.10. Every newspaper is anxious to increase —— classified advertising.11. No one cares to see —— friends frown.12. Every one must agree that —— (has, have) —— faults.13. Not one of the banks had —— deposits decreased.14. Will any one let me take —— umbrella?15. Every one says that —— had a delightful evening.16. Who was it said I had —— book?17. Does each state pay over a part of —— taxes to the federal government?18. Every one will find in the current publications a wealth of information applicable to —— specific needs, much of which —— will wish to file for easy reference, no matter in what department of the world's work —— interest centers.19. If any one could tell beforehand when —— opportunities would arrive, —— might be ready to grasp each as —— came.20. If every one here would follow the directions that —— (has, have) received, —— would make fewer mistakes in shipments.21. Any one who wishes may give —— opinion.22. No one need expect to leave before —— work is finished.23. Every one in the office took —— vacation early this year except me.24. Each of the twenty banks sent —— representative to the meeting.25. On applying for a position, each man is given a blank that —— must fill out carefully, making —— answers as definite as possible.
1. No man is allowed to leave —— desk untidy.
2. Every one must put —— tools away before leaving the shop.
3. Every office worker is required to be in —— place at eight-thirty every morning.
4. In my business a person must learn to make up —— mind quickly.
5. It was cold this morning. Every one wore —— wraps.
6. Every clerk must do —— own work.
7. If an employee has ideas for the improvement of the business, —— is requested to report —— suggestions to the superintendent.
8. The superintendent is anxious to have every workman feel that —— (has, have) a definite place in the organization, and that if —— (does not, don't) do —— work, the business will suffer.
9. No goods will be accepted unless —— (are, is) in good condition.
10. Every newspaper is anxious to increase —— classified advertising.
11. No one cares to see —— friends frown.
12. Every one must agree that —— (has, have) —— faults.
13. Not one of the banks had —— deposits decreased.
14. Will any one let me take —— umbrella?
15. Every one says that —— had a delightful evening.
16. Who was it said I had —— book?
17. Does each state pay over a part of —— taxes to the federal government?
18. Every one will find in the current publications a wealth of information applicable to —— specific needs, much of which —— will wish to file for easy reference, no matter in what department of the world's work —— interest centers.
19. If any one could tell beforehand when —— opportunities would arrive, —— might be ready to grasp each as —— came.
20. If every one here would follow the directions that —— (has, have) received, —— would make fewer mistakes in shipments.
21. Any one who wishes may give —— opinion.
22. No one need expect to leave before —— work is finished.
23. Every one in the office took —— vacation early this year except me.
24. Each of the twenty banks sent —— representative to the meeting.
25. On applying for a position, each man is given a blank that —— must fill out carefully, making —— answers as definite as possible.
Some of the following are right, and some are wrong. Correct those that are wrong, explaining why they are wrong.
1. Neither one of them know what they are expected to do.2. Applicant after applicant handed in their names.3. If any one has a complaint to make, he should report it in writing to the superintendent.4. Have either of the stenographers finished their letters?5. I wish everybody would do their own work and let me do mine.6. Each man did his work faithfully.7. Has neither the carpenter nor the plumber yet brought his tools?8. Every one of the clerks must hand their report to the head bookkeeper before five o'clock.9. One of them must have neglected to hand in his report.10. Man after man yesterday promised me that they'd be on hand to work this morning, and not one of them showed themselves.
1. Neither one of them know what they are expected to do.
2. Applicant after applicant handed in their names.
3. If any one has a complaint to make, he should report it in writing to the superintendent.
4. Have either of the stenographers finished their letters?
5. I wish everybody would do their own work and let me do mine.
6. Each man did his work faithfully.
7. Has neither the carpenter nor the plumber yet brought his tools?
8. Every one of the clerks must hand their report to the head bookkeeper before five o'clock.
9. One of them must have neglected to hand in his report.
10. Man after man yesterday promised me that they'd be on hand to work this morning, and not one of them showed themselves.
Exercise 79
In the following exercise, tell which of the italicized pronouns introduce restrictive, and which introduce non-restrictive clauses:
1. This is the best bargainthatwe have ever offered.2. This is Mr. Burton,whosework I recommended to you.3. The citythatI enjoyed most was Quebec.4. I enjoyed walking on the old wallthatstill surrounds the town.5. The club towhichI belong will hold a meeting next week.6. The clubthatI belong to will hold a meeting next Monday.7. All thosewhosedaily work showed an improvement were given an increase in salary.8. The horsethatran away belonged to my partner.9. The greatest man is hewhofeels himself the least.10. An old story tells us that when Caesar,whowas a great Roman emperor, returned from a conquestwhichhas ever since been famous, he brought back to Rome a formulathathas revolutionized the world. It was a formula for making soap, and was considered one of the greatest treasuresthatwas captured during the campaign. Caesar immediately saw the valuethatit would have in the eyes of the world, and he forced the soap-makers to reveal their secret.11. The garrison is a handful of invalid soldiers,whoseprincipal duty is to guard some of the outer towers.12. This is the gentlemanwhomwe met in Boston.13. Mr. Carter,whowas a member of our Boston firm, will take charge of our city sales.14. We honestly believe that our latest Style Book,whichgoes with this letter, offers you more for every dollarthatyou spend than you can get elsewhere.
1. This is the best bargainthatwe have ever offered.
2. This is Mr. Burton,whosework I recommended to you.
3. The citythatI enjoyed most was Quebec.
4. I enjoyed walking on the old wallthatstill surrounds the town.
5. The club towhichI belong will hold a meeting next week.
6. The clubthatI belong to will hold a meeting next Monday.
7. All thosewhosedaily work showed an improvement were given an increase in salary.
8. The horsethatran away belonged to my partner.
9. The greatest man is hewhofeels himself the least.
10. An old story tells us that when Caesar,whowas a great Roman emperor, returned from a conquestwhichhas ever since been famous, he brought back to Rome a formulathathas revolutionized the world. It was a formula for making soap, and was considered one of the greatest treasuresthatwas captured during the campaign. Caesar immediately saw the valuethatit would have in the eyes of the world, and he forced the soap-makers to reveal their secret.
11. The garrison is a handful of invalid soldiers,whoseprincipal duty is to guard some of the outer towers.
12. This is the gentlemanwhomwe met in Boston.
13. Mr. Carter,whowas a member of our Boston firm, will take charge of our city sales.
14. We honestly believe that our latest Style Book,whichgoes with this letter, offers you more for every dollarthatyou spend than you can get elsewhere.
Exercise 80—Case
Case is that modification of a noun or a pronoun which denotes its relation to other words in the sentence. There are three cases: thenominative, theobjective, and thepossessive. Although nouns are used in all three cases, no change of form occurs except in the possessive case.
Thenominativecase is used in the following ways:
1. The principal use of the nominative case is assubjectof the sentence; as,
Noun:Thebusinessis prosperous.Pronoun:Ithas been established for five years.
2. Sometimes a noun or pronoun is used to complete the meaning of such verbs asbe,become,seem,appear,taste,feel. Such a noun is in the nominative case, and is called apredicate nominative, or asubjective complement;as,
Noun:Mr. Brown is themanager.He seems agentleman.Pronoun:I think it isshe.
3. A noun inappositionwith another noun in the nominative case is also in the nominative case; as,
Mr. Brown,the manager, is very capable.The man to whom you should apply is Mr. Brown,the manager.
4. Sometimes a noun or a pronoun is used in direct address or in an exclamation, without having any grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. It is then said to benominative independent;as,
Mr. Brown, a gentleman wishes to speak to you.Astrike!Why are they declaring a strike?You!I thought you were in South America.
5. Sometimes a noun or pronoun is used with a participle to express an adverbial relation. Such a noun is in the nominative case, and is callednominative absolute, because it has no grammatical relation to any other part of the sentence; as,
Mr. Brownhaving gone, we told the gentleman to see Mr. Jones.Hebeing the guide, we asked no questions.
Mr. Brownhaving gone, we told the gentleman to see Mr. Jones.
Hebeing the guide, we asked no questions.
It is much better to use a clause to express such an idea; as,
As Mr. Brown had gone, we told the gentleman to see Mr. Jones.
As Mr. Brown had gone, we told the gentleman to see Mr. Jones.
Write a sentence containing a noun and one containing a pronoun in each of the following uses of the nominative case:
1. Subject.2. Predicate Nominative.
Write a sentence containing a noun used
1. In direct address.2. In exclamation.3. In apposition with another noun in the nominative case.
Exercise 81—The Objective Case
A noun or a pronoun may be used in the objective case in the following ways:
1. Direct object of a transitive verb; as,
I have a goodposition.Do you knowhim?
2. Object of a preposition; as,
I have just returned from thelibrary.Bring the book tome.
3. Indirect object of such verbs asask,give,teach, showing the person for whom or to whom the action is done; as,
She broughther mothersome flowers.I gavehersinging lessons.
4. A noun assecond objectafter verbs ofmaking,choosing,calling,electing;as,
They chose Johnsecretary.
5. A noun inappositionwith another objective; as,
Send your report to the secretary,John Wilson.
6. Adverbial modifier; as,
We are goinghome.
Write a sentence containing a noun and one containing a pronoun in each of the following uses of the objective case:
1. Direct object of a transitive verb.2. Indirect object.3. Object of a preposition.
Write a sentence containing a noun used as
1. Adverbial objective.2. Second object.3. Appositive of another noun in the objective case.
Exercise 82—The Possessive Case
To form the possessive case of nouns add anapostropheandsto all singular nouns, and to all plural nouns that do not end ins;if a pluralnounends insadd only an apostrophe; as,child's,children's,boys'.
Exception.—When, in long words, the additionalsin the singular would cause a disagreeable sound, some writers use only the apostrophe; as,We awaited theprincess'sdecision.We awaited theprincess'decision.
Exception.—When, in long words, the additionalsin the singular would cause a disagreeable sound, some writers use only the apostrophe; as,
We awaited theprincess'sdecision.We awaited theprincess'decision.
It is often better in such cases to use a phrase; as,
We awaited the decisionof the princess.
Thus, anofphrase may be used instead of the possessive case. In speaking of an inanimate object one should use it instead of the apostrophe ands;as,the top of the mountain. However, we use such expressions aslast year's prices.
When, as in the name of a firm, two or more nouns are taken together with the idea of common possession, the sign of the possessive is added to the last noun only. If separate possession is implied, the sign of the possessive is added to each noun; as,
Have you seenWilson & King'snew building?This isMary and Helen'sroom.Is thisMary's or Helen'scoat?
A noun or pronoun is in the possessive case before a verbal noun; as,
I prefer to haveJohn'sstudying done before dinner.I prefer to havehisstudying done before dinner.
Write sentences expressing relation between the words in the following pairs. Use one of them in the possessive case or use anofphrase, whichever seems better.
the manager, deskcity, harbordesk, top drawerproprietor, private officebook, covertypewriter, keyscity, mayorledger, first page
Bring to class five incorrect possessive phrases taken from advertisements. Explain and correct the mistakes.
Exercise 83
Which of the italicized words would you use? Why?
1. Have you heard ofMr. Bennett,Mr. Bennett'sbeing appointed chairman of the meeting?2. It will probably delayhim,hiscoming here.3. I don't understandhim,hisrefusing to accept the position.4. We have heard a great deal ofhim,hismaking a success of photography.5. The man's industry has resulted inhim,hisgaining fame.6. Will you sign this permit forus,ourvisiting the factory?7. What do you say tous,ourmaking some candy?8. I am very sorry thatme,myinterrupting you yesterday delayed your work.9. The machine is in excellent condition. There is no reason forit,itsneeding any repair.10.Everybody,everybody'sbeing on time is absolutely necessary.
1. Have you heard ofMr. Bennett,Mr. Bennett'sbeing appointed chairman of the meeting?
2. It will probably delayhim,hiscoming here.
3. I don't understandhim,hisrefusing to accept the position.
4. We have heard a great deal ofhim,hismaking a success of photography.
5. The man's industry has resulted inhim,hisgaining fame.
6. Will you sign this permit forus,ourvisiting the factory?
7. What do you say tous,ourmaking some candy?
8. I am very sorry thatme,myinterrupting you yesterday delayed your work.
9. The machine is in excellent condition. There is no reason forit,itsneeding any repair.
10.Everybody,everybody'sbeing on time is absolutely necessary.
Exercise 84
Each of the following sentences is incorrect because the sign of the possessive case has been omitted. Insert the apostrophe or the apostrophe ands, wherever either is needed.
1. There is a new boys school in our town.2. James brother John is our new bookkeeper.3. For entrance to this course three years work in mathematics and one years work in German are required.4. This new building will be occupied by J. M. Hopkins mail order department.5. The superintendents inspection was thorough.6. The trouble will be in John agreeing to the proposition.7. All applications for help should be made to the Womens Committees.8. The employees rest rooms are on the sunny side of the building.9. Our fifteen years experience in selling bonds has convinced us that investments paying a low rate of interest are the safest.10. In to-days mail I received a very large order from Graham & Moore's successors.11. Jones Brothers new store is on the corner of Madison Street.12. Last month sales show an increase of two thousand dollars.13. Everybodys business is nobodys business.14. It is when to-morrows burden is added to the burden of to-day that the weight is more than a man can bear.15. The present governor was the peoples choice.16. I prefer Tennysons poems to Longfellows.17. I have read both Longfellow and Tennysons poems.18. I bought the book at Barlow and Companys new store.19. We are going to insist on Mary taking a long vacation this year.20. I have had the pleasure of staying at both your friends houses.
1. There is a new boys school in our town.
2. James brother John is our new bookkeeper.
3. For entrance to this course three years work in mathematics and one years work in German are required.
4. This new building will be occupied by J. M. Hopkins mail order department.
5. The superintendents inspection was thorough.
6. The trouble will be in John agreeing to the proposition.
7. All applications for help should be made to the Womens Committees.
8. The employees rest rooms are on the sunny side of the building.
9. Our fifteen years experience in selling bonds has convinced us that investments paying a low rate of interest are the safest.
10. In to-days mail I received a very large order from Graham & Moore's successors.
11. Jones Brothers new store is on the corner of Madison Street.
12. Last month sales show an increase of two thousand dollars.
13. Everybodys business is nobodys business.
14. It is when to-morrows burden is added to the burden of to-day that the weight is more than a man can bear.
15. The present governor was the peoples choice.
16. I prefer Tennysons poems to Longfellows.
17. I have read both Longfellow and Tennysons poems.
18. I bought the book at Barlow and Companys new store.
19. We are going to insist on Mary taking a long vacation this year.
20. I have had the pleasure of staying at both your friends houses.
Exercise 85—The Apostrophe
Some of the following sentences are right, and some are wrong. Correct those that are wrong, explaining why they are wrong.
1. The man who's coming this way is Mr. Burton.2. Whose coat is that?3. The man who's place you are taking has been with this firm for twenty years.4. The next one whose to give a report is the treasurer.5. The next one whose report we must hear is the treasurer.6. Don't you think it's too early to start?7. He is a ladies tailor.8. Remember your to let us know at once who's elected.9. Its too late now to change its wording.10. Mr. Jones' house is being repaired.11. The Joneses' house is being repaired.12. There coming as fast as their horse will bring them.13. I think you're typewriter needs cleaning.14. Your coming too, are'nt you?15. Every business has it's problems.16. The Bon Ton has a big sale in mens' and womens' coat's.17. Why, it's March! No wonder their having a sale.18. We shall give you a special discount if you will send your dealer's name.19. Most of the dealer's advertise very little.20. It's just a year ago since we received your last order.21. Its not willingness we lack; it's time.22. If you use our safety device, you may leave you're window open with security, and you will arise refreshed, ready for a big days work.23. Lets take our vacation when they take their's.24. I think we shall have to take our's in August. Two of us must stay during July, for the work will not do it's self, you know.25. In any explanation it should be the writers purpose to so describe his good's that the reader will desire them. A good salesman never shows a necktie in a box. He takes it out and with a deft twist forms it's length into a four-in-hand over his finger. The customer then sees not only the scarf, it's color and its weave, but he sees it in it's relation to himself, as it will look when it's tied.
1. The man who's coming this way is Mr. Burton.
2. Whose coat is that?
3. The man who's place you are taking has been with this firm for twenty years.
4. The next one whose to give a report is the treasurer.
5. The next one whose report we must hear is the treasurer.
6. Don't you think it's too early to start?
7. He is a ladies tailor.
8. Remember your to let us know at once who's elected.
9. Its too late now to change its wording.
10. Mr. Jones' house is being repaired.
11. The Joneses' house is being repaired.
12. There coming as fast as their horse will bring them.
13. I think you're typewriter needs cleaning.
14. Your coming too, are'nt you?
15. Every business has it's problems.
16. The Bon Ton has a big sale in mens' and womens' coat's.
17. Why, it's March! No wonder their having a sale.
18. We shall give you a special discount if you will send your dealer's name.
19. Most of the dealer's advertise very little.
20. It's just a year ago since we received your last order.
21. Its not willingness we lack; it's time.
22. If you use our safety device, you may leave you're window open with security, and you will arise refreshed, ready for a big days work.
23. Lets take our vacation when they take their's.
24. I think we shall have to take our's in August. Two of us must stay during July, for the work will not do it's self, you know.
25. In any explanation it should be the writers purpose to so describe his good's that the reader will desire them. A good salesman never shows a necktie in a box. He takes it out and with a deft twist forms it's length into a four-in-hand over his finger. The customer then sees not only the scarf, it's color and its weave, but he sees it in it's relation to himself, as it will look when it's tied.
Exercise 86
Supplywhoorwhom:
1. —— did you take me for?2. The shipping clerk, —— I consider responsible for the mistake, must go.3. The shipping clerk, —— I feel certain is responsible for the mistake, must go.4. —— is it?5. —— shall I say called?6. —— do you wish to see?7. —— did you say was elected?8. He is the one —— every one thought should be elected.9. Choose the one —— you think will give the best service.10. Choose the one —— you think you can trust.11. She asked me —— did it.12. —— do you think is the best salesman in the firm?13. —— do you regard as the best salesman in the firm?14. —— was that —— you were talking to?15. He is the one —— I was speaking about.16. —— do we play next week?17. He is a workman —— can be trusted.18. He is a workman upon —— you can depend.19. This letter comes from Robert, —— we all know very well.20. This letter comes from Robert, —— we all know writes good letters.21. —— do you consider to be most capable? [The subject of the infinitiveto bemust be in the objective case.]22. This booklet was written by the man —— Mr. Bardon considers [to be] the best correspondent in our office.23. He is the one —— every one believes to be worthy of the highest honors.24. The critic —— every one thought gave the most truthful account of the performance is a man of great culture.
1. —— did you take me for?
2. The shipping clerk, —— I consider responsible for the mistake, must go.
3. The shipping clerk, —— I feel certain is responsible for the mistake, must go.
4. —— is it?
5. —— shall I say called?
6. —— do you wish to see?
7. —— did you say was elected?
8. He is the one —— every one thought should be elected.
9. Choose the one —— you think will give the best service.
10. Choose the one —— you think you can trust.
11. She asked me —— did it.
12. —— do you think is the best salesman in the firm?
13. —— do you regard as the best salesman in the firm?
14. —— was that —— you were talking to?
15. He is the one —— I was speaking about.
16. —— do we play next week?
17. He is a workman —— can be trusted.
18. He is a workman upon —— you can depend.
19. This letter comes from Robert, —— we all know very well.
20. This letter comes from Robert, —— we all know writes good letters.
21. —— do you consider to be most capable? [The subject of the infinitiveto bemust be in the objective case.]
22. This booklet was written by the man —— Mr. Bardon considers [to be] the best correspondent in our office.
23. He is the one —— every one believes to be worthy of the highest honors.
24. The critic —— every one thought gave the most truthful account of the performance is a man of great culture.
Supplywhoeverorwhomever:
1. Give the book to —— needs it.2. Give it to —— you think best.3. —— I send can be trusted.4. Send me —— is there.5. Send me —— you find there.6. —— reaches the line first will receive the cup.7. The cup will be given to —— reaches the lines first.8. In the country lane he spoke to —— he met.9. —— you choose may compete for the prize.10. —— you bring is welcome.
1. Give the book to —— needs it.
2. Give it to —— you think best.
3. —— I send can be trusted.
4. Send me —— is there.
5. Send me —— you find there.
6. —— reaches the line first will receive the cup.
7. The cup will be given to —— reaches the lines first.
8. In the country lane he spoke to —— he met.
9. —— you choose may compete for the prize.
10. —— you bring is welcome.
Exercise 87
Read the following sentences, using one of the forms in italic. Be able to give a reason for your choice.
1.He—himandI—meare going camping next summer.2. It is a question that refers to you andI—me.3. It is a question between you andI—me.4. I am sure that it wasshe—her.5. I am sure that we saw you andhe—him.6.We—usboys are going camping.7. Will you go camping withwe—usboys?8.They—themand their cousins are going camping.9. We bought a large piece of ground so that my brother andI—mecould have a garden.10. It was bought forhe—himandI—me.11. Is thathe—himentering the gate? Yes, that ishe—him.12.Who—whomshould I meet at the station but old Mr. McGregor,who—whomI had not seen for several years.13. If I werehe—him, I should start at once.14. There is no need ofhim—hisstaying any longer.15. He does not work so rapidly asI—me.16. Mary andshe—herwork in the same office.17. There is no danger ofme—myfailing.18. Please letshe—herandI—medo the work together.19. There is no use ofus—ourtrying any more.20.Us—ourgiving up now will spoil everything.21. My mother objected tome—mygoing.22. Why did you insist uponus—ourcoming to-day?23. I hardly think it ishe—himwho—whomis to blame.24. I should like to beshe—her.25.They—themthat do wrong shall be punished.26.They—themthat do wrong I shall punish.27.He—himthat is your friend you can call upon in your hour of need.28.He—himthat is your friend will respond to your call.29. The manager praised both the bookkeepers andwe—usgirls.30. Was it you who called? Yes, it wasI—me.31. It surely was notI—mewhom you saw.32. He reproved us both butI—memore thanshe—her.33. Are you sure it'sI—mewhom he appointed?34. If it's reallyI—mewho was appointed, I'm sure I should have been notified.35. I'm sure it can't beI—me.
1.He—himandI—meare going camping next summer.
2. It is a question that refers to you andI—me.
3. It is a question between you andI—me.
4. I am sure that it wasshe—her.
5. I am sure that we saw you andhe—him.
6.We—usboys are going camping.
7. Will you go camping withwe—usboys?
8.They—themand their cousins are going camping.
9. We bought a large piece of ground so that my brother andI—mecould have a garden.
10. It was bought forhe—himandI—me.
11. Is thathe—himentering the gate? Yes, that ishe—him.
12.Who—whomshould I meet at the station but old Mr. McGregor,who—whomI had not seen for several years.
13. If I werehe—him, I should start at once.
14. There is no need ofhim—hisstaying any longer.
15. He does not work so rapidly asI—me.
16. Mary andshe—herwork in the same office.
17. There is no danger ofme—myfailing.
18. Please letshe—herandI—medo the work together.
19. There is no use ofus—ourtrying any more.
20.Us—ourgiving up now will spoil everything.
21. My mother objected tome—mygoing.
22. Why did you insist uponus—ourcoming to-day?
23. I hardly think it ishe—himwho—whomis to blame.
24. I should like to beshe—her.
25.They—themthat do wrong shall be punished.
26.They—themthat do wrong I shall punish.
27.He—himthat is your friend you can call upon in your hour of need.
28.He—himthat is your friend will respond to your call.
29. The manager praised both the bookkeepers andwe—usgirls.
30. Was it you who called? Yes, it wasI—me.
31. It surely was notI—mewhom you saw.
32. He reproved us both butI—memore thanshe—her.
33. Are you sure it'sI—mewhom he appointed?
34. If it's reallyI—mewho was appointed, I'm sure I should have been notified.
35. I'm sure it can't beI—me.
Exercise 88—Sameas a Pronoun
One of the worst constructions found in business letters of today is the use ofsameas a pronoun. The word may be an adjective or a noun but never a pronoun.
Wrong:Will you please fill out the enclosed blank and returnsameas soon as possible?Right:Will you please fill out the enclosed blank and returnitas soon as possible?
Wrong:Will you please fill out the enclosed blank and returnsameas soon as possible?
Right:Will you please fill out the enclosed blank and returnitas soon as possible?
In each of the following sentences substitute a noun or a pronoun forsame:
1. Will you not send us a check by Friday so that we may use same for our pay roll on Saturday?2. Do you wish to bid for our cinder output this year? We have a sample car that we shall be glad to have you inspect if you think you will have any use for same.3. We have no use for the material this year, but we thank you for giving us an opportunity to bid for same.4. If you are dissatisfied with the machine, return same at our expense.5. You state that you sent us an order on June 10, but we cannot find any trace of same.6. We are in the market for two dozen Standard clothes wringers, and we should be glad to receive your lowest price on same.7. We have given you credit for this amount and desire to thank you for your promptness in sending same.8. We have your letter of November 6 and thank you for same.9. If you think you can use this type of machine, we shall be glad to send you same on ten days' trial.10. We have decided to use your machine if you will give us a satisfactory guarantee as to strength, efficiency, and freedom from leaks. As soon as possible let us hear from you in regard to same.
1. Will you not send us a check by Friday so that we may use same for our pay roll on Saturday?
2. Do you wish to bid for our cinder output this year? We have a sample car that we shall be glad to have you inspect if you think you will have any use for same.
3. We have no use for the material this year, but we thank you for giving us an opportunity to bid for same.
4. If you are dissatisfied with the machine, return same at our expense.
5. You state that you sent us an order on June 10, but we cannot find any trace of same.
6. We are in the market for two dozen Standard clothes wringers, and we should be glad to receive your lowest price on same.
7. We have given you credit for this amount and desire to thank you for your promptness in sending same.
8. We have your letter of November 6 and thank you for same.
9. If you think you can use this type of machine, we shall be glad to send you same on ten days' trial.
10. We have decided to use your machine if you will give us a satisfactory guarantee as to strength, efficiency, and freedom from leaks. As soon as possible let us hear from you in regard to same.
Exercise 89—Nouns and Pronouns Incorrectly Used
WrongRight1. We sawlotsof curious things.We sawa numberof curious things.2. Do you know thatparty?Do you know thatman?3. I stayed at home thebalanceof the day.I stayed at home therestof the day.4. Whatbusinesshave you to go?Whatrighthave you to go?5. The dress will be done in acoupleof days.The dress will be done in afewdays.6. I'll walk apiecewith you.I'll walk ashort distancewith you.7. Did you get araisein pay?Did you get anincreasein pay?8. I'll send you apostal.I'll send you apostal card.9. Christmas is still a longwaysoff.Christmas is still a longwayoff.10. Whatlineof business are you in now?Whatkindof business are you in now?11. If you expect to open a grocery, let me give you a little advicealong that line.If you expect to open a grocery, let me give you a little adviceon the subject.12. Have you anything new in the neckwearline?Have you any new neckwear?13. I have adatewith the dentist.I have anappointmentwith the dentist.14. Have you adatefor this evening?Have you anengagementfor this evening?15. He always does his work in goodshape.He always does his workwell.16. That is a goodwrite-upon the tariff.That is a goodarticleon the tariff.17.Yourselfand friends are invited.Youand your friends are invited.18. Don'ttheyhave street cars in your town?Are there no street cars in your town?19.Itsaid in this morning's paper that the traffic men would strike.This morning's paper said that the traffic men would strike.20. The bookwhathe advised is not fiction.The bookthathe advised is not fiction.